RESUMEN

Background: E-cigarettes are often marketed as a less harmful alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes. Despite their popularity, the evidence regarding their effects on human health remains unclear and is filled with complexities. Objectives: This systematic review aims to elucidate the direct effects of electronic cigarette use on human health, carefully distinguishing between the specific characteristics of the populations studied. Methodology: Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases without date restrictions, including articles in both Spanish and English. This approach enabled the identification and analysis of primary studies to understand the direct effect of electronic cigarettes on human health. Results: A total of 33 studies were included that evaluated cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, weight and fertility effects. Only five studies analyzed e-cigarettes in healthy populations and seven studies compared healthy individuals against smokers. The effects evaluated on smokers or former tobacco smokers were apparently positive, however, among healthy individuals, increased heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxidative stress, alteration of respiratory epithelial cells and increased airflow resistance were found. Conclusion: Smokers or former smokers who switch to e-cigarettes may reduce their exposure to carcinogens and lower their risk of developing severe health issues associated with conventional smoking. However, in healthy individuals who have never smoked traditional cigarettes, the use of e-cigarettes introduces several cardiovascular and respiratory adverse effects. These findings suggest that while e-cigarettes can be a strategic harm reduction tool for smokers, they are not a safe option for non-smokers.

Asunto(s)

Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Vapeo , Humanos , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina/estadística & datos numéricos , Vapeo/efectos adversos

RESUMEN

Infections are common in patients with diabetes, but increasing antibiotic resistance hampers successful bacterial clearance and calls for alternative treatment strategies. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is known to influence the innate immune defense and could therefore serve as a possible target. However, the impact of high glucose on HIF-1 has received little attention and merits closer investigation. Here, we show that higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and CAMP, encoding for the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, LL-37, correlate with HIF-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Chemical activation of HIF-1 further enhanced LL-37, IL-1ß, and IL-8 in human uroepithelial cells exposed to high glucose. Moreover, HIF-1 activation of transurethrally infected diabetic mice resulted in lower bacterial load. Drugs activating HIF-1 could therefore in the future potentially have a therapeutic role in clearing bacteria in diabetic patients with infections where antibiotic treatment failed. KEY MESSAGES: • Mohanty et al. "HIF-1 mediated activation of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in type 2 diabetic patients." • Our study highlights induction of the antimicrobial peptide, LL-37, and strengthening of the innate immunity through hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in diabetes. • Our key observations are: 1. HIF-1 activation increased LL-37 expression in human urothelial cells treated with high glucose. In line with that, we demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes living at high altitude had increased levels of the LL-37. 2. HIF-1 activation increased IL-1ß and IL-8 in human uroepithelial cells treated with high glucose concentration. 3. Pharmacological activation of HIF-1 decreased bacterial load in the urinary bladder of mice with hereditary diabetes. • We conclude that enhancing HIF-1 may along with antibiotics in the future contribute to the treatment in selected patient groups where traditional therapy is not possible.

Asunto(s)

Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inmunología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/inmunología , Infecciones Urinarias/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Citocinas/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones Urinarias/genética , Urotelio/citología , Catelicidinas

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of diabetes type 2 is increasing worldwide, thus the search of novel alternative ther¬apies is needed. According to their traditional use, we selected five Bolivian plants Chenopodium quinoa (CQ) Ama¬ranthus caudatus (AC), Chenopodium pallidicaule (CP), Lupinus mutabilis (LM) and Smallanthus sonchifolius (SS) that are traditionally used to control glycemia. METHODS: The effect of a single oral administration of Ethanolic (EtOH), hydro-ethanolic (EtOH70) and aqueous (Aq) extracts from all plant species were tested for their effect on blood glucose in non-fasted mice and during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The effect on insulin secretion was evaluated in mice pancreatic islets. RESULTS: EtOH70 extracts of all the plants showed glucose-reducing effect at the highest dose evaluated (2000 mg/ kg b.w.). EtOH70 extracts improved the glucose tolerance evaluated by the OGTT in mice fasted for 12 hours. The extracts have different effects on glucose homeostasis since just extracts of AC, LM and CQ but not CP and SS in¬creased insulin secretion as shown on mice pancreatic islets. The phytochemical qualitative characterization of EtOH70 extracts detected phenolic acids and flavonoids in AC, CP and CQ; alkaloids in LM and anthocyanidins in SS. None of EtOH70 extracts tested showed in vitro or in vivo acute toxicity at concentrations where they exhibit glucose lowering effects. CONCLUSIONS: We report here that extracts from AC, CQ, CP, LM and SS exhibit glucose lowering effect while just AC, CQ and LM stimulate directly the insulin secretion

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de diabetes tipo 2 está aumentando en todo el mundo, por lo que se necesita la búsqueda de nuevas terapias alternativas. Según su uso tradicional, seleccionamos cinco plantas bolivianas Chenopodium quinoa (CQ) Amaranthus caudatus (AC), Chenopodium pallidicaule (CP), Lupinus mutabilis (LM) y Smallanthus sonchifolius (SS) que se usan tradicionalmente para controlar la glucemia. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó el efecto de la administración oral única de extractos etanólicos (EtOH), hidroetanólicos (EtOH70) y acuosos (Aq) de las plantas mencionadas para determinar su efecto sobre la glucosa en sangre en ratones en o sin ayunas y durante la prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa oral (PTGO). El efecto sobre la secreción de insulina se evaluó en islotes pancreáticos de ratones. RESULTADOS: Los extractos de EtOH70 de todas las plantas disminuyeron la glucemia a la dosis más alta evaluada (2000 mg / kg b.w.). Los extractos de EtOH70 mejoraron la tolerancia a la glucosa evaluada mediante la PTGO en ratones con ayuno de 12 horas. Los extractos tienen diferentes efectos sobre la homeostasis de la glucosa, ya que solo los extractos de AC, LM y CQ pero no CP y SS aumentaron la secreción de insulina como se muestra en los islotes pancreáticos de los ratones. La caracterización cualitativa fitoquímica de extractos de EtOH70 detectó ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides en AC, CP y CQ, alcaloides en LM y antocianidinas en SS. Ninguno de los extractos de EtOH70 probados mostró toxicidad aguda in vitro o in vivo a concentraciones en las que exhiben efectos reductores de glucosa. CONCLUSIÓN: Los extractos de AC, CQ, CP, LM y SS exhiben un efecto reductor de la glucosa, mientras que solo AC, CQ y LM estimulan directamente la secreción de insulina

Asunto(s)

Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Secreción de Insulina/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Chenopodium quinoa/química , Amaranthus/química , Chenopodium/química , Lupinus/química , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Bolivia , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa

RESUMEN

Lupinus mutabilis (LM) is a legume part of Bolivian traditional diet that has a nutraceutical property reducing blood glucose levels. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide thus; the search for novel anti-diabetic drugs is needed. Based on its traditional use, we evaluated the anti-diabetic effect of LM in the spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, a model of type 2 diabetes and in Wistar (W) rats as healthy control. LM seeds hydroethanolic extract, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, is a complex mixture of volatile and non-volatile components. A single oral administration of LM extract (2000 mg/kg b.w.) improved glucose tolerance during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (30⁻120 min) in GK and W rats (p < 0.0001). The long-term treatment with LM (1000 mg/kg b.w.), for 21 days, improved the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose during OGTT at day 20, in both GK (p < 0.01) and W rats (p < 0.01). The HbA1c (GK rats, p < 0.05 and W rats, p < 0.0001) and the non-fasting glucose (GK rats, p < 0.05) were also reduced. LM increased both serum insulin levels (2.4-fold in GK rats and 2.5-fold W rats), and the glucose-induced (16.7 mM glucose) insulin release in isolated islets from treated animals (6.7-fold in GK rats, and 6.6-fold in W rats). Moreover, LM (10 mg/mL) stimulated in vitro glucose induced (16.7 mM glucose) insulin release in batch incubated GK and W rat islets (p < 0.0001). In perifused GK rat islets, insulin release in 16.7 mM glucose was increased 95.3-fold compared to untreated islets (p < 0.0001), while no significant differences were found in perifused W rat islets. The LM mechanism of action, evaluated using inhibitory compounds of the insulin secretion pathway, showed that LM-dependent insulin secretion was reduced 42% by diazoxide (p < 0.001), 70% by nifedipine (p < 0.001), 86.7% by H89 (p < 0.0001), 70.8% by calphostine-C (p < 0.0001) and 93% by pertussis toxin (p < 0.0001). A similar effect was observed in W rats islets. Our findings provide evidence that LM has an anti-diabetic effect through stimulation of insulin release. The effect is-dependent on L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A and C systems, and G protein-coupled exocytosis and is partially mediated by K-ATP channels.

Asunto(s)

Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Insulina/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Lupinus , Fitoterapia , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Canales de Calcio Tipo L/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Exocitosis , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina/sangre , Secreción de Insulina , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Canales KATP/metabolismo , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Amaranthus caudatus is traditionally used to treat infections. Based on its traditional usage, we investigated the effect of A. caudatus on the bladder epithelial cells in the protection of E. coli infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The direct antimicrobial effects of A. caudatus on uropathogenic bacteria were investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Bladder epithelial cell lines T24 and 5637 and uropathogenic E. coli strain #12 were used to investigate the effect of A. caudatus. Bacterial adhesion and invasion into bladder cells treated with A. caudatus was analyzed. Expression of uroplakin-1a (UPK1A), ß1 integrin (ITGB1), caveolin-1 (CAV1) and the antimicrobial peptides human ß defensin-2 (DEFB4A) and LL-37 (CAMP) was evaluated using RT-PCR. RESULTS: No direct antibacterial effect on E. coli or any of the tested uropathogenic strains was observed by A. caudatus. However, we demonstrated reduced mRNA expression of uroplakin-1a and caveolin-1, but not ß1 integrin after treatment of uroepithelial cells, mirrored by the decreased adhesion and invasion of E. coli. A. caudatus treatment did not induce increased gene expression of the antimicrobial peptides, LL-37 and human ß-defensin-2. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that A. caudatus has a protective role on bladder epithelial cells against uropathogenic E. coli infection by decreasing the bacterial adhesion and invasion, thereby preventing infection.

Asunto(s)

Amaranthus/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Adhesión Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Vejiga Urinaria/citología , Vejiga Urinaria/microbiología , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Infecciones Urinarias/prevención & control , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/genética , Urotelio/citología , Urotelio/microbiología

RESUMEN

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 prevalence is increasing worldwide; thus efforts to develop novel therapeutic strategies are required. Amaranthus caudatus (AC) is a pseudo-cereal with reported anti-diabetic effects that is usually consumed in food preparations in Bolivia. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic nutraceutical property of an AC hydroethanolic extract that contains mainly sugars and traces of polyphenols and amino acids (as shown by nalysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)), in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and healthy Wistar (W) rats. A single oral administration of AC extract (2000 mg/kg body weight) improved glucose tolerance during Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) in both GK rats and in W rats. Long-term treatment (21 days) with AC (1000 mg/kg b.w.) improved the glucose tolerance evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose levels during the OGTT, in both GK and W rats. The HbA1c levels were reduced in both GK (19.83%) and W rats (10.7%). This effect was secondary to an increase in serum insulin levels in both GK and W rats and confirmed in pancreatic islets, isolated from treated animals, where the chronic AC exposure increased the insulin production 4.1-fold in GK and 3.7-fold in W rat islets. Furthermore, the effect of AC on in vitro glucose-dependent insulin secretion (16.7 mM glucose) was concentration-dependent up to 50 mg/mL, with 8.5-fold increase in GK and 5.7-fold in W rat islets, and the insulin secretion in perifused GK and W rat islets increased 31 and nine times, respectively. The mechanism of action of AC on insulin secretion was shown to involve calcium, PKA and PKC activation, and G-protein coupled-exocytosis since the AC effect was reduced 38% by nifedipine (L-type channel inhibitor), 77% by H89 (PKA inhibitor), 79% by Calphostine-C (PKC inhibitor) and 20% by pertussis toxin (G-protein suppressor).

Asunto(s)

Amaranthus/química , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Insulina/sangre , Insulina/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

Lupinus mutabilis is a South American herb with edible beans, known to reduce serum glucose levels in diabetic patients. Furthermore, L. mutabilis contains phytochemicals known to decrease bacterial load. Based on the increased urinary tract infections experienced among patients with diabetes, we investigated the effect of L. mutabilis on bladder epithelial cells in the protection of E. coli infection during normal and high glucose concentrations. We did not observe any direct antibacterial effect by L. mutabilis extract. Instead we observed an influence on the host cells, with indirect impact on bacteria and their possibility of causing infection. L. mutabilis extract decreased adhesion to bladder epithelial cells of uropathogenic bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. Moreover, uroplakin1a, involved in adhesion, was downregulated while the antimicrobial peptide RNase 7 was upregulated in L. mutabilis treated cells irrespectively of glucose concentration. This supports an early effect fighting bacteria. Additionally, L. mutabilis prevented bacterial biofilm formation, which is used by bacteria to evade the immune system and antibiotics. In summary, L. mutabilis protects against bacterial infection in uroepithelial cells by preventing adhesion through alteration of the cell surface, increasing antimicrobial peptide expression, and reducing biofilm formation. Together, this promotes bacterial clearance, suggesting that L. mutabilis as extract or as a dietary item can contribute to the prevention of urinary tract infections, which is of importance in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance.

RESUMEN

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Clinopodium bolivianum is a South American plant with anti-inflammatory and anti-infective activities. The increasing antibiotic resistance urges for alternative therapy. Based on its use in traditional medicine, we investigated the effect of C. bolivianum on the ability to defend bladder epithelial cells from E. coli infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extract was analyzed by LC-MS. Bladder epithelial cell lines T24 and 5637 and uropathogenic E. coli No. 12, its isogenic mutant WE16 csgBA bscA::Cm and CFT073 were used to investigate the effect of C. bolivianum on uroepithelial infection. Bacterial adherence and invasion to cells treated with C. bolivianum were analyzed. Expression of uroplakin 1a, ß1 integrin, caveolin-1, IL-8 and antimicrobial peptides in response to C. bolivianum treatment was assessed using RT-PCR. Protein expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis or ELISA. The antimicrobial effects of C. bolivianum on bacteria and fungus were investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration. Furthermore, the formation of biofilm was investigated with crystal violet assay. RESULTS: C. bolivianum extract consisted of more than 70 different types of phytochemicals including sugars and phenolic compounds. The extract decreased the uroplakin 1a expression and E. coli adhesion and invasion of uroepithelial cells while up-regulated caveolin-1. In uninfected C. bolivianum treated cells, IL-8 was lower than in non-treated cells. In infected cells, however, no difference was observed between treated and non-treated cells. Further, C. bolivianum treatment reduced uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) biofilms but did not inhibit bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that C. bolivianum has a protective role on bladder epithelial cells against UPEC infection by decreasing the bacterial adhesion, invasion and biofilm formation.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/farmacología , Lamiaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Adhesión Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Caveolina 1/genética , Línea Celular , Cromatografía Liquida , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , América del Sur , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Infecciones Urinarias/prevención & control , Uroplaquina Ia/genética , Urotelio/citología , Urotelio/microbiología

RESUMEN

Natamycin is an effective, broad spectrum antifungal with no reported resistance, in contrast to most antimicrobials. It also exhibits reduced (oral and topical) toxicity to humans, which is probably associated with the lack of effects on mammalian cell membranes. In this paper we employ Langmuir monolayers to mimic a cell membrane, whose properties are interrogated with various techniques. We found that natamycin has negligible effects on Langmuir monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), but it strongly affects cholesterol monolayers. Natamycin causes the surface pressure isotherm of a cholesterol monolayer to expand even at high surface pressures since it penetrates into the hydrophobic chains. It also reduces the compressibility modulus, probably because natamycin disturbs the organization of the cholesterol molecules, as inferred with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). In mixed cholesterol/DPPC monolayers, strong effects from natamycin were only observed when the cholesterol concentration was 50mol% or higher, well above its concentration in a mammalian cell membrane. For a sterol concentration that mimics a real cell membrane in mammals, i.e. with 25mol% of cholesterol, the effects were negligible, which may explain why natamycin has low toxicity when ingested and/or employed to treat superficial fungal infections.

Asunto(s)

1,2-Dipalmitoilfosfatidilcolina/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Colesterol/química , Natamicina/farmacología , Administración Oral , Animales , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/toxicidad , Mamíferos , Natamicina/administración & dosificación , Natamicina/toxicidad

RESUMEN

This article describes a predictable technique for rectifying an asymmetrical incisal plane after the placement of a maxillary immediate denture. The inability to have a wax trial placement precludes an esthetic evaluation of the maxillary anterior teeth, which may lead to esthetic errors. After correction of the incisal plane, a rebase procedure and a clinical remount follow after appropriate healing time for the patient after extraction.

Asunto(s)

Oclusión Dental , Diseño de Dentadura , Dentadura Completa Inmediata , Dentadura Completa Superior , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Materiales Dentales/química , Bases para Dentadura , Rebasado de Dentaduras , Estética Dental , Humanos , Diente Artificial

RESUMEN

As piscinas representam locais de recreação, porém podem colocar em risco a saúde dos usuários pela possibilidade de veicular agentes danosos. A norma técnica do Estado de São Paulo para o controle de qualidade das águas de piscina entrou em vigor em 1979, e requer revisão. Este trabalho avaliou as condições sanitárias das águas de piscinas do Município de Praia Grande/SP. Foram coletadas quatro amostras semanais por estabelecimento, sendo duas piscinas públicas e seis particulares, totalizando-se 32 amostras. Os exames microbiológicos foram realizados segundo a APHA, 2005, para coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, Enterococos, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, bolores e leveduras. As análises físico-químicas de turbidez, cloreto, nitrato, nitrito, cor, condutividade, ferro, sulfato, dureza total, odor, temperatura, pH e cloro residual livre foram efetuadas, de acordo com a ANVISA/MS, 2005. Apenas duas amostras estavam de acordo com a legislação e 30 mostraram não conformidade, quanto aos parâmetros estabelecidos (cloro residual livre e pH). Houve presença de coliformes totais, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, não previstos na norma. Além da necessidade de controle permanente da qualidade das águas de piscinas localizadas no mencionado município, esses achados oferecem subsídios para efetuar atualização da legislação em vigor no Estado de São Paulo.

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This study aimed to assess the health conditions of water from public and private swimming pools locatedin Praia Grande, São Paulo State, Brazil, regarding the microbiological control and physical-chemicalcharacteristics. Four samples were collected weekly from each site, being two public swimming pools andsix private ones (sports academies), and a total of 32 samples were analyzed. The microbiological tests wereperformed according to APHA, 2005, for coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococos, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, yeasts and molds. The physical and chemical analyses were carried out using themethodology described by ANVISA/MS, 2005. Turbidity, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, color, conductivity, iron,sulfate, total hardness and smell were determined; in the field, temperature, pH and free residual chlorinewere measured. Only two samples were approved, and 30 were in disagreement in the restricted free residualchlorine and pH parameters, and also coliforms group, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureuswere isolated, which are not included in the specific legislation. A permanent control of water quality ofswimming pools located in the municipality should be monitored, as well as a review on the São PauloState legislation in force is required, and also the inclusion of new parameters.

Asunto(s)

Cloro Residual , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Legislación como Asunto , Microorganismos Acuáticos , Saneamiento de Piscinas , Salud Pública

RESUMEN

Over the years, the importance of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in bone physiology and pathophysiology has been thoroughly documented. Denosumab, also known as AMG 162, is a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL which is being studied in the treatment of metabolic, inflammatory, and malignant bone diseases. The purpose of this review is to analyze the potential role of denosumab in osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, bone metastases and multiple myeloma.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Óseas/tratamiento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoporosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ligando RANK/inmunología , Ligando RANK/uso terapéutico , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Densidad Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Densidad Ósea/inmunología , Neoplasias Óseas/inmunología , Neoplasias Óseas/secundario , Resorción Ósea/tratamiento farmacológico , Resorción Ósea/inmunología , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Citocinas/sangre , Denosumab , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mieloma Múltiple/inmunología , Osteoclastos/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoclastos/inmunología , Osteoporosis/inmunología , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

Reproductive division of labor in advanced eusocial honey bees and stingless bees is based on the ability of totipotent female larvae to develop into either workers or queens. In nearly all species, caste is determined by larval nutrition. However, the mechanism that triggers queen development in Melipona bees is still unresolved. Several hypotheses have been proposed, ranging from the proximate (a genetic determination of caste development) to the ultimate (a model in which larvae have complete control over their own caste fate). Here, we showed that the addition of geraniol, the main compound in labial gland secretions of nurse workers, to the larval food significantly increases the number of larvae that develop into queens. Interestingly, the proportion of queens in treated brood exactly matched the value (25%) predicted by the two-locus, two-allele model of genetic queen determination, in which only females that are heterozygous at both loci are capable of developing into queens. We conclude that labial gland secretions, added to the food of some cells by nurse bees, trigger queen development, provided that the larvae are genetically predisposed towards this developmental pathway. In Melipona beecheii, geraniol acts as a primer pheromone representing the first caste determination substance identified to date.

Asunto(s)

Abejas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Terpenos/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Animales , Cromatografía de Gases , Femenino , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Glándulas Salivales/química , Predominio Social , Terpenos/farmacología

RESUMEN

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of 14 South American medicinal plants were tested for inhibitory activity on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both extracts were relatively non-toxic to human lymphocytic MT-2 cells, but only the aqueous extract of Baccharis trinervis exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro MTT assay. To delineate the extract-sensitive phase, some studies of the antiviral properties of the active extract are described in this paper. Based on the results presented here, a separation scheme was devised, which permitted the preliminary fractionation of the extract, with the aim of finding an inhibitor of this virus.

Asunto(s)

Baccharis , VIH/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , VIH/fisiología , Humanos , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales , América del Sur

RESUMEN

Las coronas de biolón que se elaboraron, se ajustan perfectamente al cuello dentario y se modelan a la forma anatómica original del diente. La técnica del biolón aplicada en el estudio, proporciona resultados estéticos óptimo, pues posibilita la restitución de la forma y el color natural del diente. Económicamente so accesibles para cualquier paciente. Estas coronas además de cumplir una función restauradora, estética y funcional, mantienen el espacio dentario correspondiente para el diente permanente. Se consigue en el paciente una actitud emocional y social positiva al restablecer en la apariencia de sus dientes una imagen natural y saludable

Asunto(s)

Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Niño , Adulto , Caries Dental/diagnóstico , Caries Dental/microbiología , Caries Dental/parasitología , Caries Dental/prevención & control , Caries Dental/radioterapia , Caries Dental/sangre

RESUMEN

Säo comparadas as principais características morfológicas e estruturais de três espécies da família Zingiberaceae empregadas medicinalmente sob a denominaçäo coletiva de "cana-do-brejo": Costus spiralis (Jacquim) Roscoe. Costus arabicus L. e Hedychium coronarium Koening. Säo de importância diganóstica os detalhes referentes à inserçäo das folhas, espessura das lígulas, estrutura do mesofilo, inclusöes celulares, anexos epidérmicos e espessamento de estrias de Caspary. Empregou-se microscopia ótica neste estudo.

Asunto(s)

Plantas Medicinales/anatomía & histología , Plantas Medicinales/clasificación , Microscopía

RESUMEN

La plumbagina utilizada en la experiencia fue aislada de la Pera benesis (EUPHORBIACEAE), compuesto que ha revelado presentar actividad antibacteriana, antimicótica, pesticida y contra la leishmaniasis. Los resultadosobtenidos de DL-50 a través del Método de Reed Muench y Spearman Karber fueron de 7,9 y 6,15 mg/Kg de peso corporal respectivamente, y 4,94 a 7,65 como límites de confianza, reportándose a la plumbagina como un compuesto tóxico

Asunto(s)

Leishmaniasis , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Plumbago litteralis , Posología Homeopática , Bolivia , Sustancias Peligrosas

RESUMEN

En ocasiones la etiología de la diarrea persistente no puede ser identificada y su mecanismo de producción es complejo y no bien aclarado, por lo que se hace necesario conocer el estado de la flora entérica del intestino delgado para definir si la alteración de éste constituye un factor para la prolongación de la diarrea. Se estudian 30 niños con diarrea aguda y 30 con diarrea persistente menores de un año de edad, en el que se toma una muestra de contenido duodenal a través de una sonda de doble lumen radiopaca, procesándose microbiológicamente por métodos de siembra cuantitativa para la búsqueda de los microorganismos entéricos, anaeróbicos, así como miembros del género Cándida y correlacionándose dichos resultados microbiológicos de las heces. La presencia del sobrecrecimiento bacteriano y la identificación de enterobacterias en la microflora duodenal, es una factor importante a considerar en la persistencia de la diarrea. Se constató la alteración en la flora duodenal cualitativa y cuantitativamente en ambos grupos de estudio

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Diarrea/etiología , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Enterobacteriaceae/patogenicidad , Diarrea/fisiopatología , Diarrea/terapia , Enterobacter/crecimiento & desarrollo , Metronidazol , Estado Nutricional/inmunología

RESUMEN

La determinación de los efectos se realizó en la clasificada en el Herbario Nacional (Lic.Rossi de Michel) Acasía macracantha Willd (tusca), planta medicinal utilizada popularmente en la región de Tarija, para el tratamiento de afecciones a nivel de la mucosa gástrica. El efecto anti-inflamatoriofue determinado en ratones previamente tratados con el extracto acuoso(E.A.Ig/Kg.v.o) produciendo la reducción del edema de pata inducido por la carragenina en un 25 por ciento frente al 32.1 por ciento del observado por la indometacina(10 mg/Kg.v.o.). El efecto antiulceroso fue del 60 por ciento determinado en ratones previamente tratados con el extracto acuoso en base a la metodología descrita por Macaubas y col(1988), los resultados indican que la tusca puede presentar un gran potencial terapéutico para el tratamiento de afecciones anti-inflamatorias sin presentar efectos colaterales a nivel de la mucosa gástrica

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Mucosa Gástrica , Inflamación , Bolivia , Plantas Medicinales , Úlcera Gástrica

Asunto(s)

Investigación , Bolivia , Plantas Medicinales