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A deterministic method (frequency distribution method) for selecting compounds from a partitioned virtual combinatorial library for efficient synthesis is presented here. The method is based on reagent frequency analysis and can be applied to any library of molecules distributed in any given partitioned chemical space (cluster, cell-based, etc.). Compound selection by reagent frequency distribution can produce a unique, diverse set of molecules that adequately represents the library while requiring the least amount of compounds to be synthesized and minimizing the number of different reagents that must be used. This method also provides a practical solution to the configuration of plate layout. Because the method essentially identifies "expensive" regions in the chemical space to synthesize for a desired diversity or similarity coverage, decisions concerning the necessity to synthesize these compounds can be addressed. Minimum compound generation and efficient plate layout results in savings both in time of synthesis and cost of materials. This method always results in a discrete solution, which can be used for any given library size as well as any combination of reagents and is also readily adaptable to robotic automation.

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Paraffin pellets were melted in 24x24x5 mm stainless steel base molds. Specimens of leaves, 18x18 mm, were fixed, dehydrated and infiltrated with paraffin. Two specimens were transferred into molten paraffin on their laminar surfaces in a base mold and moved quickly onto a cold surface to cast them in a shallow block of paraffin. Each block was then scored with a razor blade, broken into two primary blocks, and trimmed to 20x9 mm with 5 mm flat edges. Each primary block was immersed upright on its long edge in a 22x22x20 mm Peel-A-Way embedding mold containing molten paraffin. The leaf edge was held centrally in the mold while moving the double embedment onto a cold surface. In this secondary block, the leaf specimen stood perpendicular to the sectioning surface in perfect orientation for transverse ribbon sectioning. The two phases of paraffin bonded well.

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A staining solution containing alcian blue 8GX, Bismarck brown Y and safranin O was prepared with 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. Paraffin was extracted with MicroClear solvent from 10 microm tissue sections mounted on slides. Paraffin solvent was removed by rinsing with isopropanol, and tissues were air dried. Slides with bare dry tissue sections were immersed in the triple stain and structures could be distinguished within 30 min as follows: nonlignified cell walls, blue; lignified cell walls, nuclei and chloroplasts, red; and cuticle, brown or yellow-brown. Excess staining solution was removed by rinsing with tap water, and the tissues were air dried again. Coverslips were affixed with resin over the stained dry tissues. This novel procedure was tested with immature tomato fruit, mature apple fruit, and various leaf and stem specimens of dogwood, laurel, pawpaw, poinsettia and zonal geranium.

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Immature fruit of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Celebrity), was examined to observe the cuticle, its interface with the epidermis, and the general histology of the outer exocarp. Paraffin sections were stained first with Bismarck brown Y. Structures already stained in various hues of brown were stained again with either azure B, aluminum hematoxylin and alcian blue SGX, or the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. Bismarck brown-azure B displayed the cuticle in strong contrast with subjacent tissue; however, nuclei were not easily identified at low magnification. Bismarck brown-hematoxylin-alcian blue produced a sharply contrasted combination of yellow cuticle, bright blue cell walls and purple nuclei. Nuclei stained purple with hematoxylin were easily identified at x100. Bismarck brown-PAS stained the cuticle golden brown and subjacent tissues mageta red. Surprisingly, epidermal cells stained specifically and intensely with PAS while pretreatment with an aldehyde blockade and omission of periodic acid prevented staining of all other tissues.

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Peptide boronic acid dipeptide compounds were analyzed for their ability to inhibit recombinant human dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26, DPPIV). Rate constants for the peptide boronates are difficult to obtain because the active boronic acid dipeptide exists in equilibrium with a cyclic inactive species in aqueous solution. Rate constants were determined for the inhibition of DPPIV using several peptide boronates at different pH values. Val-boroPro forms the most tightly bound complex with DPPIV; the first order half life for dissociation of the inactive enzyme-inhibitor complex at 23 degrees C is approximately 27 days.

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A numerical method was applied to a system of differential rate equations describing the monomer-dimer-inhibitor (M-D-I) interaction involving human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and a peptidomimetic, competitive inhibitor. Two pairs of progress curves were obtained, one involving the M-D interaction and the other the M-D-I interaction. Each pair of reactions was designed to begin with extreme conditions and end at the identical equilibrium position. The results were compared with analytical (exact mathematical) methods reported previously. Good agreement between the two methods was observed at high- and low-salt conditions for the rates of monomer association and dimer dissociation. Not surprisingly, however, the major difference was observed in the analyses involving the M-D-I interaction, since analytical methods cannot account for dimer dissociation in the presence of inhibitor. While the estimates for the inhibitor off rate were comparable for high-salt conditions (where dimer dissociation is minimized), the analytical method underestimated this parameter for low-salt conditions by an order of magnitude, the consequence of mistaking inactive M for inactive DI.

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Transverse paraffin sections of mature greenwood stems of rose (Rosa x hybrida) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) were stained with Bismarck brown followed by azure B or toluidine blue 0. The Bismarck brown was replaced by thiazin dye metachromasia in all structures except the cuticle which remained brown or yellow. The interface between the cuticle and exterior cell walls of the epidermis was delineated clearly.

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Onion (Allium cepa) root tips were fixed in a proprietary solution without aldehyde, toxic metals or acetic acid. Fixed specimens were embedded in paraffin, sectioned on a rotary microtome and mounted on detergent-washed slides without adhesive. Slides with ribbon segments affixed were immersed in 0.2% aqueous alcian blue 8GX in screw-capped Coplin jars in a water bath at 50 C for 1 hr. Excess alcian blue was rinsed off under cold running tap water and the slides were immersed in quick-mixed hematoxylin at room temperature for 15 min. Stained slides were deparaffinized, rinsed with isopropanol, air dried, and coverslips were affixed with resin. Thus, the traditional paraffin microtechnique has been modified at all steps from fixation to finishing slides with coverslips.

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The on and off rate constants (kon and koff) were determined for a series of peptidomimetic, competitive inhibitors of human renin using a novel binding assay. The method entails analyzing a pair of ligand exchange reactions in which a dansylated inhibitor serves as the fluorescent probe. The first in the pair of reactions involves preincubating renin with the probe and initiating the reaction by addition of a sample inhibitor; the second reaction involves preincubating renin with the sample inhibitor and initiating the reaction by addition of probe. Both reactions yield progress curves which contain complementary information concerning the kon and koff of each ligand. The two curves are fitted simultaneously using models derived from the differential rate equations describing the ligand exchange process. The kon and koff rate constants for the probe were 6.85 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 and 2.96 x 10(-4) s-1, respectively, giving a calculated Kd of 43.2 pM. The Kd values for the inhibitor series varied over 2 orders of magnitude (27-2320 pM), while the individual kon (10(6)-10(7) M-1 s-1) and koff (10(-4)-10(-3) s-1) constants varied only over 1 order of magnitude.

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Association and dissociation rate constants for a competitive inhibitor of HIV-1 protease were determined by a novel method employing a pair of integrated rate equations. This method, termed the paired progress curve method, is both rapid and reproducible. Progress curves, taken at a single concentration of inhibitor, are analyzed simultaneously to determine association and dissociation rate constants, the concentration of active sites, and the catalytic rate constant. The method is applied to BILA 398, a compound for which the cocrystal structure with HIV-2 protease has been reported recently [Tong, L., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8387-8391]. This compound exhibited an association constant of 1.6 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 and a dissociation constant of 1.0 x 10(-4) s-1 corresponding to a binding affinity constant of 6.4 x 10(-12) M. During the course of the analysis, nonlinearity was observed in control reactions containing enzyme and substrate only. This was subsequently shown to be due to a reversible inactivation process resulting from enzyme dilution. Integrated rate equations were developed on the basis of the dissociation of active dimeric enzyme during dilution and a reassociation of dilute monomers following the addition of substrate. The equations were modeled to the data, yielding a dissociation constant of 1.9 x 10(-3) s-1 and an association constant of 9.2 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 for the monomer-dimer interconversion process. This corresponds to an equilibrium constant of 4 x 10(-9) M for the dimerization of HIV-1 protease.

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Construction of a series of chimeric antibodies (murine variable region and human constant region) derived from the murine antibody BIRR1, which recognizes intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), has revealed differences in the relative binding abilities of the chimeric antibody to antigen. The chimeric antibodies show a ranking of their ability to compete with BIRR1 for antigen on the surface of cells with the order BIRR1 = cIgG1 (100%) > cIgG4 (30%) > cIgG2 (10%) as demonstrated by solid-phase competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Papain digestion yielded Fab fragments that were purified to homogeneity. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the chimeric and murine Fab binding constants were equivalent. A solution-phase binding assay (analyzed by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography) between the intact mAbs and recombinant soluble ICAM-1 further established that the binding constants involving the Fab arms of the two antibodies were equivalent. In summary, the murine and chimeric anti-ICAM-1 antibodies bind cellular ICAM-1 with equivalent affinities but with differing avidities.

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Two stock solutions are composed as follows: A) aluminum sulfate, sodium iodate and acetic acid in aqueous propylene glycol and B) hematoxylin in pure propylene glycol. When combined in specified proportions the stock solutions yield aluminum-hematein dissolved in nontoxic propylene glycol. The ready-to-use stain, prepared in small volumes as needed, performs well in paraffin sections of plant tissues.

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Somatic embryos developed directly from 96 and 110 day post-anthesis Cercis canadensis L. (redbud) zygotic embryos from one of two trees sampled that were explanted onto modified Schenk and Hildebrandt medium amended with either 1, 2, 3 or 5 mg/1 2,4-D in combination with either 7.6 or 12. 6 mM ammonium ion. Although somatic embryogenesis was expressed on most media, the number of explants that produced somatic embryos and the mean number of embryos formed per explant were greatest on media that contained either 2 or 3 mg/1 2,4-D; 12.6 mM ammonium ion inhibited embryogenesis from 96 day post-anthesis explants. Zygotic embryos explanted 117 days after anthesis produced only callus and roots. Somatic embryos that were bottle-shaped or had distinct cotyledons organized roots on germination media, but only one embryo formed a shoot. No additional development occurred. Histological examination of somatic embryos showed that shoot apical meristems were poorly developed.

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Diethylene glycol distearate wax and cellulose caprate resin, 4:1 respectively by weight, were melted together at 75 C for five hours with occasional stirring. The resin tempered the extreme brittleness of the wax without softening it, and raised the melting point only one degree to 50 C. Fixed plant tissues were dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in xylene, and infiltrated with wax. Modified diethylene glycol distearate was easier to trim and shape, and formed flat sections more consistently than the pure wax. Sections were cut singly on Ralph knives with attached water pools on an ultramicrotome. Sectionability was excellent at 2-3 micrometers, variable at 1.0 micrometer, but impossible at 0.5 micrometer. Sections were transferred onto water drops on slides, dried, dewaxed, stained, and coverglasses applied as in the paraffin method. Histological feature of plant tissues were much sharper in modified diethylene glycol distearate sections than in paraffin sections, and were similar to plastic sections.

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