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En este artículo se presentan los resultados y la evaluación del focus group con farmacéuticos realizado en el colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos de Madrid, como parte del proyecto “Igualdad y no discriminación en la atención farmacéutica a personas transexuales en España. Elaboración de un libro blanco”. El focus group ha permitido detectar actitudes, comportamientos y opiniones de los farmacéuticos comunitarios, evidenciándose el desconocimiento de numerosos aspectos relacionados con la realidad transexual, lo que lleva a pensar que se requiere de una formación adecuada del farmacéutico, tanto en los aspectos farmacológicos, como humanos y de comunicación. Sin embargo, no hay ninguna duda de que el farmacéutico comunitario, por su accesibilidad y cercanía, es un elemento de vital importancia para el asesoramiento, acompañamiento y ayuda de las personas transexuales y, en su caso, de sus familiares. (AU)

This article presents the results and the evaluation of the focus group with pharmacists carried out at the Official College of Pharmacists of Madrid, as part of the project “Equality and non-discrimination in pharmaceutical care for transgender people in Spain. Preparation of a white book”. The focus group has made it possible to detect attitudes, behaviors and opinions of community pharmacists, evidencing the ignorance of numerous aspects related to the transsexual reality, which leads to think that adequate training of the pharmacist is required, in both pharmacological aspects, as well as human and communication. However, there is no doubt that the community pharmacist, due to its accessibility and proximity, is an element of vital importance for the advice, accompaniment and help of transsexual people and, where appropriate, their families. (AU)

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Objetivo: Describir la utilidad de la tomografía computarizada con energía dual (TCED) en la obtención de mapas de perfusión pulmonar para aportar información morfológica y funcional en el tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). Revisar la semiología de los defectos de perfusión debidos a TEP y diferenciarlos de los defectos no debidos a TEP que son alteraciones que quedan fuera del rango utilizado en el mapa de iodo y están causados por otras enfermedades del parénquima pulmonar o por artefactos. Conclusión: La angiografía por TC de las arterias pulmonares es la técnica de elección en el diagnóstico de TEP. Las nuevas TC con energía dual son útiles para detectar defectos de perfusión secundarios a obstrucción completa o parcial de las arterias pulmonares, y tiene su mayor utilidad en la detección de TEP en ramas subsegmentarias

Objective: to describe the usefulness of dual-energy CT for obtaining pulmonary perfusion maps to provide morphological and functional information in patients with pulmonary embolisms. To review the semiology of perfusion defects due to pulmonary embolism so they can be differentiated from perfusion defects due to other causes: alterations outside the range used in the iodine map caused by other diseases of the lung parenchyma or artifacts. Conclusion: CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolisms. New dual-energy CT scanners are useful for detecting perfusion defects secondary to complete or partial obstruction of pulmonary arteries and is most useful for detecting pulmonary embolisms in subsegmental branches

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OBJECTIVE: to describe the usefulness of dual-energy CT for obtaining pulmonary perfusion maps to provide morphological and functional information in patients with pulmonary embolisms. To review the semiology of perfusion defects due to pulmonary embolism so they can be differentiated from perfusion defects due to other causes: alterations outside the range used in the iodine map caused by other diseases of the lung parenchyma or artifacts. CONCLUSION: CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolisms. New dual-energy CT scanners are useful for detecting perfusion defects secondary to complete or partial obstruction of pulmonary arteries and is most useful for detecting pulmonary embolisms in subsegmental branches.

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Objetivo. Comparar la calidad de imagen y la dosis de radiación en 2 grupos de pacientes a los que se realiza angio-TC de extremidades inferiores con 80 y 100 kV. Material y métodos. Se realizó angio-TC de miembros inferiores a 60 pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad arterial periférica aleatorizados en 2 grupos, en uno la TC se realizó con 80 kV y en el otro con 100 kV. Los demás parámetros de adquisición se mantuvieron constantes. Se analizaron las imágenes cuantificando la densidad vascular (DV) y el ruido (R), y se calcularon los cocientes densidad vascular/ruido (CDVR) y contraste/ruido (CCR). Dos radiólogos evaluaron independientemente la calidad subjetiva de las imágenes. Se calculó la dosis efectiva estimada (DEE) basada en el producto dosis-longitud (DLP). Resultados. El grupo de 80 kV presentó valores significativamente más elevados de la DV (462,5 UH ± 95,6 vs. 372 UH ± 100,9; p < 0,001) y del CDVR (241,9 ± 48,1 vs. 194,3 ± 49,6; p < 0,001) y diferencias no significativas del R (21,3 UH ± 13 vs. 16,3 UH ± 3,5; p = 0,098) y el CCR (21,4 ± 12,1 vs. 22,9 ± 9,1; p = 0,15). No hubo diferencias significativas en la calidad subjetiva de la imagen y la dosis efectiva fue significativamente menor en el grupo de 80 kV (4,73 mSv ± 1,1 vs. 9,6 mSv ± 2,2; p < 0,001). Conclusión. La utilización de 80 kV en el estudio de angio-TC de miembros inferiores disminuye la dosis de radiación sin afectar a la eficacia diagnóstica del estudio respecto a la utilización de 100 kV (AU)

Objective. To compare the image quality and dose of radiation in two groups of patients undergoing CT angiography of the lower limbs, one with tube voltage of 80 kV and the other with tube voltage of 100 kV. Material and methods. We performed CT angiography of the lower limbs in 60 patients with suspected peripheral arterial disease. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups; in one group, CT angiography was performed using a tube voltage of 80 kV, whereas in the other it was performed using 100 kV. The remaining acquisition parameters were the same in both groups. The images were analyzed by quantifying vascular density (VD) and noise (N) and by calculating the quotients density/noise (QVDN) and contrast/noise (QCN). Two radiologists working independently evaluated the subjective quality of the images. We calculated the estimated effective dose (EED) based on the dose-length product (DLP). Results. In the group studied at 80 kV, VD was significantly higher (462.5 UH ± 95.6 vs. 372 UH ± 100.9; P <. 001), QVDN was significantly higher (241.9 ± 48.1 vs. 194.3 ± 49.6; P < .001), and there were trends toward higher N (21.3 UH ± 13 vs. 16.3 UH ± 3.5; P = .098) and toward higher QCN (21.4 ± 12.1 vs. 22.9 ± 9.1; P = .15). No significant differences were found in the subjective quality of the images. The EED was significantly lower in the group studied at 80 kV (4.73 mSv ± 1.1 vs. 9.6 mSv ± 2.2; P <. 001). Conclusion. Using 80 kV instead of 100 kV for CT angiography of the lower limbs reduces the dose of radiation without affecting the diagnostic efficacy of the study (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the image quality and dose of radiation in two groups of patients undergoing CT angiography of the lower limbs, one with tube voltage of 80 kV and the other with tube voltage of 100 kV. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed CT angiography of the lower limbs in 60 patients with suspected peripheral arterial disease. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups; in one group, CT angiography was performed using a tube voltage of 80kV, whereas in the other it was performed using 100 kV. The remaining acquisition parameters were the same in both groups. The images were analyzed by quantifying vascular density (VD) and noise (N) and by calculating the quotients density/noise (QVDN) and contrast/noise (QCN). Two radiologists working independently evaluated the subjective quality of the images. We calculated the estimated effective dose (EED) based on the dose-length product (DLP). RESULTS: In the group studied at 80 kV, VD was significantly higher (462.5 UH ± 95.6 vs. 372 UH ± 100.9; P<.001), QVDN was significantly higher (241.9 ± 48.1 vs. 194.3 ± 49.6; P<.001), and there were trends toward higher N (21.3 UH ± 13 vs. 16.3 UH ± 3.5; P=.098) and toward higher QCN (21.4 ± 12.1 vs. 22.9 ± 9.1; P=.15). No significant differences were found in the subjective quality of the images. The EED was significantly lower in the group studied at 80 kV (4.73 mSv ± 1.1 vs. 9.6 mSv ± 2.2; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Using 80 kV instead of 100 kV for CT angiography of the lower limbs reduces the dose of radiation without affecting the diagnostic efficacy of the study.

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La silicosis es una enfermedad pulmonar ocupacional, causada por la inhalación de sílice, que afecta a un amplio abanico de profesiones. Existen varias formas clínicas. La silicosis aguda, que resulta de la exposición a cantidades muy grandes de sílice en un período inferior a 2 años. La silicosis crónica simple, el tipo más frecuente que podemos ver en la actualidad, resulta de la exposición a bajas cantidades de sílice durante un período de entre 2 y 10 años. La silicosis crónica complicada, con conglomerados silicóticos. En muchos casos el diagnóstico se realiza por los datos epidemiológicos y radiológicos, sin confirmación histológica. Es importante conocer las distintas manifestaciones radiológicas de la silicosis para diferenciarla de otras enfermedades pulmonares y reconocer sus posibles complicaciones concomitantes. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los hallazgos radiológicos, típicos y atípicos, de la silicosis y sus complicaciones en la TC de tórax helicoidal y de alta resolución (TCAR) (AU)

Silicosis is an occupational lung disease, which is caused by the inhalation of silica and affects a wide range of jobs. There are many clinical forms of silicosis: acute silicosis, results from exposure to very large amounts of silica dust over a period of less than 2 years. Simple chronic silicosis, the most common type that we see today, results from exposure to low amounts of silica between 2 and 10 years. Chronic silicosis complicated, with silicotic conglomerates. In many cases the diagnosis of silicosis is made according to epidemiological and radiological data, without a histological confirmation. It is important to know the various radiological manifestations of silicosis to differentiate it from other lung diseases and to recognize their complications. The objective of this work is to describe typical and atypical radiological findings of silicosis and their complications in helical and high resolution (HRCT) thorax CT (AU)

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Silicosis is an occupational lung disease, which is caused by the inhalation of silica and affects a wide range of jobs. There are many clinical forms of silicosis: acute silicosis, results from exposure to very large amounts of silica dust over a period of less than 2 years. Simple chronic silicosis, the most common type that we see today, results from exposure to low amounts of silica between 2 and 10 years. Chronic silicosis complicated, with silicotic conglomerates. In many cases the diagnosis of silicosis is made according to epidemiological and radiological data, without a histological confirmation. It is important to know the various radiological manifestations of silicosis to differentiate it from other lung diseases and to recognize their complications. The objective of this work is to describe typical and atypical radiological findings of silicosis and their complications in helical and high resolution (HRCT) thorax CT.

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A 35-year-old woman was scheduled for laparoscopic removal of an ovarian tumor. Intravenous metamizol was administered and when pneumoperitoneum was performed she developed severe hypotension and bronchospasm. Anaphylactic reaction was suspected, all drugs were suspended, and 2 doses of intravenous adrenalin (0.2 and 1 mg) were injected followed by continuous perfusion. Because response was slow and given the unknown origin of the tumor, the possibility of a carcinoid crisis was considered. When an intravenous bolus dose of octreotide was administered, pressure recovered, patient was extubated and could be transferred asymptomatic to the recovery ward. Tests later ruled out carcinoid syndrome, whereas tryptase levels in blood extracted during surgery and allergy tests confirmed an anaphylactic reaction to metamizol. Carcinoid crisis can be difficult to distinguish from anaphylactic reaction because the clinical pictures are similar. Anesthetic management of carcinoid crisis has been facilitated by administration of octreotide. Less is known about the use of octreotide to treat hypotension in patients with autonomic neuropathy based mainly on the drug's ability to produce splanchnic vasoconstriction. This is probably the reason why octreotide resolved our patient's shock in a context of systemic vasodilation caused by the anaphylactic reaction.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors associated with immediate perioperative transfusion requirements of hip or knee arthroplasty patients who have not been enrolled in a blood salvage program. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study collected demographic (age, sex, weight, height, etc.), physiological (hemoglobin levels, coagulation times, preoperative platelet counts, etc.), clinical history and anesthetic and surgical data (type of anesthesia, surgical diagnosis, duration of procedure) in 112 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: 19 cases of primary knee arthroplasty, 77 cases of hip arthroplasty and 16 replacements of hip arthroplasty. Logistic regression analysis of the aforementioned variables was performed to search for factors related to transfusional needs during and after hip arthroplasty or after knee arthroplasty, which was performed with a tourniquet applied to render intraoperative transfusion unnecessary. RESULTS: The variables that increased the risk of transfusion during surgery were duration of procedure exceeding 120 min (OR 15.24; p = 0.01) and loss of over 500 ml of blood during surgery (OR 11.4; p = 0.02). The variables associated with perioperative transfusion were loss of over 500 ml in the postanesthetic recovery room (OR 12.6; p < 0.0001), hypotensive episodes during recovery (OR 11.7; p = 0.0001), prosthetic replacement (OR 6.33; p = 0.005), height < 160 cm (OR 5.03; p = 0.02), preoperative hemoglobin level < 13.5 g/dl (OR 4.97; p = 0.02), and surgery for reasons other than osteoarthritis (arthritis, pathological fractures, etc.) (OR 4.60; p = 0.04). Variables associated with transfusion of over two units of packed red cells were a history of neoplastic disease unrelated to arthroplasty (OR 378.67; p = 0.005), prosthetic replacement (OR 49.71; p = 0.009), diabetes (OR 36.49; p = 0.02) and a hypotensive event while in the postanesthetic recovery room (OR 29.12; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that certain modifiable factors increase the risk of blood transfusion in knee and hip arthroplasty. Specifically, they are duration of surgery, intra- and postoperative bleeding, preoperative hemoglobin level and instances of perioperative hypotension. Other factors outside our control are height or patient clinical history.

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Assessment of immunity was performed in 150 patients with alcoholic liver disease (15 steatosis, 30 hepatitis and 105 cirrhosis: 34 in grade A, 34 in grade B and 37 in grade C, according to Child-Pugh classification). This assessment was based on the total lymphocyte count and a delayed hypersensitivity skin multiple test. Likewise, nutritional status of patients was studied using anthropometric and biochemical parameters (triceps skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference and serum albumin). The association between alcoholic liver disease, malnutrition and immunity was analyzed. The results show that lymphopenia and disorders in cell-mediate immunity were more common in those patients with cirrhosis, increasing the number of anergic patients while the degree of hepatocellular insufficiency worsens (8.8% in grade A, 11.8% in grade B and 32.4% in grade C). Although there where significantly more alterations of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in cirrhotics with malnutrition (hypoergy: 55.2% and anergy: 37.9%) than in those well nourished (hypoergy: 23.7% and anergy: 10.5%, p < 0.01), lymphopenia didn't show differences between these groups. We think that immunity mus'nt be considered a parameter in nutritional assessment.

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