RESUMEN
On March 19, 2013, a patient from United Arab Emirates who had severe respiratory infection was transferred to a hospital in Germany, 11 days after symptom onset. Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was suspected on March 21 and confirmed on March 23; the patient, who had contact with an ill camel shortly before symptom onset, died on March 26. A contact investigation was initiated to identify possible person-to-person transmission and assess infection control measures. Of 83 identified contacts, 81 were available for follow-up. Ten contacts experienced mild symptoms, but test results for respiratory and serum samples were negative for MERS-CoV. Serologic testing was done for 53 (75%) of 71 nonsymptomatic contacts; all results were negative. Among contacts, the use of FFP2/FFP3 face masks during aerosol exposure was more frequent after MERS-CoV infection was suspected than before. Infection control measures may have prevented nosocomial transmission of the virus.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/transmisión , Infección Hospitalaria/transmisión , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/transmisión , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Camelus/virología , Coronavirus , Infección Hospitalaria/virología , Femenino , Alemania , Humanos , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Masculino , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Síndrome , Emiratos Árabes UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging virus involved in cases and case clusters of severe acute respiratory infection in the Arabian Peninsula, Tunisia, Morocco, France, Italy, Germany, and the UK. We provide a full description of a fatal case of MERS-CoV infection and associated phylogenetic analyses. METHODS: We report data for a patient who was admitted to the Klinikum Schwabing (Munich, Germany) for severe acute respiratory infection. We did diagnostic RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. From time of diagnosis, respiratory, faecal, and urine samples were obtained for virus quantification. We constructed a maximum likelihood tree of the five available complete MERS-CoV genomes. FINDINGS: A 73-year-old man from Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, was transferred to Klinikum Schwabing on March 19, 2013, on day 11 of illness. He had been diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2008, and had received several lines of treatment. The patient died on day 18, due to septic shock. MERS-CoV was detected in two samples of bronchoalveolar fluid. Viral loads were highest in samples from the lower respiratory tract (up to 1·2â×â10(6) copies per mL). Maximum virus concentration in urine samples was 2691 RNA copies per mL on day 13; the virus was not present in the urine after renal failure on day 14. Stool samples obtained on days 12 and 16 contained the virus, with up to 1031 RNA copies per g (close to the lowest detection limit of the assay). One of two oronasal swabs obtained on day 16 were positive, but yielded little viral RNA (5370 copies per mL). No virus was detected in blood. The full virus genome was combined with four other available full genome sequences in a maximum likelihood phylogeny, correlating branch lengths with dates of isolation. The time of the common ancestor was halfway through 2011. Addition of novel genome data from an unlinked case treated 6 months previously in Essen, Germany, showed a clustering of viruses derived from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. INTERPRETATION: We have provided the first complete viral load profile in a case of MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV might have shedding patterns that are different from those of severe acute respiratory syndrome and so might need alternative diagnostic approaches. FUNDING: European Union; German Centre for Infection Research; German Research Council; and German Ministry for Education and Research.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Coronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Genoma Viral , ARN Viral/orina , Anciano , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Coronavirus/clasificación , Coronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Resultado Fatal , Heces/virología , Alemania , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , Choque Séptico , Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Carga ViralRESUMEN
We describe a cluster of cowpox virus (CPXV) infections in humans that occurred near Munich, Germany, around the beginning of 2009. Previously, only sporadic reports of CPXV infections in humans after direct contact with various animals had been published. This outbreak involved pet rats from the same litter.
Asunto(s)
Animales Domésticos/virología , Virus de la Viruela Vacuna/aislamiento & purificación , Viruela Vacuna/transmisión , Brotes de Enfermedades , Ratas/virología , Enfermedades de los Roedores/transmisión , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Viruela Vacuna/epidemiología , Viruela Vacuna/veterinaria , Viruela Vacuna/virología , Virus de la Viruela Vacuna/patogenicidad , Femenino , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Roedores/virología , ZoonosisRESUMEN
Mammalian cationic amino acid transporters (CAT) differ in their substrate affinity and sensitivity to trans-stimulation. The apparent Km values for cationic amino acids and the sensitivity to trans-stimulation of CAT-1, -2B, and -3 are characteristic of system y+. In contrast, CAT-2A exhibits a 10-fold lower substrate affinity and is largely independent of substrate at the trans-side of the membrane. CAT-2A and -2B demonstrate such divergent transport properties, even though their amino acid sequences differ only in a stretch of 42 amino acids. Here, we identify two amino acid residues within this 42-amino acid domain of the human CAT-2A protein that are responsible for the apparent low affinity of both the extracellular and intracellular substrate-binding sites. These residues are located in the fourth intracellular loop, suggesting that they are not part of the translocation pathway. Rather, they may be responsible for the low affinity conformation of the substrate-binding sites. The sensitivity to trans-stimulation is not determined by the same amino acid residues as the substrate affinity and must involve a more complex interaction between individual amino acid residues. In addition to the 42-amino acid domain, the adjacent transmembrane domain X seems to be involved in this function.