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The specific features of contingents of patients with respiratory tuberculosis were studied during the sanatorium-stage treatment in 2004-2005. Out of 317 patients (57.4% females and 42.6% males), 70.7% of the patients aged under 45 years; the females were more frequently observed to have focal forms of the disease whereas the males had infiltrative forms and were more frequently operated on for tuberculosis. 27.1% of the patients (more commonly males) had underweight (more than 10 kg body weight deficiency); 36.3% were unemployed; the women's social status was higher than the men's; 72.5% of the patients had comorbidity. Drug intolerability was observed in 21.8% of the patients and 20.5% did not complete treatment. The above features complicate a rehabilitative process and require a significant correction of the treatment recommended by dispensaries, as well as additional therapeutic and diagnostic measures.

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The authors studied urine excretion of sulfates before and after a shift in workers engaged into brewing and flushing shops of sulfate cellulose production, who are exposed to various amounts of methyl sulfate compounds. Significant increase of urine sulfate appeared by the end of the shift and correlated with intensity of the air pollution with methyl sulfate compounds. Lower urine excretion of sulfates occurred with longer length of service.

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The opisthorchiasis situation in Irtysh--Karaganda canal zone were studied. 615 men (by coprological method), 319 men (by serological method), 26 domestic cats, and molluscs (gen. Codiella)--were investigated. In the canal zone the situation of opisthorchiasis infection at present is favourable. Some of the infections are connected with the fish out of Shiderty River.

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Serological studies using opisthorchis immunoreagents of various specificity (metabolic, somatic and from eggs) have shown that metabolic antigen preparations were the most effective. Simultaneous use of 3 immunoreagents of various specificity ensures higher percentage of opisthorchiasis patients' identification. Passive hemagglutination test and enzyme immunoassay are practically identically effective for the antibody determination.

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Immunochemical tests of various antigenic preparations derived from Opisthorchis revealed specific components in metabolic, somatic and ovular specimens. Furthermore, the study revealed a common somatic antigenic components in Opisthorchis, Echinococcus and Fasciola. The specificity revealed makes the implementation of Opisthorchis immunoreagents advisable for the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis.

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Activity of the opisthorchiasis focus in the Tobol-Ubagan river basins has increased under the influence of several anthropogenic factors. The invasion rate in the population increased 8.7 fold. In the other focus situated in the Lower Turgai-Irgiz, the invasion rate remains stable for many years in spite of the reduced number and invasion rates of ides and Bithynia. Sanitary education of the population should be improved to prevent Opisthorchis invasion; ecological and parasitological studies of the Opisthorchis intermediate hosts in the first focus should be repeated.

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The structure of many opisthorchiasis foci in Kazakhstan has not been finally determined. Occurrence of opisthorchis in wild animals is not indisputable evidence of the natural character of the focus. The role of humans in the circulation of causative agents is also rather important. Most of the foci in the republic are probably of a mixed or purely anthropogenic character, the purely natural ones are more rare.

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Mass screening of the southeastern Kazakhstan population with respect to echinococcosis by RDHA provided positive results in 3.1% cases. The highest seropositive reaction rate (6.1%) was obtained during examination of shepherds. In other population groups, this rate was equal and accounted for 2.6%. No difference was found in positive reaction rates between children and adults. The risk of echinococcal infestation in the area is the same for all groups of rural population except shepherds, which may be regarded as a risk group.

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A technique for preparing such a diagnosticum, that specifically detects antibodies to Opisthorchis egg antigen, has been developed. Examinations of opisthorchiasis patients with the use of this diagnosticum have shown that the diagnostic titres of the total activity of the blood serum antibodies to the egg antigen and to the Opisthorchis somatic antigen have been detected with equal frequency. Parallel use of the egg and the previously developed (with the somatic and metabolic antigens) erythrocytic diagnosticums improves the reliability of the serologic diagnosis of chronic opisthorchiasis.

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As a result of a long passage of L. donovani isolate on golden hamsters (21 passages were observed), in transplanting the agent from animals with a distinct clinical picture there was formed a highly virulent strain "G" of L. donovani for this species of animals. The weight arrest and then body mass losses were the most early signs of the disease. Parasites were regularly accumulated in spleen and liver and to a less extent in bone marrow. The main manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters are cachexia, lienal syndrome, polyglandular deficiency on the background of hypoplasia of lymphoid tissue and defects of the system of monocytic phagocytes. Such symptom-complex can be a result of neuroendocrine deficiency during visceral leishmaniasis. Pathohistological picture of experimental visceral leishmaniasis is similar to that of man, so L. donovani infection in hamsters can serve as a model for studies of different medical and biological aspects of leishmaniasis.

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