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By direct measurements of the gas temperature, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has yielded a new diagnostic tool to study the solar chromosphere. Here, we present an overview of the brightness-temperature fluctuations from several high-quality and high-temporal-resolution (i.e. 1 and 2 s cadence) time series of images obtained during the first 2 years of solar observations with ALMA, in Band 3 and Band 6, centred at around 3 mm (100 GHz) and 1.25 mm (239 GHz), respectively. The various datasets represent solar regions with different levels of magnetic flux. We perform fast Fourier and Lomb-Scargle transforms to measure both the spatial structuring of dominant frequencies and the average global frequency distributions of the oscillations (i.e. averaged over the entire field of view). We find that the observed frequencies significantly vary from one dataset to another, which is discussed in terms of the solar regions captured by the observations (i.e. linked to their underlying magnetic topology). While the presence of enhanced power within the frequency range 3-5 mHz is found for the most magnetically quiescent datasets, lower frequencies dominate when there is significant influence from strong underlying magnetic field concentrations (present inside and/or in the immediate vicinity of the observed field of view). We discuss here a number of reasons which could possibly contribute to the power suppression at around 5.5 mHz in the ALMA observations. However, it remains unclear how other chromospheric diagnostics (with an exception of Hα line-core intensity) are unaffected by similar effects, i.e. they show very pronounced 3-min oscillations dominating the dynamics of the chromosphere, whereas only a very small fraction of all the pixels in the 10 ALMA datasets analysed here show peak power near 5.5 mHz. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'High-resolution wave dynamics in the lower solar atmosphere'.

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A single-chain anti-atrazine antibody fragment, scAb (single-chain Fv with a CK domain), was expressed in Escherichia coli, and monomeric and dimeric species were preferentially purified from periplasmic extracts by chromatography upon nickel chelate immunosorbent columns or by immunoaffinity purification using a constant domain (CK) tag. Recombinant monomeric and dimeric antibody fragments, Fab, and intact monoclonal antibodies were compared in assays by competition between free atrazine in solution and (a) immobilized atrazine-bovine serum albumin conjugate (indirect assay) or (b) atrazine-alkaline phosphatase (direct assay). Recombinant antibody fragments provided a lower detection limit than either Fab or intact monoclonal antibody in both assay formats. Monomeric fragments displayed a sensitivity of detection down to 0.1 ppb, compared to 1.0 ppb for dimeric fragments and the parental monoclonal.

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Single-chain antibody fragments (scAb), specific for the herbicide atrazine, have been expressed in the bacterium Escherichia coli and in transgenic tobacco plants. The scAb could be purified as a monomer (monovalent) via a hexa-histidine tail or as a dimer (divalent) by antibody affinity chromatography. In competition ELISA, the bacterial scAb showed the same specificity for atrazine and related triazine herbicides as the parental mAb cell line, but both plant and bacterial monomeric scAbs showed increased sensitivity to free atrazine. Surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore 2000) analysis confirmed that purified scAb, derived from plant or bacteria, retained similar association rates as the mAb. However, the monomeric plant and bacterial scAbs showed a lower affinity for immobilised antigen, than the equivalent dimeric scAbs or mAb. This decrease in affinity was due to a 10 fold slower dissociation rate and is likely due to loss of the avidity contribution of dimeric molecules.

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Antibody fragments have the potential to be used as sensitive and specific binding agents in a broad range of industrial applications. Genetic manipulation has been used to design a series of antibody fragment configurations with a flexible linker and/or a disulphide bond between the heavy chain and light chain of an antibody fragment against the herbicide atrazine. The thermostability and stability to a range of denaturants, polar and non-polar solvents, surfactants and proteases have been compared. It has been found that a novel antibody fragment construct (STAB: stabilized antibody) containing both a flexible linker and a disulphide bond can be effectively produced and shows greatly improved stability in these diverse environments. These STABs should be useful in environmental diagnostics and remediation, and may provide a generic approach for stabilizing antibody fragments in formulations containing detergents and penetrants for topical application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

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OBJECTIVES: To examine the role of TNF alpha (TNF alpha) in cardiac transplant rejection by simultaneous analysis of protein expression and its messenger RNA within serum and grafted tissue. METHODS: 54 endomyocardial biopsy specimens were taken from 19 patients at various times after transplantation. TNF alpha messenger RNA was localised using a digoxygenin labelled complementary DNA probe. An anti-TNF alpha antibody was used to immunohistochemically label the protein product. Serum TNF alpha levels at the time of biopsy were analysed using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: TNF alpha mRNA was present in 22/34 endomyocardial biopsies. Eight also contained TNF alpha protein. None had protein alone. Expression did not relate to the grade of rejection in the present or subsequent biopsies. Serum TNF alpha was undetectable (assay sensitivity 30-330 pg/ml) for the majority of specimens. In the nine cases with elevated serum levels, eight samples were from cases within the first 30 days post transplant (r = -0.379; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neither tissue TNF alpha mRNA, tissue protein, nor serum TNF alpha relate to the grade of rejection. Furthermore, TNF alpha expression within endomyocardial biopsies is not reflected in the serum. These findings argue against the use of serum analysis as an indicator of cytokine profiles within cardiac tissue allografts. The demonstration of a trend in the early expression of TNF alpha after transplantation suggests that its release may not be specific to the process of rejection.

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This work describes protocols for the production of single-chain antibody and T-cell receptor fragments in E. coli. A choice of methods is given for the purification of the recombinant fragments that rely on the use of either immunoaffinity or metal chelate affinity chromatography. The TCR fragments may have to be denatured and refolded before the fragments attain their proper conformation.

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The technology of humanization of rodent antibodies has opened the way for a broad range of therapeutic antibodies with very low immunogenicity, which are, therefore, suitable for repeated dosing. Such intact antibodies have extended serum half-lives and biodistribution profiles very similar to human antibodies. For some applications, however, the ideal therapeutic should have reduced serum half-life and altered biodistribution patterns typical of antibody fragments, such as Fab or single chain Fv. Bispecific antibody fragments offer exciting additional therapeutic possibilities, but their successful manufacture and purification on a large scale require the development of new methods. Antibody fragments often assemble in Escherichia coli as monovalent fragments with reduced affinities. We describe the spontaneous assembly of bivalent antibody fragments in E. coli and methods of purification that yield either bivalent or monovalent molecules as required.

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This case study presents an anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis indicis. The patient presented with a painful palmar mass. Physical exam and exploratory surgery were used to describe this anomaly. The anomalous muscle was intrinsic to the hand.

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The plasmid pSVthrBC expresses the Escherichia coli thrB (homoserine kinase) and thrC (threonine synthase) genes in mouse cells and enables them to synthesize threonine from homoserine. After transfection with pSVthrBC and culture in medium containing homoserine, only cells that have incorporated pSVthrBC survive. Homoserine at concentrations greater than 1 mM is toxic to mammalian cells. Mouse cells selected from medium containing 5 mM homoserine had incorporated 20-100 copies of the plasmid per cell and had homoserine kinase activities of 0.001-0.012 nmol/min per mg of protein per copy. Cells selected from medium containing 10 mM homoserine had incorporated one or two copies of the plasmid per cell and had homoserine kinase activities of 0.06-0.39 nmol/min per mg of protein per copy. By using high concentrations of homoserine, it is possible to use pSVthrBC to select and isolate cell lines that have one or two copies of the plasmid incorporated into an active region of chromatin. CHO and HeLa cells have also been successfully transfected with pSVthrBC. COS-7 cells are naturally resistant to homoserine as they are able to metabolize homoserine.

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