RESUMEN
Zeiformes (dories, tinselfishes, and oreos) are primarily benthopelagic acanthomorph fishes, distributed between 50 and 1000 m depth on continental slopes and on flanks of oceanic islands and seamounts. Among the interesting morphological adaptations of zeiform fishes are their unique and highly protrusible jaws involving premaxillae with long ascending processes and a four-bar linkage, including mobile palatines that pivot on their posterior articulation. This adaptation for increased jaw protrusion has enabled zeiform fishes to capture elusive prey more efficiently and is arguably a major factor in their morphological diversity and evolutionary success. This study examines the evolution of zeiform jaw morphologies using 3D landmark-based multivariate morphometrics as well as phylomorphospace analysis. Results show that the descendants of the zeiform ancestor branched rapidly early in their history, retaining conservative jaw morphologies during this early branching, but subsequently strongly diverged in many of the resulting lineages. Results from this study are compared with earlier research based on overall body form, demonstrating that morphological variation within Zeiformes arose along at least two distinct trajectories: body form and jaw morphology. Variation among genera in body form is not associated with variation among the same genera in jaw morphology, and vice versa. Hypotheses to explain the apparent decoupling of body shape and jaw morphology are addressed along with avenues for further study to better understand the morphological evolution of these iconic fishes.
Les Zéiformes (e.g., dorés, oréos et poissons scintillants) sont des poissons benthopélagiques du groupe des Acanthomorpha trouvés entre 50 et 1000m de profondeurs sur les talus continentaux, et sur les abords des iles océaniques et des monts sous-marins. Parmi les adaptations morphologiques des zéiformes figurent leur mâchoires protrusibles, composées de prémaxillaires avec de longs processus ascendants et un mécanisme à quatre barres qui implique des os palatins mobiles qui pivotent autour de leur articulation postérieure. Ces adaptations morphologiques conduisent à une protrusion buccale sur de plus grandes distances et plus efficace, permettant aux zéiformes de capturer des proies autrement insaisissables et sont des éléments majeurs de la diversité morphologique du groupe ainsi que de leur succès évolutif. Cette étude examine l'évolution de la morphologie des mâchoires des zéiformes via des mesures de morphométrie géométrique 3D par points d'intérêts et des analyses d'espace phylo-morphologique. Les résultats montrent que les Zéiformes se sont rapidement séparés du plus vieil ancêtre commun mais ont initialement conservés des morphologies de mâchoires similaires. Suite à cette séparation initiale, les morphologies ont rapidement divergé menant à la diversité courante du groupe. Une comparaison des résultats obtenus ici avec des études précédentes sur la forme du corps des Zéiformes soutient que l'évolution morphologique du groupe a suivi au moins deux axes distincts : la forme du corps et la morphologie des mâchoires. Les différences de formes du corps entre genres ne sont pas corrélées avec les différences de formes de mâchoires entre ces mêmes genres, ni réciproquement. Des hypothèses quant au découplage entre la forme du corps et la morphologie des mâchoires sont avancées et plusieurs pistes de recherche future pour nous permettre de mieux comprendre l'évolution morphologique de ce groupe de poissons fascinant sont proposées.
Los zeiformes (dorios, peces oropel y oreos) son peces acantomorfos principalmente bentopelágicos, los cuales se encuentran distribuidos entre 50 y 1000 m de profundidad en los taludes continentales, así como en los flancos de islas oceánicas y montes submarinos. Estos peces poseen adaptaciones morfológicas particulares, entre las cuales se incluye la presencia de una mandíbula altamente protusible incluyendo premaxilares con procesos ascendentes largos, y una articulación de 4-barras con palatinos móviles que pivotean sobre su articulación posterior. Esta adaptación en la protrusión mandibular ha permitido a los zeiformes capturar presas elusivas de manera más eficiente, y posiblemente ha sido un factor importante en su diversidad morfológica y éxito evolutivo. El presente estudio examina la evolución de la morfología de la mandíbula de los peces zeiformes utilizando un análisis morfométrico multivariado basado en puntos de referencia (3D landmark-based), así como un análisis de tipo filomorfoespacial. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que los zeiformes se diversificaron rápidamente en su historia temprana, manteniendo la morfología de la mandíbula inicial durante esta etapa. No obstante, posteriormente este grupo de peces se diversificaron considerablemente en diferentes linajes. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos se compararon con investigaciones anteriores basadas en la forma general del cuerpo, lo que demuestra que la variación morfológica de los zeiformes surgió a lo largo de al menos dos rasgos morfológicos distintos: la forma del cuerpo y la morfología de la mandíbula. Con relación a esto, se encontró que la variación de la forma del cuerpo no está asociada con la variación de la morfología de la mandíbula entre los mismos géneros de los peces zeifomes, y viceversa. Finalmente, este estudio aborda las hipótesis que explican la aparente disociación entre la forma del cuerpo y la morfología de la mandíbula de este grupo de peces, así como las rutas para estudios posteriores que ayude a comprender mejor la evolución morfológica de estos icónicos peces.
RESUMEN
The thermal evolution of the crystal structure and phase transitions of KNbO3 were investigated by high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement of the diffraction data. Two phase transitions from orthorhombic (Amm2) to tetragonal (P4mm) and from tetragonal to cubic ( Pm3¯m ) were confirmed, both on heating and cooling. Both phase transitions are first order based on the observed hysteresis. The mixed displacive and order-disorder nature of the tetragonal to cubic transition is argued based on symmetry and apparent divergence of the atomic positions from pseudo-cubic values. The transition between the orthorhombic and tetragonal phase shows no temperature-dependence for atomic positions and only thermal expansion of the unit cell parameters and is thus discussed in relation to a lattice dynamical instability.
RESUMEN
The electronic properties of MoO3 and reduced molybdenum oxide phases are studied by density functional theory (DFT) alongside characterization of mixed phase MoOx films. Molybdenum oxide is utilized in compositions ranging from MoO3 to MoO2 with several intermediary phases. With increasing degree of reduction, the lattice collapses and the layered MoO3 structure is lost. This affects the electronic and optical properties, which range from the wide band gap semiconductor MoO3 to metallic MoO2. DFT is used to determine the stability of the most relevant molybdenum oxide phases, in comparison to oxygen vacancies in the layered MoO3 lattice. The non-layered phases are more stable than the layered MoO3 structure for all oxygen stoichiometries of MoOx studied where 2 ≤ x < 3. Reduction and lattice collapse leads to strong changes in the electronic density of states, especially the filling of the Mo 4d states. The DFT predictions are compared to experimental studies of molybdenum oxide films within the same range of oxygen stoichiometries. We find that whilst MoO2 is easily distinguished from MoO3, intermediate phases and phase mixtures have similar electronic structures. The effect of the different band structures is seen in the electrical conductivity and optical transmittance of the films. Insight into the oxide phase stability ranges and mixtures is not only important for understanding molybdenum oxide films for optoelectronic applications, but is also relevant to other transition metal oxides, such as WO3, which exist in analogous forms.
RESUMEN
The effect of Mo-substitution was investigated for the LaCoxNiyMozO3 system, obtaining single-phase perovskite for Mo-substitutions up to 20 at%. The crystal structure of the perovskite changed from rhombohedral, orthorhombic to monoclinic with increasing Mo-content. The thermal expansion was suppressed by Mo-substitution, while the electrical conductivity was also suppressed, but remained relatively high.
RESUMEN
Ba(0.5)Sr(0.5)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) (BSCF) with the cubic perovskite structure is known to be metastable at low temperature under an oxidizing atmosphere. Here, the thermal and chemical expansion of BSCF were studied by in situ high temperature powder X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetrical analysis (TGA) in partial pressure of oxygen ranging from an inert atmosphere (â¼10(-4) bar) to 10 bar O(2). The BSCF powder, heat treated at 1000 °C and quenched to ambient temperature prior to the analysis, was shown to oxidize under an oxidizing atmosphere before thermal reduction took place. With decreasing partial pressure of oxygen the initial oxidation was suppressed and only reduction of Co/Fe and loss of oxygen were observed under an inert atmosphere. The thermal expansion of BSCF under different atmospheres was determined from the thermal evolution of the cubic unit cell parameter, demonstrating that the thermal expansion of BSCF depends on the atmosphere. Chemical expansion of BSCF was also estimated based on the diffraction data and thermo-gravimetrical analysis. A hexagonal perovskite phase, coexisting with the cubic BSCF polymorph, was observed to be formed above 600 °C during heating. The phase separation leading to the formation of the hexagonal polymorph was driven by oxidation, and the unit cell of the cubic BSCF was shown to decrease with increasing amounts of the hexagonal phase. The hexagonal phase disappeared upon further heating, accompanied with an expansion of the unit cell of the cubic BSCF.
RESUMEN
Ferroelectric BiFeO3 has attractive properties such as high strain and polarization, but a wide range of applications of bulk BiFeO3 are hindered due to high leakage currents and a high coercive electric field. Here, we report on the thermal behaviour of the electrical conductivity and thermopower of BiFeO3 substituted with 10 and 20 mol% Bi0.5K0.5TiO3. A change from p-type to n-type conductivity in these semi-conducting materials was demonstrated by the change in the sign of the Seebeck coefficient and the change in the slope of the isothermal conductivity versus partial pressure of O. A minimum in the isothermal conductivity was observed at â¼10(-2) bar O2 partial pressure for both solid solutions. The strong dependence of the conductivity on the partial pressure of O2 was rationalized by a point defect model describing qualitatively the conductivity involving oxidation/reduction of Fe(3+), the dominating oxidation state of Fe in stoichiometric BiFeO3. The ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition of 80 and 90 mol% BiFeO3 was observed at 648 ± 15 and 723 ± 15 °C respectively by differential thermal analysis and confirmed by dielectric spectroscopy and high temperature powder X-ray diffraction.
RESUMEN
Wide band-gap semiconductors doped with luminescent rare earth elements (REEs) have attracted recent interest due to their unique optical properties. Here we report on the synthesis of the transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) indium oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO) doped with neodymium, europium and terbium. The solid solubility in the systems was investigated and isothermal phase diagrams at 1400 °C were proposed. The solubility of the REEs in In2O3 is mainly determined by the size of the rare earth dopant, while in ITO the solid solubility was reduced due to a strong tendency of the tin and REE co-dopants to form a pyrochlore phase. The effect of the REE-doping on the conductivity of the host was determined and optical activity of the REE dopants were investigated in selected host materials. The conductivity of sintered materials of REE-doped In2O3 was significantly reduced, even at small doping concentrations, due to a decrease in carrier mobility. The same decrease in mobility was not observed in thin films of the material processed at lower temperatures. Strong emissions at around 611 nm were observed for Eu-doped In2O3, demonstrating the possibility of obtaining photoluminescence in a TCO host, while no emissions was observed for Nd- and Tb-doping.
RESUMEN
Blue-green luminescent octoxy capped Si nanoparticles were synthesized via homogeneous reduction of SiCl4 with the crown ether alkalide K(+)(15-crown-5)2K(-) in tetrahydrofuran. The Si nanoparticles were characterized with respect to size, crystal structure, morphology, surface termination, optical properties and stability. Si diamond structure nanoparticles with narrow size distributions, and average diameters ranging from 3 to 7 nm were obtained. A finite-size effect on the lattice dimensions was observed, in the form of an expansion of the [220] lattice planes of smaller Si nanoparticles. The concentration of SiCl4 was found to be the most important parameter governing the particle size and size distribution. The octoxy capped particles were stable under an ambient atmosphere for at least one month, but exposure to water made them prone to oxidation. An average radiative recombination lifetime of 8.8 ns was measured for the blue-green luminescence. The luminescence appears to originate from surface defects, rather than from quantum confinement.
RESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is currently the procedure of choice for axillary node staging in initial stages of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to establish our false negative rate within a 5-year follow-up period in 258 patients with breast cancer staged with this procedure. METHODS: A retrospective study on 258 consecutive T1-T2<3 cm pN0 staged breast carcinomas treated from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2005 was performed. The combined technique of isotope plus blue dye was used for detection. The subjects underwent a minimum follow-up of 5 years, mean 81 months, with an end of follow-up at December 31, 2010. Evidence of axillary recurrence, tumor recurrence in the breast and signs of disease progression or death were the events collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 258 patients, 3 false negatives (1.1%) with axillary recurrence were detected at 10, 11 and 29 months of the surgery. This did not have a significant repercussion in the survival analysis on the contrary to the existence of breast recurrence or the appearance of distant metastasis in 4.7% and 6.2% patients, respectively. Global survival related with the cancer was 93.0 (240/258) and disease free survival was 89.1% (230/258). CONCLUSION: The risk of developing axillary recurrence after a negative SLN without axillary node dissection is low enough to consider the SLN procedure to be the best approach for axilla staging in early breast cancer. This staging technique also makes it possible to achieve local disease control without diminishing the survival of the patients.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/secundario , Metástasis Linfática , Biopsia del Ganglio Linfático Centinela/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Axila , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Mama/terapia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/epidemiología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/cirugía , Carcinoma Lobular/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Lobular/epidemiología , Carcinoma Lobular/secundario , Carcinoma Lobular/cirugía , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Terapia Combinada , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Estrógenos , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Escisión del Ganglio Linfático , Metástasis Linfática/diagnóstico por imagen , Mastectomía/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/epidemiología , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/secundario , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/cirugía , Progesterona , Pronóstico , Cintigrafía , Radioterapia Adyuvante , Estudios Retrospectivos , Colorantes de Rosanilina , Biopsia del Ganglio Linfático Centinela/métodos , Análisis de Supervivencia , Azufre Coloidal Tecnecio Tc 99mRESUMEN
La biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (GC) es en la actualidad el procedimiento de elección en la estadificación axilar en cánceres de mama en estadios iniciales. El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer nuestra tasa de falsos negativos a lo largo de un período mínimo de 5 años de seguimiento de 258 pacientes con cáncer de mama estadificados mediante este procedimiento. Método. Estudio retrospectivo de 258 pacientes con cáncer de mama consecutivos T1-T2<3cm estadificados como pN0 mediante GC entre enero-2001 y diciembre-2005.Se empleó la técnica combinada isotópica y colorante para la detección. Fueron sometidos a seguimiento con un período mínimo de 5 años, la media fue 81 meses, siendo el punto final del seguimiento el 31 de diciembre de 2010. La evidencia de recurrencia axilar, recidiva tumoral en la mama, presencia de enfermedad a distancia, y muerte fueron los eventos recogidos y analizados. Resultados. De las 258 pacientes, se detectaron 3 falsos negativos (1,1%), con recurrencia axilar a los 10, 11 y 29 meses de la cirugía. En el análisis de supervivencia este hecho no tuvo repercusión significativa, a diferencia de la existencia de recidiva mamaria o la aparición de metástasis a distancia que ocurrieron en un 4,7 y un 6,2% de las pacientes. La supervivencia global relacionada con el cáncer fue de un 93,0% (240/258) y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad del 89,1% (230/258). Conclusión. El riesgo de recurrencia axilar tras un ganglio centinela negativo sin vaciamiento linfático completo es lo suficientemente bajo como para considerar a este procedimiento como de elección en la estadificación axilar del cáncer de mama en estadios iniciales. Además, permite alcanzar un adecuado control local de la enfermedad sin disminuir la supervivencia de los pacientes(AU)
The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is currently the procedure of choice for axillary node staging in initial stages of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to establish our false negative rate within a 5-year follow-up period in 258 patients with breast cancer staged with this procedure. Methods. A retrospective study on 258 consecutive T1-T2<3cm pN0 staged breast carcinomas treated from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2005 was performed. The combined technique of isotope plus blue dye was used for detection. The subjects underwent a minimum follow-up of 5 years, mean 81 months, with an end of follow-up at December 31, 2010. Evidence of axillary recurrence, tumor recurrence in the breast and signs of disease progression or death were the events collected and analyzed. Results. Of the 258 patients, 3 false negatives (1.1%) with axillary recurrence were detected at 10, 11 and 29 months of the surgery. This did not have a significant repercussion in the survival analysis on the contrary to the existence of breast recurrence or the appearance of distant metastasis in 4.7% and 6.2% patients, respectively. Global survival related with the cancer was 93.0 (240/258) and disease free survival was 89.1% (230/258). Conclusion. The risk of developing axillary recurrence after a negative SLN without axillary node dissection is low enough to consider the SLN procedure to be the best approach for axilla staging in early breast cancer. This staging technique also makes it possible to achieve local disease control without diminishing the survival of the patients(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia del Ganglio Linfático Centinela/métodos , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Pronóstico , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/complicaciones , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , /instrumentación , /métodos , Mastectomía/métodos , Mastectomía , /tendencias , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Inmunohistoquímica , Axila/patología , AxilaRESUMEN
Free-standing BiFeO3 perovskite particles with a size ranging from polycrystalline bulk down to 5 nm have been studied by high-energy resonant (Bi K edge) x-ray diffraction coupled to differential atomic pair distribution function analysis. Nanosized BiFeO3 particles are found to exhibit extra, i.e., beyond the usual thermal, structural disorder that increases progressively with diminishing their size. In particles of size smaller than approximately 18 nm the disorder destroys the structural coherence of the Bi sublattice and disturbs that of the Fe-based sublattice in the perovskite structure, substantially affecting the magnetoelectric properties it carries. The new structural information helps better understand the unusual behavior of perovskites structured at the nanoscale.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The degree of stenosis measured by Doppler ultrasonography in patients with contralateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is assumed to be overestimated. We propose to measure the extent to which this phenomenon affects the capacity of Doppler ultrasonography to classify stenoses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 47 patients was conducted using Doppler ultrasonography and digital subtraction angiography; all subjects had confirmed unilateral occlusion of the ICA and stenoses of the contralateral ICA. Curves were traced plotting the degree of stenosis against the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and its ratio in the ICA and in the common carotid artery (VICA/VCCA). The curves were compared with their equivalents with no contralateral occlusion found in the literature. Later, the cases of stenosis were classified into groups of less than 50, 50-69 and more than 70%, and the main statistical values were calculated. RESULTS: The PSV in the stenoses between 40-50% presents more than 1 standard deviation (SD) above the mean. There were no significant deviations in other degrees of stenosis (p > 0.4). The VICA/VCCA showed a similar parallelism, but with deviations lower than 1 SD (p = 0.56). Seventeen per cent of the stenoses were over-classified, and this conditioned a sensitivity of 84, 71 and 100%, and a specificity of 100, 94 and 88% for the groups of less than 50, 50-69 and over 70%, respectively. The VICA/VCCA over-classified 41% of the stenoses; sensitivity was seen to be 56, 43 and 100% and specificity was 90, 64 and 87%. Diagnostic accuracy of the PSV and VICA/VCCA stands at 83 and 57%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Contralateral occlusion leads to over-classification of the PSV. There is a tendency to over-classify, although this does not affect the overall diagnostic accuracy. The VICA/VCCA does not offer greater diagnostic accuracy in classifying stenoses with contralateral occlusion.
Asunto(s)
Arteria Carótida Interna , Estenosis Carotídea , Ultrasonografía Doppler , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo , Arteria Carótida Interna/diagnóstico por imagen , Arteria Carótida Interna/patología , Estenosis Carotídea/clasificación , Estenosis Carotídea/diagnóstico por imagen , Estenosis Carotídea/patología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
In this paper, we present a multiaxial system for psychodynamic diagnosis, which has attained wide usage in Germany in the last 10 years. First we will discuss the 4 operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics (OPD) axes: illness experience and treatment assumptions, relationships, mental conflicts, and structure, then clinical applications will be outlined. Focus psychodynamic formulations can be employed both with inpatients and with outpatients. Studies show good reliability in a research context and acceptable reliability for clinical purposes. Validity will be separately summarized as content, criterion, and construct validity. Validity studies indicate good validity for the individual axes. Numerous studies on the OPD indicate areas of possible improvement, for example for clinical purposes the OPD should be more practically formulated.
Asunto(s)
Entrevista Psicológica , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Teoría Psicoanalítica , Terapia Psicoanalítica , Conflicto Psicológico , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Trastornos Mentales/clasificación , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Pronóstico , Síndrome , Inconsciente en PsicologíaRESUMEN
The endurance of psychotherapeutic effects after conclusion of inpatient treatment is examined in a follow-up study of 49 patients with psychosomatic, neurotic, and personality disorders. The perspective is not symptomatological but rather relates to the concrete changes occurring in the lives of the patients after treatment. The investigators hypothesized that the probability of progressively coping with life demands depends on the extent to which patients have gained insight into their central psychological problems. Using the Heidelberg Structural Change Scale (HSCS) to gauge the extent to which patients succeed in gaining cognitively and emotionally definitive insight into their intrapsychic conflicts and the structural vulnerabilities determining their condition, the authors were able to confirm their hypothesis. The HSCS, compared with other measures, offered the only possibility of predicting progressive (i.e., symptomatic) changes. The authors concluded that the demands of external life present opportunities for therapy success to be realized as progressive changes and that these changes can form a basis for further positive development.
RESUMEN
Studies of liquids with tetrahedral coordination, particularly during compression or quenching, have indicated the existence of distinct phases in the liquid state, distinguishable by density and local structure. In systems that exhibit critical phenomena in the supercooled state, anomalous behaviour of the compressibility is also anticipated above the critical point, as revealed by simulations of water. Liquid GeSe(2) is a potentially attractive system for studying both types of phenomena, given its two-dimensional tetrahedral structure and anomalous physical properties (including a density minimum near its melting point). Here we report in situ X-ray diffraction measurements of solid and liquid GeSe(2) at high temperature and high pressure, revealing that the structure of the liquid is sensitive to pressure and that anomalous compressibility is expected. During compression of liquid GeSe(2), the connectivity of the liquid changes from two- to three-dimensional, leading to a breakdown of the intermediate-range order. The gradual change in structure above the melting line may develop to a first-order liquid-liquid transition in the supercooled regime.
RESUMEN
The question is discussed how changes concerning the patient's ability to recognize and obtain insight into dysfunctional relationship patterns, life-determining conflicts, and structural vulnerability as well as the readiness to take on the responsibility for the negative effects caused by these may be conceptualized. A model has been developed based on Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD) in which individual problem areas for each patient may be chosen from a list of foci. Changes in these foci are evaluated using the Heidelberg Structural Change Scale which is presented and discussed in detail. This concept is applied to a sample of patients who had been treated in an in-patient setting. It is demonstrated that this method of measuring changes can be used reliably. Furthermore, the changes registered with the structural change scale correlate on an absolute level quite high to the global assessment of outcome through the therapeutic team; this correlation is even higher than the correlation between symptomatic changes and the global assessments. How this concept may be applied in planning, evaluating, and ensuring the quality of psychotherapy is presented in conclusion.
Asunto(s)
Admisión del Paciente , Determinación de la Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/terapia , Psicoterapia , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Concienciación , Mecanismos de Defensa , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Solución de Problemas , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/diagnóstico , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/psicologíaRESUMEN
This study examines the extent to which severely mentally disabled (SMD) patients in one county mental health system were incarcerated in the local jail and examines characteristics of a sample (N = 30) of such individuals. We found that in the study year, 7.9% of known SMD patients had at least one incarceration in the county jail. Diagnoses were predominantly in the schizophrenia spectrum with 70% also actively abusing substances at the time of incarceration. The majority of crimes were non-violent and substance abuse related. Half of the sample was judged to be candidates for diversion programs. Our findings are consistent with recent literature confirming that substance abusing SMD individuals are at high risk of incarceration and could benefit from integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment.
Asunto(s)
Psiquiatría Forense/tendencias , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Servicios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Prisiones/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Derecho Penal , Desinstitucionalización , Diagnóstico Dual (Psiquiatría) , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/clasificación , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , Ohio/epidemiología , Trastornos Psicóticos/epidemiología , Esquizofrenia/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapiaRESUMEN
Renal ossicles are ossified structures developed after the implantation of a bone marrow (BM) plug beneath the kidney capsule. The authors have investigated the origin of the hematopoietic cells in murine renal ossicles by conducting sex-mismatched implants into Ly-5 congenic mice. BM plugs from transgenic mice provided additional genotypic tracers. Flow cytometry analyses on nonadherent cells from long-term cultures established with ossicles excised at 17 to 40 weeks postimplantation evidenced the presence of 5% to 70% of donor-derived myeloid cells. The genetic analysis of the day 12 colony-forming unit (CFU-S(12)) population in ossicles excised at 10 to 40 weeks postimplantation revealed that 16% to 93% of the colonies were of donor origin. Moreover, we describe for the first time the presence of long-term repopulating cells of donor origin in ossicles excised at 10 to 19 weeks postimplantation.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Médula Ósea , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/patología , Riñón/patología , Células del Estroma/patología , Animales , Hematopoyesis , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/fisiología , Riñón/fisiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Células del Estroma/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repopulating properties of bone marrow (BM) from mice irradiated during embryonic and adult stages of development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four-day-old embryos, 17-day-old fetuses, and 12-week-old mice were irradiated with of 1 or 3 Gy of x-rays. At 3 and 9 months postirradiation, the effects generated within the different compartments of repopulating cells (RCs) were evaluated by determining, in a BM competition assay, the contribution of the irradiated precursors to the lymphohematopoiesis of recipients at different times posttransplantation (3, 9, and 15 months). RESULTS: The irradiation of 4-day-old embryos with either 1 or 3 Gy did not produce residual repopulation or differentiation effects within the different RCs assayed. However, significant impairments in RC functionality were observed in mice irradiated on the 17th day postconception or at the 12th week of age. Whereas irradiation of these animals with 1 Gy did not impair the long-term functionality of the very primitive 15-month-old RCs, irradiation with 3 Gy generated sustained impairment in all tested types of hematopoietic progenitors and RCs. Moreover, repopulation data derived from the analysis of recipient BM and thymus strongly suggested that the observed effects were produced within the multipotent pool of lymphohematopoietic RCs. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show the generation of long-term effects in the multipotent RCs of mice irradiated at fetal and adult stages of growth and reveals the normal functionality of the RCs from animals irradiated during the early stages of embryonic development.
Asunto(s)
Médula Ósea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos de la radiación , Linfocitos/efectos de la radiación , Animales , Médula Ósea/efectos de la radiación , Células de la Médula Ósea/citología , Trasplante de Médula Ósea , División Celular/efectos de la radiación , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Embrión de Mamíferos/citología , Embrión de Mamíferos/efectos de la radiación , Femenino , Feto/citología , Feto/efectos de la radiación , Linfocitos/citología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Timo/citología , Timo/efectos de la radiación , Factores de Tiempo , Irradiación Corporal TotalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of risperidone use on the cost of services provided to severely mentally disabled outpatients and on hospital avoidance, and to analyze patterns in the use of concomitant medications as a surrogate marker of changes in adverse effects or patient well-being. METHODS: The patients were 31 clients of community mental health centers who had received risperidone for at least three months and for whom there were at least three months of available data on medication use and costs prior to risperidone treatment. The actual average monthly costs of community mental health services obtained from a county mental health board were compared with service costs prior to use of risperidone, using the patients as their own controls, and compared with a control group. RESULTS: Compared with the pre-risperidone period, the average cost per month of providing mental health services increased by 73.7% during the risperidone treatment period. Compared with the pre-risperidone period, the average total cost of treatment (including medications) increased by 113.3% during the risperidone treatment period. The average total cost of medication increased by 422.8% during the risperidone treatment period compared with the pre-risperidone treatment period. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of the community mental health board, risperidone treatment did not reduce the cost of services provided to these clients, but substantially and significantly increased total costs, including medication.