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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Neck circumference (NC) has been proposed as a simple measurement to identify patients with overweight and obesity. It has been found that adipose tissue at the cervical level is associated with the presence of metabolic alterations. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between NC and indicators of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) to subsequently estimate its capacity to identify the risk of MS compared to waist circumference (WC) and Body Mass Index (BMI). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 286 children 6-9 years old who attended six public primary schools in Jalisco, Mexico. Pearson's correlation coefficients along with sensitivity and specificity tests were performed to analyze the relationship between NC and MS indicators. Odds ratio (OR) and concordance analyses were performed considering the Kappa index. RESULTS: NC showed statistically significant correlations with all MS indicators except for LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol. The cut-off points of NC to identify MS according to sex was >27.4 cm for girls and >29.8 cm for boys. The association of NC with values above the cutoff point and the presence of MS was OR: 21.6 (CI: 7.11-65.74). CONCLUSIONS: NC represents a simple and cost-effective alternative to identify children at risk of MS when compared to BMI and WC.

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BACKGROUND: Health perception is a subjective predictor of long-term morbidity and mortality. Few studies address the perception that pregnant women have of their oral health. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between socioeconomic factors and self-assessment of oral health in pregnant women from Cali, Colombia. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 998 pregnant women, calculated using the formula to estimate a proportion in finite populations, with a confidence level of 95%. A questionnaire was applied for sociodemographic characterization, as well as to enquire about oral health perception, knowledge, and practices of oral health. RESULTS: The mean age of the surveyed mothers was 24.7, with a standard deviation of 6.1, of which 23.6% were adolescents. The perception they had about their oral health status was considered good by 60.8%. Of the 82.9% who reported having attended dentistry, more than half perceived good oral health. Pregnant women with no history of oral problems, with a perception of medium or high income, and with good oral hygiene practices tend to have a good perception of their oral health. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with no history of oral problems, with a perception of medium or high income, and with good oral hygiene practices tend to have a good perception of their oral health.

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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the behavior of mortality from diabetes mellitus (DM) for both sexes in Mexico from 1998 to 2018, and its impact on life expectancy (LE) from 60 to 85 years of age in the three-year periods 1998-2000 and 2016-2018, compared with other causes of death, as well as to determine the loss of years of life expectancy associated with DM in each three-year period. METHODS: The current study is observational and descriptive. Age-adjusted rates of mortality from DM were calculated for each sex from 1998 to 2018. Sex-specific life tables were constructed for 1998-2000 and 2016-2018, and both LE between 60 and 85 years, and years of life expectancy lost (YLELL) due to DM and selected causes between both ages were calculated. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2018, the adjusted DM-resulting male mortality rate grew 55% in the population aged 60 and over, while the female mortality rate grew 20%. Between 1998-2000 and 2016-2018, male LE for 60-85 age group decreased 0.22 years, while female LE increased 0.24. In 2016-2018, DM was responsible for 1.30 YLEL among men of 60 to 85 years (19% of the total YLEL), and 1.24 YLEL for women (24% of the total), more than the other causes analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in mortality from DM has substantially contributed both to reduce LE of older adult men, and to slow the increase of LE among women aged 60 years and older so far this century. Thus, preventive policies should be implemented since early ages to reduce the high levels of overweight and obesity in the country and, therefore, the significant population ratio suffering from DM.

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Introducción: los escasos estudios sobre la salud de los cuidadores no profesionales se han enfocado más en las repercusiones del cuidado en su salud mental que en el estudio de lesiones musculoesqueléticas (LME), no obstante que el cuidado puede provocar el desarrollo de LME por las características personales del cuidador o debidas al medio que los rodea. Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a LME en cuidadores adultos mayores en un hospital de segundo nivel en México y conocer su prevalencia. Material y métodos: estudio analítico observacional; se aplicó un cuestionario a 283 cuidadores adultos mayores y sus dependientes. El instrumento incluyó 62 variables relacionadas con los factores ambientales, inherentes al cuidado, personales y el sitio de lesión musculoesquelética. El análisis estadístico fue de tipo descriptivo y analítico (modelo multivariado). Resultados: la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores fue de 34.6%. Se encontraron como principales factores asociados ser del sexo femenino, tener alguna comorbilidad, duración del cuidado superior a 13 horas diarias por más de 13 meses, un área física reducida al brindar cui- dados y el aislamiento social; tales factores incrementaron entre 1.9 y 12 el riesgo de sufrir alguna lesión. Las LME se produjeron principalmente en el nivel lumbar de la columna vertebral. Conclusiones: este es el primer reporte en México que identifica tanto la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores como los factores asociados a ellas.

Background: The scarce studies regarding the non-professional caregivers health have focused more on the repercussions of care on their mental health than on the study of musculoskeletal injuries (MSI), despite the fact that care can cause the development of MSI, due to the personal characteristics of the caregiver or the environment that surrounds them. Objective: To identify the factors associated with MSI in elderly caregivers in a second-level hospital in Mexico and to know its prevalence. Material and methods: Analytical observational study; a questionnaire was administered to 283 elderly caregivers and their dependents. The survey included 62 variables related to environmental factors, factors inherent to care, and personal factors, in addition to the site of MSI; statistical analysis was descriptive and analytical (multivariate model). Results: Prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers was 34.6%. Main factors associated were being female, having some comorbidity, duration of care greater than 13 hours a day for more than 13 months, a physical area reduced to provide care and social isolation. These factors increased between 1.9 and 12 the risk of suffering an MSI. Musculoskeletal injuries occurred mainly at the lumbar level of the spine. Conclusions: This is the first report in Mexico that identifies the prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers and the factors associated with them.

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This study seeks to determine the differences in youth mortality in Mexico based on selected causes by sex and extreme levels of municipal marginalization in two triennia (2004-2006 and 2015-2017) and to establish a relationship between the differences found, the social environment and the availability of health resources. Using official data, years of life lost (YLL) between 0 and 85 years old and YLL for the 15-29-year-old age group were calculated for 15 of the main causes of death in Mexico in both triennia; the YLL was calculated for municipalities grouped into two categories: high and very high marginalization (HaVHMA) and low and very low marginalization (LaVLMA). Violent deaths (especially homicides) are the main causes of death in young women and men throughout Mexico, regardless of the level of marginalization, and increased from the first to second triennia studied. Men aged 15 to 29 years in HaVHMA municipalities had an excess YLL compared to those in LaVLMA municipalities in 13 of the 15 causes analyzed for 2004-2006 and in all causes for 2015-2017; for women, excess was observed for 13 of 15 causes in each triennium. These findings reflect the unfair disadvantages to which young people are exposed in HaVHMA municipalities.

Este estudio busca determinar las diferencias en la mortalidad juvenil en México según causas seleccionadas, por sexo y niveles de marginación municipal extremos en dos trienios (2004-2006 y 2015-2017) y establecer una relación entre las diferencias encontradas, el entorno social y la disponibilidad de recursos de salud. Utilizando datos oficiales, se calcularon los Años de esperanza de vida perdidos (AEVP) entre 0 y 85 años -y los AEVP por el grupo de edad de 15-29 años- para 15 de las principales causas de muerte en México en ambos trienios; los AEVP se calcularon por municipios agrupados en dos categorías: alta y muy alta marginación (AyMAM) y baja y muy baja (ByMBM). Las muertes violentas (especialmente los homicidios) son las principales causas de muerte en mujeres y hombres jóvenes en todo México, independientemente del nivel de marginación, y aumentaron entre los dos trienios estudiados; los hombres de 15 a 29 años en municipios con AyMAM tuvieron un exceso de AEVP en comparación con aquellos en municipios con ByMBM en trece de las 15 causas analizadas en 2004-2006 y en todas las causas en 2015-2017, mientras que para las mujeres la cifra fue de trece de 15 en cada trienio. Esto refleja las desventajas injustas a las que están expuestos los jóvenes en los municipios de AyMAM.

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Resumen Este estudio busca determinar las diferencias en la mortalidad juvenil en México según causas seleccionadas, por sexo y niveles de marginación municipal extremos en dos trienios (2004-2006 y 2015-2017) y establecer una relación entre las diferencias encontradas, el entorno social y la disponibilidad de recursos de salud. Utilizando datos oficiales, se calcularon los Años de esperanza de vida perdidos (AEVP) entre 0 y 85 años -y los AEVP por el grupo de edad de 15-29 años- para 15 de las principales causas de muerte en México en ambos trienios; los AEVP se calcularon por municipios agrupados en dos categorías: alta y muy alta marginación (AyMAM) y baja y muy baja (ByMBM). Las muertes violentas (especialmente los homicidios) son las principales causas de muerte en mujeres y hombres jóvenes en todo México, independientemente del nivel de marginación, y aumentaron entre los dos trienios estudiados; los hombres de 15 a 29 años en municipios con AyMAM tuvieron un exceso de AEVP en comparación con aquellos en municipios con ByMBM en trece de las 15 causas analizadas en 2004-2006 y en todas las causas en 2015-2017, mientras que para las mujeres la cifra fue de trece de 15 en cada trienio. Esto refleja las desventajas injustas a las que están expuestos los jóvenes en los municipios de AyMAM.

Abstract This study seeks to determine the differences in youth mortality in Mexico based on selected causes by sex and extreme levels of municipal marginalization in two triennia (2004-2006 and 2015-2017) and to establish a relationship between the differences found, the social environment and the availability of health resources. Using official data, years of life lost (YLL) between 0 and 85 years old and YLL for the 15-29-year-old age group were calculated for 15 of the main causes of death in Mexico in both triennia; the YLL was calculated for municipalities grouped into two categories: high and very high marginalization (HaVHMA) and low and very low marginalization (LaVLMA). Violent deaths (especially homicides) are the main causes of death in young women and men throughout Mexico, regardless of the level of marginalization, and increased from the first to second triennia studied. Men aged 15 to 29 years in HaVHMA municipalities had an excess YLL compared to those in LaVLMA municipalities in 13 of the 15 causes analyzed for 2004-2006 and in all causes for 2015-2017; for women, excess was observed for 13 of 15 causes in each triennium. These findings reflect the unfair disadvantages to which young people are exposed in HaVHMA municipalities.

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Neck circumference (NC) and wrist circumference (WrC) have been proposed as practical and inexpensive tools with the capacity to indicate metabolic alterations to some extent. Nevertheless, their application in the pediatric population is relatively recent. Thus, the aim of this scoping review was to review and analyze the reported evidence regarding the correlation of NC and WrC with metabolic alterations in the pediatric stage. The literature search was performed in January 2021 in seven indexes and databases. A total of 26 articles published between 2011 and 2020 were included. Most significant results were grouped into three categories: serum lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, and blood pressure. The parameter that showed the most significant results regardless of the anthropometric indicator analyzed for association was blood pressure. In contrast, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed non-significant associations along with conflicting results. We conclude that the use of NC and WrC, in addition to other well-established indicators, could facilitate the identification of metabolic alterations, specifically in plasma insulin and blood pressure. In fact, further studies are required to address the potential use of NC and WrC as predictors of early metabolic alterations, especially in countries with a fast-growing prevalence in obesity.

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BACKGROUND: The scarce studies regarding the non-professional caregivers health have focused more on the repercussions of care on their mental health than on the study of musculoskeletal injuries (MSI), despite the fact that care can cause the development of MSI, due to the personal characteristics of the caregiver or the environment that surrounds them. OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with MSI in elderly caregivers in a second-level hospital in Mexico and to know its prevalence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytical observational study; a questionnaire was administered to 283 elderly caregivers and their dependents. The survey included 62 variables related to environmental factors, factors inherent to care, and personal factors, in addition to the site of MSI; statistical analysis was descriptive and analytical (multivariate model). RESULTS: Prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers was 34.6%. Main factors associated were being female, having some comorbidity, duration of care greater than 13 hours a day for more than 13 months, a physical area reduced to provide care and social isolation. These factors increased between 1.9 and 12 the risk of suffering an MSI. Musculoskeletal injuries occurred mainly at the lumbar level of the spine. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report in Mexico that identifies the prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers and the factors associated with them.

INTRODUCCIÓN: los escasos estudios sobre la salud de los cuidadores no profesionales se han enfocado más en las repercusiones del cuidado en su salud mental que en el estudio de lesiones musculoesqueléticas (LME), no obstante que el cuidado puede provocar el desarrollo de LME por las características personales del cuidador o debidas al medio que los rodea. OBJETIVO: Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a LME en cuidadores adultos mayores en un hospital de segundo nivel en México y conocer su prevalencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio analítico observacional; se aplicó un cuestionario a 283 cuidadores adultos mayores y sus dependientes. El instrumento incluyó 62 variables relacionadas con los factores ambientales, inherentes al cuidado, personales y el sitio de lesión musculoesquelética. El análisis estadístico fue de tipo descriptivo y analítico (modelo multivariado). RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores fue de 34.6%. Se encontraron como principales factores asociados ser del sexo femenino, tener alguna comorbilidad, duración del cuidado superior a 13 horas diarias por más de 13 meses, un área física reducida al brindar cuidados y el aislamiento social; tales factores incrementaron entre 1.9 y 12 el riesgo de sufrir alguna lesión. Las LME se produjeron principalmente en el nivel lumbar de la columna vertebral. CONCLUSIONES: este es el primer reporte en México que identifica tanto la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores como los factores asociados a ellas.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To analyze the behavior of mortality from diabetes mellitus (DM) for both sexes in Mexico from 1998 to 2018, and its impact on life expectancy (LE) from 60 to 85 years of age in the three-year periods 1998-2000 and 2016-2018, compared with other causes of death, as well as to determine the loss of years of life expectancy associated with DM in each three-year period. METHODS The current study is observational and descriptive. Age-adjusted rates of mortality from DM were calculated for each sex from 1998 to 2018. Sex-specific life tables were constructed for 1998-2000 and 2016-2018, and both LE between 60 and 85 years, and years of life expectancy lost (YLELL) due to DM and selected causes between both ages were calculated. RESULTS Between 1998 and 2018, the adjusted DM-resulting male mortality rate grew 55% in the population aged 60 and over, while the female mortality rate grew 20%. Between 1998-2000 and 2016-2018, male LE for 60-85 age group decreased 0.22 years, while female LE increased 0.24. In 2016-2018, DM was responsible for 1.30 YLEL among men of 60 to 85 years (19% of the total YLEL), and 1.24 YLEL for women (24% of the total), more than the other causes analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The increase in mortality from DM has substantially contributed both to reduce LE of older adult men, and to slow the increase of LE among women aged 60 years and older so far this century. Thus, preventive policies should be implemented since early ages to reduce the high levels of overweight and obesity in the country and, therefore, the significant population ratio suffering from DM.

RESUMEN OBJETIVOS Analizar el comportamiento de la mortalidad por diabetes mellitus (DM) para ambos sexos en México entre 1998 y 2018 y su impacto sobre la esperanza de vida (EV) entre los 60 y 85 años de edad en los trienios 1998-2000 y 2016-2018 - en comparación con otras causas de muerte -, así como determinar la pérdida de años de esperanza de vida asociados a la DM en cada trienio. MÉTODOS El presente estudio es observacional y descriptivo. Se calcularon tasas de mortalidad por DM ajustadas por edad para cada sexo entre 1998 y 2018. Se construyeron tablas de vida por sexo para 1998-2000 y 2016-2018 y se calculó tanto la EV entre 60 y 85 años, como los años de esperanza de vida perdidos (AEVP) por DM, y causas seleccionadas, entre ambas edades. RESULTADOS Entre 1998 y 2018 la tasa ajustada de mortalidad masculina por DM creció 55% en la población de 60 y más, y la femenina 20%. Entre 1998-2000 y 2016-2018, la EV masculina entre 60 y 85 años se redujo 0,22 años, en tanto la femenina aumentó 0,24. En 2016-2018 la DM fue responsable, para los hombres, de 1,30 AEVP entre 60 y 85 años, (19% del total de AEVP) y para las mujeres 1,24 AEVP (24% del total), más que el resto de causas analizadas. CONCLUSIONES El incremento de la mortalidad por DM ha contribuido de manera sustancial tanto a reducir la EV de los hombres adultos mayores, como a ralentizar el aumento de la EV de las mujeres de 60 años y más en lo que va de siglo. Así, resulta necesario implementar políticas preventivas desde edades tempranas que permitan reducir los altos niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad existentes en el país, y por ende, la notable proporción de población que padece DM.

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Resumen: Introducción: En un contexto generalizado de violencias contra las mujeres, desde hace 15 años se ha mantenido una tendencia exponencial de homicidios en dicho sector poblacional en México. Metodología: Este estudio se llevó a cabo para identificar la magnitud y características de mujeres víctimas de homicidio, agente causal, día, hora y lugar donde ocurrió la agresión, no la muerte; así como comparar, por vecindario y municipio, la distribución espacial de 141 homicidios en el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara (AMG) durante los años 2013 y 2018. Resultados: Con base en estos años, se identificó que la tasa de mortalidad aumentó de 2.29 (2013) a 3.48 (2018) homicidios por 100 mil mujeres en el AMG; este fue mayor en los municipios Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (2013) y San Pedro Tlaquepaque (2018). Para ambos años se identificaron dos vecindarios, localizados al sur del AMG, donde ocurrieron, en promedio, más víctimas de homicidio, principalmente en fin de semana, entre las 16 y 02 horas, y con armas de fuego. Además, la vivienda representó el lugar donde se cometió la mayoría de las agresiones fatales contra mujeres, cuya edad osciló entre 30 y 44 años (35.2 % en 2013 y 43.1 % en 2018). Conclusiones: Más allá del aumento de la magnitud de homicidios de mujeres, las estrategias para erradicar violencias, que generalmente anteceden la agresión, continúan sin funcionar adecuadamente; ni si quiera para evitar que las víctimas sean asesinadas en el lugar que históricamente ha sido el de mayor riesgo, es decir, la vivienda.

Abstract Introduction: In a general context of violence against women, an exponential trend in homicides in this population sector in Mexico has been maintained for 15 years. Methods: This study was carried out to identify the magnitude and characteristics of female homicide victims, causal agent, day, time and place where the aggression occurred, not death; as well as compare, by neighborhood and municipality, the spatial distribution of 141 homicides in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG) during 2013 and 2018. Results: Based on these years, it was identified that the mortality rate increased from 2.29 (2013) to 3.48 (2018) homicides per 100 thousand women in the MAG; this was higher in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (2013) and San Pedro Tlaquepaque (2018) municipalities. For both analyzed years, two neighborhoods were identified, located south of the MAG, where,on average, more homicide victims occurred, mainly on weekends, between 4 pm and 2 pm, and with firearms. In addition, the house represented the place where most of the fatal aggressions against women were committed, whose age ranged from 30 to 44 years (35.2 % in 2013 and 43.1 % in 2018). Conclusion: Beyond the increase in the magnitude of female homicide victims, the strategies to eradicate violence, which generally precede the aggression, continue to not function properly; not even to prevent victims from being killed in the place that historically has been the most at risk, that is, living place.

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Resumen (analítico): La intencionalidad del embarazo se ha tratado de explicar desde diversos marcos teóricos, pero no siempre se considera el contexto cultural; por ello persisten complicaciones conceptuales y metodológicas. A lo largo de este estudio se pretendió identificar las representaciones sociales que las adolescentes de León (Guanajuato, México) tienen del embarazo no deseado y no planeado, estudio basado en el enfoque teórico de las representaciones sociales, con el uso de técnicas asociativas derivadas de la antropología cognitiva, específicamente listados libres y comparación de pares. Participaron 72 mujeres de 15 a 19 años. Las representaciones sociales del embarazo no planeado se centraron en aspectos económicos y emocionales negativos; el embarazo no deseado se asoció con aspectos emocionales negativos (sentimientos de enojo y culpa por la situación), además de que se consideró el aborto como solución.

Abstract (analytical): A number of authors have tried to explain the intentionality of pregnancy from different theoretical frameworks, however the cultural context is not always considered, and as a result conceptual and methodological complications persist. This study aims to identify the social representations that adolescents in León, Guanajuato construct in relation to their unwanted and unplanned pregnancies. This study is based on the theoretical approach of social representations and uses associative techniques derived from cognitive anthropology, specifically free listings and peer comparison. 72 women aged 15 to 19 participated. The social representations of unplanned pregnancy focused on negative economic and emotional aspects. Social representations of unwanted pregnancies were associated with negative emotional aspects (feelings of anger and guilt towards the situation), and abortion was considered as a solution.

Resumo (analítico): A intencionalidade da gravidez tem sido tratada para explicar a partir de vários referenciais teóricos, no entanto, o contexto cultural nem sempre é considerado, por isso persistem complicações conceituais e metodológicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as representações sociais que adolescentes em León, Guanajuato, têm de gravidez indesejada e não planejada. Estudo baseado na abordagem teórica das representações sociais, com o uso de técnicas associativas derivadas da antropologia cognitiva, especificamente listagens livres e comparação de pares. Participaram 72 mulheres com idades entre 15 e 19 anos. As representações sociais da gravidez não planejada focaram aspectos econômicos e emocionais negativos; a gravidez indesejada foi associada a aspectos emocionais negativos (sentimentos de raiva e culpa pela situação) e o aborto foi considerado uma solução.

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This study analyzes the impact of youth homicide (between 15 and 29 years of age) on male life expectancy in Mexico and its 32 states in the periods 2004-2006 and 2014-2016, and identifies the factors that best explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost (YMLEL) due to youth homicide at the state level in 2014-2016. Based on official data, male temporary life expectancy (MTLE) between 0 to 85 years of age and years of male life expectancy lost, in total and due to youth homicide, were calculated in each three-year period. Through a linear regression analysis, factors associated with the variations of the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide among states were identified. The male temporary life expectancy decreased between the three-year periods in the country and in 25 states; years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide increased in 31 states, in eight of them with a figure higher than 0.5 years in the 2014-2016 period. Factors such as the presence of drug trafficking, illegal firearms and the perception of insecurity explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide within the Mexican states in the 2014-2016 period.

Se analiza el impacto del homicidio juvenil (entre 15 y 29 años) en la esperanza de vida masculina en México y sus 32 estados en los trienios 2004-2006 y 2014-2016, y se identifican los factores que mejor explican las variaciones en los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos (AEVMP) por homicidio juvenil a nivel estatal en 2014-2016. A partir de datos oficiales, se calcularon la esperanza de vida temporaria masculina (EVTM) entre 0 y 85 años y los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos, total y por homicidio juvenil. Mediante un análisis de regresión lineal, se identificaron factores asociados con las variaciones de los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos por homicidio juvenil entre estados. La esperanza de vida temporaria masculina decreció entre ambos trienios en el país y en 25 estados, mientras que los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos por homicidio juvenil se incrementaron en 31 estados, en ocho de ellos la cifra fue superior a 0,5 en 2014-2016. Factores como la presencia del narcotráfico, de armas de fuego ilegales y la percepción de inseguridad explican las variaciones de los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos por homicidio juvenil entre estados en 2014-2016.

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RESUMEN Se analiza el impacto del homicidio juvenil (entre 15 y 29 años) en la esperanza de vida masculina en México y sus 32 estados en los trienios 2004-2006 y 2014-2016, y se identifican los factores que mejor explican las variaciones en los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos (AEVMP) por homicidio juvenil a nivel estatal en 2014-2016. A partir de datos oficiales, se calcularon la esperanza de vida temporaria masculina (EVTM) entre 0 y 85 años y los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos, total y por homicidio juvenil. Mediante un análisis de regresión lineal, se identificaron factores asociados con las variaciones de los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos por homicidio juvenil entre estados. La esperanza de vida temporaria masculina decreció entre ambos trienios en el país y en 25 estados, mientras que los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos por homicidio juvenil se incrementaron en 31 estados, en ocho de ellos la cifra fue superior a 0,5 en 2014-2016. Factores como la presencia del narcotráfico, de armas de fuego ilegales y la percepción de inseguridad explican las variaciones de los años de esperanza de vida masculina perdidos por homicidio juvenil entre estados en 2014-2016.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the impact of youth homicide (between 15 and 29 years of age) on male life expectancy in Mexico and its 32 states in the periods 2004-2006 and 2014-2016, and identifies the factors that best explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost (YMLEL) due to youth homicide at the state level in 2014-2016. Based on official data, male temporary life expectancy (MTLE) between 0 to 85 years of age and years of male life expectancy lost, in total and due to youth homicide, were calculated in each three-year period. Through a linear regression analysis, factors associated with the variations of the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide among states were identified. The male temporary life expectancy decreased between the three-year periods in the country and in 25 states; years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide increased in 31 states, in eight of them with a figure higher than 0.5 years in the 2014-2016 period. Factors such as the presence of drug trafficking, illegal firearms and the perception of insecurity explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide within the Mexican states in the 2014-2016 period.

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Using official data, this study analyzed violent deaths (homicide, suicide, events of undetermined intent and deaths due to legal intervention) in Brazil and Mexico in the three-year periods 2002-2004 and 2012-14, the impact of these causes of death on life expectancy in both countries and the role of the different age groups in years of life expectancy lost (YLEL). Abridged life tables were constructed for both countries for both periods. Temporary life expectancy and YLEL between zero and 80 years by selected causes and age groups were calculated for each triennium. The leading cause of YLEL among men was homicide in both periods in Brazil (1.5 years) and in the second period in Mexico (one year). Violent deaths (VD) accounted for around 16% of YLEL in Brazil and 13% in Mexico in 2012-2014. Among women, YLEL due to homicides and suicides showed the greatest relative increase in both countries, although VD accounted for barely 3% of total YLEL. The highest percentage of YLEL due to VDwas found among the 15 to 29 year age groups in both countries and for both sexes. The increase in rates of VD in Mexico, above all among young people, has curbed further increases in life expectancy in recent years, especially among men. Likewise, the high rates of VD in Brazil in both periods have hindered the growth of life expectancy.

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This study analyzes firearms mortality (FA) and their impact on life expectancy in Mexico -compared to other causes of deaths- during the three-year periods 2000-2002 and 2010-2012 and the weight of the different age groups in years of life expectancy lost (YLEL) due to this cause. Based on official death and population data, abridged life tables in Mexico were constructed for the three-year periods studied. Temporary life expectancy and YLEL for aged 15 to 75 by selected causes and age groups were calculated in each three-year period. Among men, FA mortality went from being the cause less YLEL caused in 2000-2002 to be the main cause of YLEL between 15 and 75 years in 2010-2012. Among women, YLEL for FA mortality had a higher relative growth. In both sexes, the greatest increase in YLEL by FA mortality was between 20 and 34 years. Findings indicate that the increase in FA mortality, especially among young people, has substantially contributed to the stagnation of life expectancy in recent years, and even his decline in the case of men. This reflects that violence linked to the FA is not only a security problem but also a collective health problem that must be copied in an interdisciplinary and intersectoral form if it is to increase the life expectancy of the country.

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Resumen Este estudio analiza la mortalidad por armas de fuego (AF) en México y su impacto en la esperanza de vida (EV) - comparado con otras causas de muerte- entre los trienios 2000-2002 y 2010-2012 e identifica el papel de los grupos de edad en la pérdida de años de EV por esta causa. A partir de datos oficiales se elaboraron tablas de vida abreviadas para México, por sexo, para ambos trienios; esto permitió calcular la EV temporaria entre 15 y 75 años y los años de esperanza de vida perdidos (AEVP) entre ambas edades, por causa. Entre los hombres, la mortalidad por AF pasó de ser la causa que menos AEVP provocó en 2000-2002 a ser la principal causa de AEVP entre 15 y 75 años en 2010-2012. Entre las mujeres, fueron los AEVP por esta causa los que relativamente más crecieron. En ambos sexos el mayor aumento de los AEVP por AF fue entre 20 y 34 años. Los hallazgos indican que el aumento de la mortalidad por AF, sobre todo entre los jóvenes, ha contribuido sustancialmente al estancamiento de la esperanza de vida, e incluso a su descenso entre los hombres. Esto refleja que la violencia ligada a las AF no es solo un problema de seguridad sino también un problema de salud colectiva que debe ser afrontado de forma interdisciplinaria e intersectorial si se pretende incrementar la esperanza de vida del país.

Abstract This study analyzes firearms mortality (FA) and their impact on life expectancy in Mexico -compared to other causes of deaths- during the three-year periods 2000-2002 and 2010-2012 and the weight of the different age groups in years of life expectancy lost (YLEL) due to this cause. Based on official death and population data, abridged life tables in Mexico were constructed for the three-year periods studied. Temporary life expectancy and YLEL for aged 15 to 75 by selected causes and age groups were calculated in each three-year period. Among men, FA mortality went from being the cause less YLEL caused in 2000-2002 to be the main cause of YLEL between 15 and 75 years in 2010-2012. Among women, YLEL for FA mortality had a higher relative growth. In both sexes, the greatest increase in YLEL by FA mortality was between 20 and 34 years. Findings indicate that the increase in FA mortality, especially among young people, has substantially contributed to the stagnation of life expectancy in recent years, and even his decline in the case of men. This reflects that violence linked to the FA is not only a security problem but also a collective health problem that must be copied in an interdisciplinary and intersectoral form if it is to increase the life expectancy of the country.

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Resumen A partir de datos oficiales, se analizó la mortalidad por violencias (MV):homicidio, suicidio, eventos de intención no determinada e intervención legal, en Brasil y México y su impacto en la esperanza de vida (EV) entre los trienios 2002-04 y 2012-14, y se identificó los grupos etarios en los años de esperanza de vida perdidos (AEVP) por estas causas. Se construyeron tablas de vida abreviadas para los dos países, por sexo, para ambos trienios; esto permitió calcular la EV temporaria entre 0 y 80 años y los AEVP entre ambas edades, por causa. Entre los hombres, los homicidios fueron la principal causa de AEVP en ambos trienios en Brasil (1,5 años), y la segunda en México en 2012-14 (1 año). La MV provocó alrededor del 16% de los AEVP en Brasil y del 13% en México en 2012-14. Entre las mujeres, fueron los AEVP por homicidios y suicidios los que relativamente más crecieron en ambos países, aunque la MV causó apenas 3% del total de AEVP en 2012-14. En los dos países y en ambos sexos los AEVP por violencias fueron más altos entre 15 y 29 años. Así, en México el aumento de la MV, sobre todo en jóvenes, ha contribuido al estancamiento de la EV, en especial la masculina, mientras que en Brasil las altas tasas de MV en ambos trienios no han favorecido un mayor incremento de la EV.

Abstract Using official data, this study analyzed violent deaths (homicide, suicide, events of undetermined intent and deaths due to legal intervention) in Brazil and Mexico in the three-year periods 2002-2004 and 2012-14, the impact of these causes of death on life expectancy in both countries and the role of the different age groups in years of life expectancy lost (YLEL). Abridged life tables were constructed for both countries for both periods. Temporary life expectancy and YLEL between zero and 80 years by selected causes and age groups were calculated for each triennium. The leading cause of YLEL among men was homicide in both periods in Brazil (1.5 years) and in the second period in Mexico (one year). Violent deaths (VD) accounted for around 16% of YLEL in Brazil and 13% in Mexico in 2012-2014. Among women, YLEL due to homicides and suicides showed the greatest relative increase in both countries, although VD accounted for barely 3% of total YLEL. The highest percentage of YLEL due to VDwas found among the 15 to 29 year age groups in both countries and for both sexes. The increase in rates of VD in Mexico, above all among young people, has curbed further increases in life expectancy in recent years, especially among men. Likewise, the high rates of VD in Brazil in both periods have hindered the growth of life expectancy.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Medir la competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de hepatitis virales en médicos de primer nivel de atención a la salud. Metodología Se efectuó un estudio transversal en el que usando un instrumento previamente validado se midió la competencia y posteriormente se comparó entre médicos adscritos a diversas unidades médicas de atención primaria a la salud (UMAPS) del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS). La información fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial no paramétrica. Se evaluaron 104 médicos de 5 UMAPS del IGSS. Resultados Se encontró un nivel muy bajo de competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las hepatitis virales, dentro de un intervalo de 9 a 62 puntos obtenidos en el instrumento que tiene un valor máximo teórico de 88, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre UMAPS. Conclusiones: Se requiere educación continua en los médicos de las UMAPS del IGSS para mejorar sus competencias en hepatitis virales.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in primary health care physicians. Methodology Cross-sectional study in which a previously validated instrument to measure competences was used, and subsequent comparison between physicians at various primary health care units (PHCT) from the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (GISS). This information was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametrical statistics. 104 physicians, from 5 PHCT ascribed to GISS were analyzed. Results A low level of clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in this physicians group was found, within a range of 9 to 62 points obtained through an instrument with a maximum theoretical value of 88; no significant statistical difference between PHCT was found. Conclusions PHCT physicians from require continuing education to improve their clinical competence on human viral hepatitis.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To measure the clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in primary health care physicians. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study in which a previously validated instrument to measure competences was used, and subsequent comparison between physicians at various primary health care units (PHCT) from the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (GISS). This information was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametrical statistics. 104 physicians, from 5 PHCT ascribed to GISS were analyzed. RESULTS: A low level of clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in this physicians group was found, within a range of 9 to 62 points obtained through an instrument with a maximum theoretical value of 88; no significant statistical difference between PHCT was found. CONCLUSIONS: PHCT physicians from require continuing education to improve their clinical competence on human viral hepatitis.

OBJETIVO: Medir la competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de hepatitis virales en médicos de primer nivel de atención a la salud. METODOLOGÍA: Se efectuó un estudio transversal en el que usando un instrumento previamente validado se midió la competencia y posteriormente se comparó entre médicos adscritos a diversas unidades médicas de atención primaria a la salud (UMAPS) del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS). La información fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial no paramétrica. Se evaluaron 104 médicos de 5 UMAPS del IGSS. RESULTADOS: Se encontró un nivel muy bajo de competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las hepatitis virales, dentro de un intervalo de 9 a 62 puntos obtenidos en el instrumento que tiene un valor máximo teórico de 88, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre UMAPS. Conclusiones: Se requiere educación continua en los médicos de las UMAPS del IGSS para mejorar sus competencias en hepatitis virales.

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This study seeks to describe how violence and its link to public health is represented in the written press of Guadalajara, Mexico. To this end, we carried out a mixed-content analysis of news pieces on violence published in the local sections of the four newspapers with greatest circulation in Guadalajara from the period of September 1 to 15, 2013. A total of 1,465 local news stories were reviewed, of which 399 were identified as being about violence. Of these, only 103 included healthcare aspects in their contents, generally making reference to medical services. The contents of these press articles did not identify violence as a critical public health issue, but rather as a safety issue affecting the community.

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