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Background: Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is a serious complication in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) that increases postoperative complications and mortality. CSA-AKI develops due to a combination of patient- and surgery-related risk factors that enhance renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) such as empagliflozin reduce renal glucose reabsorption, improving tubulo-glomerular feedback, reducing inflammation and decreasing intraglomerular pressure. Preclinical studies have observed that SGLT2i may provide significant protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury due to their effects on inadequate mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species activity or renal peritubular capillary congestion, all hallmarks of CSA-AKI. The VERTIGO (EValuating the Effect of periopeRaTIve empaGliflOzin) trial is a Phase 3, investigator-initiated, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study that aims to explore whether empagliflozin can reduce the incidence of adverse renal outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Methods: The VERTIGO study (EudraCT: 2021-004938-11) will enroll 608 patients that require elective cardiac surgery with ECC. Patients will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either empagliflozin 10 mg orally daily or placebo. Study treatment will start 5 days before surgery and will continue during the first 7 days postoperatively. All participants will receive standard care according to local practice guidelines. The primary endpoint of the study will be the proportion of patients that develop major adverse kidney events during the first 90 days after surgery, defined as ≥25% renal function decline, renal replacement therapy initiation or death. Secondary, tertiary and safety endpoints will include rates of AKI during index hospitalization, postoperative complications and observed adverse events. Conclusions: The VERTIGO trial will describe the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in preventing CSA-AKI. Patient recruitment is expected to start in May 2024.

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Herein, we present the case of a 66-year-old man with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour is an extremely rare entity, with only 60 cases having been reported to date in the literature. The origin of this type of tumour is unknown and the treatment of choice is surgical resection. We present the surgical technique of our case and a review of the literature regarding this tumour. This is the first case described in a man above 60 years of age with a tumour located in the right ventricle.

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We report a case of an 18-year-old woman who presented with infective endocarditis (IE), in two conduits percutaneously delivered in the right ventricle outflow tract ("double-barrel endocarditis"). The patient's clinical presentation, echocardiogram findings, infectious agent, clinical management, surgical approach, and follow-up assessment are described. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation has emerged as a viable therapy for conduit dysfunction in the right ventricular outflow tract. Although the percutaneous approach has several advantages, this strategy and the valves used are not complication-free. IE after transcatheter valve deployment has evoked the growing concern, as there is a higher incidence in these patients compared with patients with surgically repaired pulmonary valves. As a result, this type of surgical treatment is especially important.

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BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of active prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis presents a challenge for cardiac surgeons because of tissue friability and destruction caused by infection. Sutureless prostheses, such as the Perceval S (LivaNova, Saluggia, Italy), have emerged as an option among the different surgical approaches for these complicated cases. METHODS: This study presents data from 9 patients who underwent aortic valve re-replacement with the Perceval S because of active prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis between January 2014 and August 2016. Hemodynamic performance (mean transprosthetic gradient and type of aortic regurgitation) was assessed intraoperatively after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, at discharge, and to 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, cases 1 and 3 through 6 had no or trivial aortic regurgitation, cases 7 and 8 presented with trivial to mild regurgitation, case 9 showed mild intraprosthetic regurgitation, and case 2 had mild periprosthetic regurgitation. Cases 4 and 7 died of septic shock and multiorgan failure in the perioperative period. In the remaining patients, severity of aortic regurgitation maintained practically invariable at discharge compared with intraoperative results. These 7 patients did well at 6-month follow-up, with good clinical and hemodynamic performance of the Perceval S prosthesis. The median of mean transprosthetic gradient was 11 mm Hg (interquartile range: 10 to 12 mm Hg). Only patient 2 showed mild periprosthetic regurgitation; patient 9 showed mild intraprosthetic insufficiency, and the remaining patients had no or trivial regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: The sutureless Perceval S valve is a reasonable alternative for surgical treatment of prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis.

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OBJECTIVES: The development of new percutaneous and surgical techniques has reduced the risk associated with aortic valve replacement procedures. We present the results of a Spanish register after initiating a programme for sutureless prostheses in moderate-high-risk patients. METHODS: This prospective multicentre study was carried out from November 2013 to November 2016. Data were obtained from 448 patients in whom a Perceval S prosthesis was implanted. RESULTS: The mean age was 79.24 (standard deviation [SD] 4.1) years, and 61.2% were women. The estimated EuroSCORE I log risk was 11.15% (SD 7.6), with an observed mortality of 4.4% (20 patients). Isolated aortic valve replacement was performed on 69.26% of patients, with 64% involving ministernotomy. The incidence of neurological events was 2%, with 2 permanent cerebrovascular accidents, and 41 (9.2%) patients were implanted with a permanent endocavitary pacemaker. At discharge, 12 (2.6%) patients presented minimal periprosthetic leakage, and 4 (0.89%) patients had moderate leakage. There were 3 reinterventions during follow-up (2 endocarditis and 1 dysfunction due to periprosthetic leak progression). The mean gradient at discharge, 6 months and 1 year was 12.94 (SD 5.3) mmHg, 12.19 (SD 4.7) mmHg and 11.77 (SD 4.7) mmHg, respectively; 59.4% of the patients were octogenarians, with a survival rate of 98% at both 6 months and 1 year at discharge. There was neither valve migration nor early structural degeneration. The mean follow-up was 12 ± 3 months. The 6-month and 1-year mortality was 1.4% and 2.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This is a prospective multicentric study on the largest cohort of patients with sutureless valves conducted in Spain to date. It is a reproducible procedure that has enabled surgery on patients with a moderate-high risk with low morbidity and mortality, providing good haemodynamic results.

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INTRODUCTION: Cardiac adipose tissue is a source of progenitor cells with regenerative capacity. Studies in rodents demonstrated that the intramyocardial delivery of cells derived from this tissue improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). We developed a new reparative approach for damaged myocardium that integrates the regenerative properties of cardiac adipose tissue with tissue engineering. In the adipose graft transposition procedure (AGTP), we dissect a vascularised flap of autologous pericardial adipose tissue and position it over the myocardial scarred area. Following encouraging results in acute and chronic MI porcine models, we performed the clinical trial (NCT01473433, AdiFLAP trial) to evaluate safety in patients with chronic MI undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. The good safety profile and trends in efficacy warranted a larger trial. STUDY DESIGN: The AGTP II trial (NCT02798276) is an investigator initiated, prospective, randomised, controlled, multicentre study to assess the efficacy of the AGTP in 108 patients with non-revascularisable MI. Patients will be assigned to standard clinical practice or the AGTP. The primary endpoint is change in necrotic mass ratio by gadolinium enhancement at 91 and 365 days. Secondary endpoints include improvement in regional contractibility by MRI at 91 and 365 days; changes in functional MRI parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction, left and right ventricular geometric remodelling) at 91 and 365 days; levels of N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) at 7, 91 and 365 days; appearance of arrhythmias from 24 hour Holter monitoring at 24 hours, and at 91 and 365 days; all cause death or re-hospitalisation at 365 days; and cardiovascular death or re-hospitalisation at 365 days. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The institutional review board approved the trial which will comply with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients will provide informed consent. It may offer a novel, effective and technically simple technique for patients with no other therapeutic options. The results will be submitted to indexed medical journals and national and international meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02798276, pre-results.

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BACKGROUND: Direct injury to the right coronary artery as a result of reparative operation on the tricuspid valve is a rare, probably underdiagnosed, but serious complication, which often involves dramatic clinical consequences. So far, only five cases have been described in the literature. METHODS: We describe our single-center experience of this complication, and review and analyze relevant clinical and anatomic considerations related to this entity. Cases previously reported in the literature were also reviewed. RESULTS: We describe four cases of direct injury to the right coronary artery in patients undergoing tricuspid annuloplasty (DeVega annuloplasty, 3; ring annuloplasty, 1) in our institution since 2005. All patients had right ventricular dilatation and severely dilated tricuspid annulus. Right coronary artery occlusion always occurred between the right marginal artery and the crux of the heart. Patients presented with hemodynamic or electrical instability. Coronary flow could be restored in 2 patients (percutaneously 1; surgically 1), both of whom finally survived, while it was not technically possible in the other 2 (1 died). CONCLUSIONS: Occlusion of the right coronary artery in patients undergoing tricuspid annuloplasty is a rare complication that may occur if great annulus dilatation is present, thus altering both normal annular geometry and the relationship between the right coronary artery and the tricuspid annulus, particularly when DeVega annuloplasty is performed. Such an entity should be considered in the immediate postoperative period in an unstable patient, especially when complementary tests support this diagnosis. Prompt recognition and treatment can positively affect the patient's outcome, most often by means of an emergency revascularization strategy.

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BACKGROUND: Synchronization between the left ventricle and a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may be important for ventricular unloading and coronary perfusion. We assessed the synchrony between cardiac and LVAD cycles by increasing delays in steps of 100 msec throughout the cycle, under conditions of total and partial left ventricular support. METHODS: We studied 7 healthy minipigs weighing 30-40 kg. A 60-cc Berlin Heart Excor LVAD was implanted and connected to a BCM 1200 console, making it possible to synchronize the LVAD systole and the EKG signal with a prefixed delay. We recorded hemodynamic parameters (including aortic, pulmonary, and left ventricular pressure) and LVAD flow for each delay. RESULTS: Intraventricular pressure during LVAD systole was minimized with delays of around 40-80% of one cycle. In addition, total flow was higher under these conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the synchronous mode of LVAD operation is feasible. Moreover, a delay in device contraction until the second half of the cardiac cycle optimizes ventricular unloading and may eventually improve myocardial recovery.

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La prevalencia de la insuficiencia mitral en los países occidentales, en particular la de origen degenerativo, presenta un aumento progresivo a pesar de una importante reducción de las reumopatías. El deterioro ventricular secundario, potencialmente irreversible cuando este se diagnostica clínicamente, precisa de un seguimiento ecocardiográfico cuidadoso para establecer un diagnóstico subclínico. Por ello, la ecocardiografía se ha convertido en una herramienta determinante en el manejo de los pacientes con insuficiencia mitral. Además de evaluar parámetros geométricos ventriculares, en manos expertas, permite la documentación sistemática de la afección hallada en cada uno de los segmentos, lo que, conjuntamente con el tipo de disfunción valvular, debe proporcionar una idea precisa de la complejidad de reparar dicha válvula. Esto es cada vez más relevante a medida que aumenta el número de pacientes asintomáticos referidos a cirugía mitral. En consecuencia, el estudio ecocardiográfico previo a la remisión del paciente es crucial para lograr una reparación mitral efectiva, y debe condicionar a cardiólogos, expertos en imagen cardiaca y cirujanos a la hora de referir al paciente a los especialistas con la habilidad necesaria para afrontar cada una de las lesiones encontradas (AU)

In the western world, the prevalence of mitral regurgitation—particularly that due to degenerative disease—has gradually increased despite a substantial decrease in rheumatic disease. If present, secondary ventricular dysfunction, potentially irreversible when clinically diagnosed, requires close echocardiographic follow-up in order to establish a subclinical diagnosis. Thus, echocardiography has become an essential tool in managing patients with mitral valve regurgitation. As well as assessing parameters of ventricular geometry, in the hands of an expert echocardiography offers systematic documentation of lesion in each segment, which together with the dysfunction type should give an accurate idea of the complexity involved in the valve repair. This is increasingly relevant given the growing number of asymptomatic patients referred for mitral valve surgery. Consequently, the echocardiographic study performed prior to referral is crucial to successful mitral valve repair and cardiologists, cardiac imaging experts, and surgeons should be guided by results when referring patients to specialists with the skills necessary to undertake adequate repair of the lesions found (AU)

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In the western world, the prevalence of mitral regurgitation-particularly that due to degenerative disease-has gradually increased despite a substantial decrease in rheumatic disease. If present, secondary ventricular dysfunction, potentially irreversible when clinically diagnosed, requires close echocardiographic follow-up in order to establish a subclinical diagnosis. Thus, echocardiography has become an essential tool in managing patients with mitral valve regurgitation. As well as assessing parameters of ventricular geometry, in the hands of an expert echocardiography offers systematic documentation of lesion in each segment, which together with the dysfunction type should give an accurate idea of the complexity involved in the valve repair. This is increasingly relevant given the growing number of asymptomatic patients referred for mitral valve surgery. Consequently, the echocardiographic study performed prior to referral is crucial to successful mitral valve repair and cardiologists, cardiac imaging experts, and surgeons should be guided by results when referring patients to specialists with the skills necessary to undertake adequate repair of the lesions found.

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