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Alcohol and cigarettes are the psychoactive substances that adolescents use most frequently. When both addictions are combined, they carry the worst burden of disease globally. The objective of this study was to identify whether socioeconomic factors correlate with alcohol and tobacco consumption in Mexican adolescents aged 10 years or more and to establish the relationship in the consumption between the two substances. This ecological study utilized data describing alcohol and tobacco consumption among adolescents aged 10-16 years (n = 48,837 ≈ N = 11,621,100). Having ever consumed any alcohol-containing beverage constituted alcohol consumption. Smoking a cigarette within 30 days constituted cigarette consumption. For both variables, the state-level percentages reported in the survey were used. Diverse socioeconomic variables were collected from official sources. Data on the prevalence of tobacco use and alcohol consumption were entered into an Excel database estimated for each of the states of the Mexican Republic, as well as the socioeconomic variables. We performed the analysis using Stata 14. Consumption prevalence was 15.0% for alcohol and 4.2% for tobacco. Alcohol consumption was not correlated with any studied socioeconomic variable (p > 0.05). The prevalence of tobacco consumption among elementary school students correlated (p < 0.05) with the portion of the population living in private dwellings without sewage, drainage, or sanitation (r = 0.3853). The prevalence of tobacco consumption among middle-school adolescents correlated with the portion of the employed population that earned up to two minimum wages (r = 0.3960), the percentage in poverty by income 2008 (r = 0.4754) and 2010 (r = 0.4531), and the percentage in extreme poverty by income 2008 (r = 0.4612) and 2010 (r = 0.4291). Positive correlations were found between tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption among both elementary (r = 0.5762, p=0.0006) and middle-school children (r = 0.7016, p=0.0000). These results suggest that certain socioeconomic factors correlate with tobacco consumption but not alcohol consumption. A correlation between alcohol consumption and tobacco consumption was observed. The results can be used for developing interventions in adolescents.

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In Argentina, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS) infection is endemic, and reliable data about prevalence and risk factors have been available since 2000. However, information about STEC-associated bloody diarrhea (BD) is limited. A prospective study was performed during the period October 2018-June 2019 in seven tertiary-hospitals and 18 referral units from different regions, aiming to determine (i) the frequency of STEC-positive BD cases in 714 children aged 1-9 years of age and (ii) the rate of progression of bloody diarrhea to HUS. The number and regional distribution of STEC-HUS cases in the same hospitals and during the same period were also assessed. Twenty-nine (4.1%) of the BD patients were STEC-positive, as determined by the Shiga Toxin Quik Chek (STQC) test and/or the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay. The highest frequencies were found in the Southern region (Neuquén, 8.7%; Bahía Blanca, 7.9%), in children between 12 and 23 month of age (8.8%), during summertime. Four (13.8%) cases progressed to HUS, three to nine days after diarrhea onset. Twenty-seven STEC-HUS in children under 5 years of age (77.8%) were enrolled, 51.9% were female; 44% were Stx-positive by STQC and all by mPCR. The most common serotypes were O157:H7 and O145:H28 and the prevalent genotypes, both among BD and HUS cases, were stx2a-only or -associated. Considering the endemic behavior of HUS and its high incidence, these data show that the rate of STEC-positive cases is low among BD patients. However, the early recognition of STEC-positive cases is important for patient monitoring and initiation of supportive treatment.

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Periodic toothbrushing is the most common, effective, and reliable way to mechanically remove biofilm from oral tissues. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between toothbrushing frequency and socioeconomic position for schoolchildren between 6 and 12 years of age in four cities in Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 Mexican schoolchildren between 6 and 12 years of age from public schools in four Mexican cities. Questionnaires were administered to the parents/guardians of the schoolchildren to obtain the variables included in the study. The dependent variable was toothbrushing frequency, dichotomized as: 0 = less than twice a day and 1 = at least twice a day. The analysis was performed in Stata. The average age of the schoolchildren was 8.9 ± 1.9 years; 50.4% were female. The prevalence of toothbrushing was 52.8% (at least twice a day) (95% CI = 48.4−57.1). In the multivariate model, the variables associated (p < 0.05) with toothbrushing frequency were older age of the schoolchild (OR = 1.14); younger age of the mother (OR = 0.93); being a girl (OR = 1.70); being enrolled in Seguro Popular (OR = 0.69); being in a household that was owned (OR = 2.43); and being a schoolchild who lived in a home that owned a car (OR = 1.31). The prevalence of toothbrushing at least twice a day was just over 50% in these Mexican children. We found demographic and socioeconomic variables to be associated with toothbrushing. Based on socioeconomic variables that were associated with toothbrushing frequency­such as health insurance, home ownership and the household owning a car­the results of the present study confirm the existence of health inequalities in toothbrushing frequency.

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The aims of the present study were to identify the prevalence and risk indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in urban-based Mexican adults seeking care in a university-based triage/intake dental clinic, and to develop a predictive model. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3354 medical/dental records of adults who sought care at the triage/intake dental clinics of a public university. The dependent variable was self-report of a previous diagnosis of T2DM made by a physician. Several socio-demographic and socioeconomic covariates were included, as well as others related to oral and general health. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was generated. We subsequently calculated well-known statistical measures employed to evaluate discrimination (classification) using an (adjusted) multivariate logistic regression model (goodness-of-fit test). The average age of patients was 42.5 ± 16.1 years old and the majority were female (64.1%). The prevalence of T2DM was 10.7% (95%CI = 9.7−11.8). In the final multivariate model, the variables associated (p < 0.05) with the presence of T2DM were older age (40 to 59 years old, OR = 2.00; 60 to 95 years old, OR = 2.78), having any type of health insurance (OR = 2.33), having high blood pressure (OR = 1.70), being obese (OR = 1.41), and having a functional dentition (OR = 0.68). Although the global fit of the model and the calibration tests were adequate, the sensitivity (0.0%) and positive predictive (0.0%) values were not. The specificity (100%) and negative predictive (89.3%) values, as well as the correctly classified (89.3%) value, were adequate. The area under the ROC curve, close to 0.70, was modest. In conclusion, a prevalence of T2DM of 10.7% in this sample of Mexican adults seeking dental care was similar to national figures. Clinical (blood pressure, BMI and functional dentition), demographic (age), and socioeconomic (health insurance) variables were found to be associated with T2DM. The dental setting could be appropriate for implementing preventive actions focused on identifying and helping to reduce the burden of T2DM in the population.

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In addition to genetic and epigenetic inheritance, somatic variation may contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. CVD-associated somatic mutations have been reported in human clonal hematopoiesis, but evidence in the atheroma is lacking. To probe for somatic variation in atherosclerosis, we sought single-nucleotide private variants (PVs) in whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of aorta, liver, and skeletal muscle of two C57BL/6J coisogenic male ApoE null/wild-type (WT) sibling pairs, and RNA-seq data of one of the two pairs. Relative to the C57BL/6 reference genome, we identified 9 and 11 ApoE null aorta- and liver-specific PVs that were shared by all WES and RNA-seq datasets. Corresponding PVs in WT sibling aorta and liver were 1 and 0, respectively, and not overlapping with ApoE null PVs. Pyrosequencing analysis of 4 representative PVs in 17 ApoE null aortas and livers confirmed tissue-specific shifts toward the alternative allele, in addition to significant deviations from mendelian allele ratios. Notably, all aorta and liver PVs were present in the dbSNP database and were predominantly transition mutations within atherosclerosis-related genes. The majority of PVs were in discrete clusters approximately 3 Mb and 65 to 73 Mb away from hypermutable immunoglobin loci in chromosome 6. These features were largely shared with previously reported CVD-associated somatic mutations in human clonal hematopoiesis. The observation that SNPs exhibit tissue-specific somatic DNA mosaicism in ApoE null mice is potentially relevant for genetic association study design. The proximity of PVs to hypermutable loci suggests testable mechanistic hypotheses.

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El Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR) inició las actividades académicas de la Especialización en Vigilancia Sanitaria de Medicamentos en septiembre de 2007. En los primeros ocho años de actividad, el Instituto ha concluido tres cohortes de especialistas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar una descripción de los especialistas graduados en el INHRR, los tutores y los trabajos especiales de grado (TEG) en el área de vigilancia sanitaria de medicamentos durante el periodo 2007 ­ 2014. Para ello, se realizó una investigación documental y de tipo descriptiva, revisando los expedientes resguardados en los archivos de la Coordinación de Postgrado de la Gerencia de Docencia e Investigación del INHRR. Con este programa de postgrado, el Instituto graduó a 27 especialistas en vigilancia sanitaria de medicamentos con un elevado índice académico (17,1 puntos). La mayoría de los egresados de la especialización fueron mujeres farmacéuticas egresadas de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, quienes laboraban en entes públicos al momento de iniciar el programa. El 70% de los TEG defendidos se realizaron dentro de dos de las líneas de investigación que lleva adelante la Gerencia Sectorial de Registro y Control del INHRR, a saber: las buenas prácticas regulatorias y la farmacovigilancia. Catorce profesionales fueron los encargados de dirigir los TEG, bajo la figura de tutor: dos se destacaron por haber dirigido el 44% de los TEG y otros dos por ser egresados de la especialización. Solo el 29% de los tutores fueron externos al Instituto

The National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR) began the academic activities of the Drug Sanitary Vigilance Specialization in September 2007. In the first eight years, the Institute has graduated three cohorts of specialists. The aim of this work was to present a description of the specialists graduated in the INHRR, their advisors and degree theses (DT) in the field of drug sanitary vigilance, during the period 2007 ­ 2014. Documentary and descriptive research were carried out; reviewing the records kept in the Postgraduate Coordination archives of the Management for Teaching and Research, INHRR. With this program, the Institute graduated 27 specialists in drug sanitary vigilance with a high academic score (17.1 points). Most of the specialists were female pharmacists graduated from the Central University of Venezuela, who worked in public entities when the program began. Seventy percent of the PT was conducted in two of the research lines carried out by the Management of Control and Registry, INHRR, namely: good regulatory practices and pharmacovigilance. Fourteen professionals supervised the PT, under the figure of tutor. Two tutors excelled for supervising 44% of the PT and another two tutors for being graduates of the specialization. Only 29% of the tutors were external to the Institute

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Streptococcus dentisani has been identified as an oral cavity probiotic due to its beneficial characteristics. One of its beneficial features is the production of bacteriocins, which inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, and another is its buffering capacity through the production of ammonium from arginine. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of S. dentisani in the dental plaque of Colombian children and whether the presence of this bacterium is related to oral health and other conditions. Dental plaque and information on diet and oral hygiene habits were collected from children between 6 and 12 years of age from four Colombian cities, divided into caries-free children (International Caries Detection and Assessment System [ICDAS] 0, Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index [DMFT] 0), children with ICDAS 1 and 2, and children with ICDAS >3. Plaque DNA was extracted and quantified, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using specific primers. This bacterium was identified in all samples, with a median of 0.46 cells/ng DNA (interquartile range [IQR] 0.13-1.02), without finding significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). In caries-free children, a median of 0.45 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.14-1.23) was found. In children with ICDAS 1 and 2, the median was 0.49 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.11-0.97), and in children with ICDAS >3, the median was 0.35 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.12-1.07). However, statistically significant differences were found in the origin of children (P < 0.01), the use of fluoride-containing products (P < 0.01), and the frequency of food intake (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of S. dentisani was quantified in children from four Colombian cities, without finding significant differences in oral health status. Nevertheless, three conditions showed a possible relationship with S. dentisani.

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La Gerencia de Docencia e Investigación es creada en el año 1992. Actualmente está conformada por la Coordinación de Postgrado, Coordinación de Investigación, Coordinación de Extensión, Pasantías, Campus Virtual, Departamento de Información y Divulgación Científica. La Gerencia tiene las siguientes funciones fundamentales: Programar, diseñar, coordinar y asesorar líneas de investigación, proyectos de investigación y producción de conocimiento científico de acuerdo a las políticas institucionales y del estado en el Sector Salud. Planificar y ejecutar programas docentes de 4to y 5to nivel, conducentes y no conducentes a grado académico en las áreas de competencia del Instituto. Programar y ejecutar la formación y capacitación del talento humano especializado, mediante diplomados, talleres, entrenamientos, simposia, jornadas, ampliación, actualización, perfeccionamiento profesional y extensión en el área de Salud. Gestionar y evaluar la formación y capacitación de talento humano procedente de instituciones educativas y de salud, mediante pasantías académicas y profesionales. Planificar, programar, coordinar, ejecutar y supervisar todas aquellas actividades, espacios y aulas virtuales de interacción, aprendizaje e-learning, trabajos en red, consultorías y tutorías telemáticas, acceso a materiales didácticos on-line, telebibliotecas, entre otros, tanto para el campus virtual de la Institución, como del Campus Virtual de Salud Pública Nodo Venezuela (éste último con otros organismos y apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud), enfocado a la formación y desarrollo de las competencias técnico-profesionales de los trabajadores en servicio y de las capacidades de las instituciones dedicadas a la prestación de servicios de salud pública en un formato virtual/semipresencial, brindando nuevas posibilidades de aprendizajes en entornos innovadores. Suministrar información especializada en el área de la salud, a través de servicios de divulgación, bibliotecarios, de documentación, edición de publicaciones e interactuar con otros centros de información científica para el cumplimiento de estos objetivos. Desarrollar y participar en las actividades de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud de la OPS/BIREME. Preservación del Acervo Histórico Institucional. Este artículo contiene los siguientes aspectos: Antecedentes históricos de la Gerencia de Docencia e Investigación. Logros y desarrollo en el período 2008-2018. Reflexiones sobre la Política y los Planes de Formación del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel".

The Teaching and Research Management was created in 1992. It is currently made up of the Postgraduate Coordination, Research Coordination, Extension Coordination, Internships, Virtual Campus, Department of Information and Scientific Dissemination. Management has the folwloing fundamental functions: Schedule, design, coordinate and advise on research lines, research projects and production of scientific knowledge according to institutional and state policies in the Health Sector. Plan and execute teaching programs of 4th and 5th level, conducive and not conducive to academic degree in the areas of competence of the Institute. Schedule and execute the training and training of specialized human talent, through diplomas, workshops, training, symposia, conferences, expansion, updating, professional development and extension in the area of Health. Manage and evaluate the training and training of human talent from educational and health institutions, through academic and professional internships. Plan, program, coordinate, execute and supervise all those activities, spaces and virtual classrooms for interaction, e-learning learning, networking, consultancies and telematics tutorials, access to on-line teaching materials, tele-libraries, among others, for both the institution's virtual campus, such as the Virtual Campus of Public Health Nodo Venezuela (the latter with other organizations and support of the Pan American Health Organization), focused on the training and development of technical-professional skills of workers in service and of the capacities of the institutions dedicated to the provision of public health services in a virtual / blended format, providing new possibilities for learning in innovative environments. Provide specialized information in the area of health, through outreach services, librarians, documentation, publishing publications and interact with other scientific information centers for the fulfillment of these objectives. Develop and participate in the activities of the Virtual Health Library of PAHO / BIREME. Preservation of the Historical Institutional Collection. This article contains the following aspects: Historical background of the Teaching and Research Management. Achievements and development in the period 2008-2018. Reflections on the Policy and Training Plans of the National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel".

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El Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR) inició las actividades académicas de la Especialización en Micología Médica en septiembre de 2007. En los primeros ocho años de actividad, el Instituto ha concluido cuatro cohortes de especialistas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar una descripción de los especialistas graduados en el INHRR, los tutores y los trabajos especiales de grado (TEG) en el área de micología médica durante el periodo 2007 ­ 2014. Para ello, se realizó una investigación documental y de tipo descriptiva, revisando los expedientes resguardados en los archivos de la Coordinación de Postgrado de la Gerencia de Docencia e Investigación del INHRR. Con este programa de postgrado, el Instituto graduó a 23 especialistas en micología médica con un elevado índice académico (17,5 puntos). La mayoría de los egresados de la especialización fueron mujeres bioanalistas egresadas de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, quienes laboraban en entes públicos al momento de iniciar el programa. El 61% de los TEG defendidos se realizaron dentro de dos de las líneas de investigación que lleva adelante el Departamento de Micología Médica del INHRR, a saber: las micosis en pacientes inmunocompetentes e inmunocomprometidos utilizando el diagnóstico convencional y la resistencia antifúngica de hongos levaduriformes. Ocho profesionales fueron los encargados de dirigir los TEG, bajo la figura de tutor: dos se destacaron por haber dirigido el 52% de los TEG y tres por ser egresados de la especialización. Solo el 38% de los tutores fueron externos al Instituto

The National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR) began the academic activities of the Medical Mycology Specialization in September 2007. In the first eight years, the Institute has graduated four cohorts of specialists. The aim of this work was to present a description of the specialists graduated in the INHRR, their advisors and degree theses (DT) in the field of medical mycology, during the period 2007 ­ 2014. Documentary and descriptive research were carried out; reviewing the records kept in the Postgraduate Coordination archives of the Management for Teaching and Research, INHRR. With this program, the Institute graduated 23 specialists in medical mycology with a high academic score (17.5 points). Most of the specialists were bioanalyst women graduated from the Central University of Venezuela, who worked in public entities at the beginning of the program. Sixty-one percent of the DT was conducted in two of the research lines carried out by the Department of Medical Mycology, INHRR, namely: mycoses in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients using conventional diagnosis and antifungal resistance of yeast infections. Eight professionals supervised the DT, under the figure of tutor. Two tutors excelled for supervising 52% of the DT and three tutors for being graduates of the specialization. Only 38% of the tutors were external to the Institute

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El objetivo de este estudio es confirmar las características psicométricas de la Escala Subjetiva de Carga Mental de Trabajo (ESCAM) en trabajadores sanitarios de hospitales chilenos. Participaron en este estudio 379 trabajadores de tres hospitales. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: (a) ESCAM y (b) el cuestionario SUSESO-ISTAS 21. Los resultados indican que ESCAM se estructura en cinco dimensiones: Demandas cognitivas y complejidad de la tarea, Características de la tarea, Organización temporal, Ritmo de trabajo y Consecuencias para la salud. Asimismo, se observan correlaciones significativas entre la puntuación total de ESCAM y sus dimensiones con los factores de SUSESO-ISTAS 21. Además, se comprobó la validez de la escala mediante el análisis de perfiles de carga mental con diferentes grupos profesionales.

The aim of this study is to confirm the psychometric characteristics of the Subjective Mental Workload Scale (SCAM) in health workers of Chilean Hospitals. The instruments used were: (1) SCAM; (2) questionnaire SUSESO-ISTAS 21. The sample was composed of 379 workers from three hospitals. The findings showed that SCAM is structured in five dimensions: Cognitive demands and task complexity, Task characteristics, Temporal organization, Work rate, and Health consequences. Likewise, significant correlations between overall score of SCAM and its dimensions with the SUSESO-ISTAS 21 factors were found. Also, scale validity was verified through mental workload profiles with different professional groups.

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Los anticuerpos antinucleares se presentan en el suero de pacientes con enfermedades de origen reumáticas, como el lupus eritematoso sistémico, síndrome de Sjögren, esclerosis sistémica progresiva y polimiositis. En 1948, descubrieron la célula lupus eritematoso y su relación con el lupus eritematoso sistémico, señalando el carácter autoinmune de la enfermedad, al demostrar la existencia de unas sustancias que la llamarían autoanticuerpos. Las pruebas de los anticuerpos antinucleares son muy útiles en el estudio de las enfermedades autoinmunes del tejido conjuntivo. Cada una de ellas dispone de una colección particular de anticuerpos que ayuda, en unos casos, a poder establecer el diagnóstico y, en otros, además, a señalar el pronóstico de la enfermedad

Antinuclear antibodies present in the serum of patients with rheumatic diseases origin, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Progressive Systemic Sclerosis and Polymyositis. In 1948, they discovered the lupus Erythematosus cell and its relationship with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, pointing to the autoimmune nature of the disease, by demonstrating the existence of substances that autoantibodies call. Testing antinuclear antibodies are very useful in the study of autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Each has a private collection of antibodies that help, in some cases, be able to establish the diagnosis, in others point the prognosis of the disease. There proteins is very important, and it constitutes a valuable tool like marker inflammatory in rheumatologic illnesses of immunological origin

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La Micoteca del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” (INHRR) fue creada en el año 1955 y es la colección de hongos microscópicos autóctonos más grande y representativa del país. Cuenta con 2.500 cepas pertenecientes a 77 géneros y 165 especies de hongos y actinomicetos, de importancia médica, epidemiológica, industrial e histórica, preservados por duplicado bajo los métodos de agua por Castellani y aceite mineral. La colección tiene presencia a nivel internacional a través del catálogo y la página web del Centro Venezolano de Colecciones de Microorganismos (CVCM), que a su vez está afiliada a la Federación Mundial de Colecciones de Cultivos (WFCC). Además, a través de su membresía a la Federación Latinoamericana de Colecciones de Cultivos (FELACC), sus datos están disponibles en la página web de la Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (AAM). La conservación de hongos microscópicos es fundamental, debido a su importancia en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y a su impacto en la vida del hombre. Esta Micoteca garantiza la preservación ex situ de la biodiversidad fúngica. Sus características la consolidan como una unidad cónsona con las exigencias de los ámbitos científico, tecnológico y docente, para el desarrollo de investigaciones científicas, particularmente en el área de medicina.

The fungal collection (Mycothec) of the National Institute of Hygiene “Rafael Rangel” (INHRR) was created in 1,955 and is the largest and more representative collection of the country’s indigenous microscopic fungi. It has 2,500 strains belonging to 77 genera and 165 species of fungi and actinomycetes retaining medical, epidemiological, industrial and historical importance, preserved by duplicate under water by Castellani and mineral oil methods. The collection has international presence through the catalog and the website of the Venezuelan Center of Microorganism Collections (CVCM), which in turn belongs to the World Federation of Culture Collections (WFCC). In addition, through its membership to the Latin American Federation of Culture Collections (FELACC) the data are accessible on the website of the Argentinian Association of Microbiology (AAM). The conservation of microscopic fungi is essential, due to its importance in the ecosystems functioning and their impact on human life. This Mycothec guarantee the ex situ conservation of fungal biodiversity. Its characteristics consolidate it as a consonant unit with the requirements of scientific, technological, and educational areas for the development of scientific research, particularly in the ​​medicine area.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the perception of psychosocial factors and mental workload of nurses who work in intensive care units. It is hypothesised that nurses in these units could perceive psychosocial risks, manifesting in a high mental work load. The psychosocial dimension related to the position's cognitive demands is hypothesised to mostly explain mental work load. METHOD: Quantitative study, with a descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative design. A total of 91% of the intensive care unit populations of three Chilean hospitals was surveyed, corresponding to 111 nurses. The instruments utilised included (A) a biosociodemographic history questionnaire; (b) the SUSESO-ISTAS 21 questionnaire; and (c) the Mental Work Load Subjective Scale (ESCAM, in Spanish). RESULTS: In total, 64% and 57% of participants perceived high levels of exposure to the psychosocial risks Psychosocial demands and Double shift, respectively. In addition, a medium-high level of overall mental load was observed. Positive and significant correlations between some of the SUSESO-ISTAS 21 and ESCAM dimensions were obtained. Using a regression analysis, it was determined that three dimensions of the psychosocial risk questionnaire helped to explain 38% of the overall mental load. CONCLUSION: Intensive care unit nurses felt that inadequate psychosocial factors and mental work overload existed in several of the tested dimensions.

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BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis severity-independent alterations in DNA methylation, a reversible and highly regulated DNA modification, have been detected in aortic atheromas, thus supporting the hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. One yet unaddressed issue is whether the progression of atherosclerosis is associated with an increase in DNA methylation drift in the vascular tissue. The purpose of the study was to identify CpG methylation profiles that vary with the progression of atherosclerosis in the human aorta. METHODS: We interrogated a set of donor-matched atherosclerotic and normal aortic samples ranging from histological grade III to VII, with a high-density (>450,000 CpG sites) DNA methylation microarray. RESULTS: We detected a correlation between histological grade and intra-pair differential methylation for 1,985 autosomal CpGs, the vast majority of which drifted towards hypermethylation with lesion progression. The identified CpG loci map to genes that are regulated by known critical transcription factors involved in atherosclerosis and participate in inflammatory and immune responses. Functional relevance was corroborated by crossing the DNA methylation profiles with expression data obtained in the same human aorta sample set, by a transcriptome-wide analysis of murine atherosclerotic aortas and from available public databases. CONCLUSIONS: Our work identifies for the first time atherosclerosis progression-specific DNA methylation profiles in the vascular tissue. These findings provide potential novel markers of lesion severity and targets to counteract the progression of the atheroma.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the perception of psychosocial factors and mental workload of nurses who work in intensive care units. It is hypothesised that nurses in these units could perceive psychosocial risks, manifesting in a high mental work load. The psychosocial dimension related to the position's cognitive demands is hypothesised to mostly explain mental work load. METHOD: Quantitative study, with a descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative design. A total of 91% of the intensive care unit populations of three Chilean hospitals was surveyed, corresponding to 111 nurses. The instruments utilised included (A) a biosociodemographic history questionnaire; (b) the SUSESO-ISTAS 21 questionnaire; and (c) the Mental Work Load Subjective Scale (ESCAM, in Spanish). RESULTS: In total, 64% and 57% of participants perceived high levels of exposure to the psychosocial risks Psychosocial demands and Double shift, respectively. In addition, a medium-high level of overall mental load was observed. Positive and significant correlations between some of the SUSESO-ISTAS 21 and ESCAM dimensions were obtained. Using a regression analysis, it was determined that three dimensions of the psychosocial risk questionnaire helped to explain 38% of the overall mental load. CONCLUSION: Intensive care unit nurses felt that inadequate psychosocial factors and mental work overload existed in several of the tested dimensions. .

OBJETIVO: analisar a percepção de fatores psicossociais e a carga mental de trabalho de enfermeiros que trabalham em unidades de terapia intensiva. A hipótese é que os enfermeiros dessas unidades podem perceber os riscos psicossociais e manifestar uma alta carga mental de trabalho. Além disso, a dimensão psicossocial relacionada às demandas cognitivas do cargo explicaria a maior parte da carga mental de trabalho. MÉTODO: estudo quantitativo, com delineamento descritivo, transversal e comparativo. Foi examinada 91% da população das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de três hospitais chilenos, correspondente a 111 enfermeiros. Os instrumentos utilizados incluíram (a) um questionário do histórico biossociodemográfico; (b) o questionário SUSESO-ISTAS 21; e (c) a Escala Subjetiva de Carga Mental de Trabalho (ESCAM). RESULTADOS: no total, 64% e 57% dos participantes perceberam um alto nível de exposição aos riscos psicossociais Demanda psicológica e Jornada dupla, respectivamente. Além disso, foi observado um nível de médio para alto de carga mental global. Foram obtidas correlações positivas e significativas entre algumas das dimensões do SUSESO-ISTAS 21 e do ESCAM. Utilizando uma análise de regressão, determinou-se que três dimensões do questionário de risco psicossocial ajudaram a explicar 38% da carga mental total. CONCLUSÃO: os enfermeiros das unidades de terapia intensiva percebem os fatores psicossociais e a sobrecarga mental de trabalho em várias de suas dimensões. .

OBJETIVO: analizar la percepción de Factores psicosociales y Carga mental de trabajo de enfermeras/os que laboran en Unidades Críticas. Se hipotetiza que los/as enfermeros/as de estas unidades pudieran percibir riesgos psicosociales; Mostrarán una Carga mental de trabajo alta; y la dimensión psicosocial relacionada con exigencias cognitivas del puesto explicará en mayor medida la Carga Mental. MÉTODO: estudio cuantitativo, de diseño descriptivo, transversal y comparativo. Se censó el 91% de la población de Unidades Críticas de tres hospitales chilenos, correspondiente a 111 enfermeras/os. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: (a) Cuestionario de antecedentes biosociodemográficos; (b) Cuestionario SUSESO-ISTAS 21; y (c) Escala Subjetiva de Carga Mental de Trabajo (ESCAM). RESULTADOS: el 64% y el 57% de los/as participantes perciben un alto nivel de exposición a los riesgos psicosociales Demandas psicológicas y Doble presencia, respectivamente. Además, se obtiene un nivel de Carga mental global media-alta. Se obtuvo correlaciones positivas y significativas entre algunas dimensiones de SUSESO-ISTAS 21 y ESCAM, y mediante un análisis de regresión se obtuvo que tres dimensiones del cuestionario de riesgos psicosociales contribuyen a explicar un 38% de la Carga mental global. CONCLUSIÓN: las/os enfermeras/os de unidades críticas, perciben factores psicosociales inadecuados y sobrecarga mental de trabajo, en varias de sus dimensiones. .

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Este trabajo realiza un análisis del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje de la Morfofisiología Humana IV donde se estudia el tema Metabolismo y su Regulación el cual resulta de difícil asimilación para los estudiantes. A través de los métodos de análisis y síntesis e histórico-lógico se realiza el estudio de todo el material bibliográfico relacionado con el tema y se plantea un algoritmo para el estudio de las vías metabólicas, su regulación y los errores congénitos del metabolismo. Lo que permite obtener criterios favorables por el colectivo de profesores para la aplicación de los mismos(AU)

This paper analyzes the teaching-learning process of Human Morphophysiology IV where the subject is studied Metabolism and its Regulation which is difficult to assimilate for students. Through the methods of analysis and synthesis, historical and logical study, all the bibliographical material related to the topic and an algorithm for the study of metabolic pathways, regulation and inborn errors of metabolism arises is done. This allows to obtain favorable criteria for the group of teachers to implement them

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of different insertion torques on healing of implants loaded immediately or left unloaded. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In six Labrador dogs, all mandibular premolars and molars were extracted. After 4 months of healing, flaps were elevated, and two implant sites were prepared at each side of the mandible. The distal sites were prepared conventionally while the mesial sites were underprepared by 0.3 mm. As a consequence, different final insertion torques of about 30 Ncm at the distal and >70 Ncm at the mesial sites were recorded. Healing abutments were applied to the left and transmucosal abutments to the right side. Flaps were sutured, crown preparation of the upper right second and third premolars was performed, and impressions were taken. Within 24 h, crowns were cemented both to implants and teeth in the right side of the mouth. After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and ground sections obtained for histological evaluation. RESULTS: A higher buccal bony crestal resorption and a more apical position of the coronal level of osseointegration were found at the loaded compared with the unloaded sites. MBIC% and percentages of peri-implant mineralized tissue (MB%) were higher at the loaded compared with the unloaded sites. Moreover, a higher MBIC% was found at the lower compared with the higher final insertion torque. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate loading does not seem to have a negative effect on osseointegration. High torque values for the immediate loading procedures were not necessary. Probably, low torque values, were sufficient to obtain primary stability and hence may provide better osseointegration than high torque value.

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OBJECTIVE: To study bone healing at implants installed with different insertion torques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In six Labrador dogs, all mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted. After 4 months of healing, flaps were elevated, and two implant sites were prepared at each side of the mandible. In the right side of the mandible, the distal sites were prepared conventionally, while the mesial sites were over-prepared by 0.2 mm. As a consequence, a final insertion torque of ~30 Ncm at the distal and a minimal insertion torque close to 0 Ncm at the mesial sites were obtained. In the left sides of the mandible, however, the recipient sites were underprepared by 0.3 mm resulting in an insertion torque of ≥ 70 Ncm at both implants. Cover screws were applied, and flaps sutured to fully submerge the experimental sites. After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and ground sections obtained for histological evaluation. RESULTS: The mineralized bone-to-implant contact was in the range of 55.2-62.1%, displaying the highest value at implants with ~30 Ncm insertion torque and the lowest value at the implant sites with close to 0 Ncm insertion torque. No statistically significant differences were revealed. Bone density was in the range of 43.4-54.9%, yielding the highest value at implants with ≥ 70 Ncm insertion torque and the lowest at the implant sites with close to 0 Ncm insertion torque. The difference between the sites of ~30 Ncm and the corresponding ≥ 70 Ncm insertion torque reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Similar amounts of osseointegration were obtained irrespective of the insertion torque applied. Moreover, implants installed in sites with close to 0 Ncm insertion torque may properly osseointegrate as well.

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OBJECTIVE: To propose and validate a functional model that permits addressing, guiding, and qualifying nursing care in the Colombian National Cancer Institute. METHODOLOGY: Within the framework of the teaching-service work and as response to the priorities established by the National Cancer Institute, the need to have a model was determined to better understand the nursing work in the institution. For this purpose a study was conducted in three phases: 1) Analysis of the context, 2) Elaboration and analysis of the narratives of care, and 3) Development of the Functional Model of Nursing Care from the narratives. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of the context, we selected the theory of "Nursing as Caring" by Boykin and Schoenhofer and, as of such; a guide was developed and applied for the construction and analysis of the narratives of care. Lastly, through an analysis of the content of the narratives of care 143 nominal codes emerged along with eight central categories or concepts. The way these concepts are related in the content of the text gave way to the assumptions of the National Cancer Institute's model of nursing care whose dynamic was defined and diagramed for communication. Validation of the Model of Nursing Care ratified the positions expressed by the participants. CONCLUSION: Development of a sequential dynamics of contextual analysis, space and expression of a reflexive nursing practice and analysis of the contents of some narratives of nursing care product of such, permitted proposing and validating the National Cancer Institute's Model of Nursing Care that addresses, transmits, guides, and qualifies professional performance in the institution.

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Objetivo. Plantear y validar un modelo funcional que permita abordar, orientar y cualificar el cuidado de enfermería en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia (INC). Metodología. En el marco del trabajo de docencia-servicio y como respuesta a las prioridades establecidas por el INC, se determinó la necesidad de contar con un modelo para comprender mejor el quehacer de enfermería en la institución. Para ello se adelantó un estudio en tres fases: 1) Análisis del contexto, 2) Elaboración y análisis de las narrativas de cuidado y 3) Desarrollo del Modelo funcional de Cuidado de Enfermería a partir de las narrativas. Resultados. Con base en el análisis del contexto se seleccionó la teoría de "Enfermería como Cuidado" de Boykin y Shoenhofer; a partir de esta se desarrolló y aplicó una guía para la construcción y análisis de las narrativas de cuidado. Por último, mediante un análisis de contenido de las narrativas de cuidado emergieron 143 códigos nominales y ocho categorías o conceptos centrales. La forma como estos conceptos se relacionan en el contenido del texto dieron paso a los supuestos del modelo de cuidado de enfermería del INC cuya dinámica fue definida y graficada para ser comunicada. La validación del Modelo de cuidado de enfermería ratificó los planteamientos expresados por los participantes. Conclusión. El desarrollo de una dinámica secuencial de análisis contextual, espacio y expresión de una práctica reflexiva de enfermería y el análisis de contenido de unas narrativas de cuidado de enfermería producto de la misma, permitieron plantear y validar el Modelo de Cuidado de Enfermería del INC que aborda, transmite, orienta y cualifica el desempeño profesional en la institución.

Objective. To propose and validate a functional model that permits addressing, guiding, and qualifying nursing care in the Colombian National Cancer Institute. Methodology. Within the framework of the teaching-service work and as response to the priorities established by the National Cancer Institute, the need to have a model was determined to better understand the nursing work in the institution. For this purpose a study was conducted in three phases: 1) Analysis of the context, 2) Elaboration and analysis of the narratives of care, and 3) Development of the Functional Model of Nursing Care from the narratives. Results. Based on the analysis of the context, we selected the theory of "Nursing as Caring" by Boykin and Schoenhofer and, as of such; a guide was developed and applied for the construction and analysis of the narratives of care. Lastly, through an analysis of the content of the narratives of care 143 nominal codes emerged along with eight central categories or concepts. The way these concepts are related in the content of the text gave way to the assumptions of the National Cancer Institute's model of nursing care whose dynamic was defined and diagramed for communication. Validation of the Model of Nursing Care ratified the positions expressed by the participants. Conclusion. Development of a sequential dynamics of contextual analysis, space and expression of a reflexive nursing practice and analysis of the contents of some narratives of nursing care product of such, permitted proposing and validating the National Cancer Institute's Model of Nursing Care that addresses, transmits, guides, and qualifies professional performance in the institution.

Objetivo. Propor e validar um modelo funcional que permita abordar, orientar e qualificar o cuidado de enfermagem no Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia de Colômbia (INC). Metodologia. No marco do trabalho de docência-serviço e como resposta às prioridades estabelecidas pelo INC, determinou-se a necessidade de contar com um modelo para compreender melhor o afazer de enfermagem na instituição. Para isso se adiantou um estudo em três fases: 1) Análise do contexto, 2) Elaboração e análise das narrativas de cuidado e 3) Desenvolvimento do Modelo funcional de Cuidado de Enfermagem a partir das narrativas. Resultados. Com base na análise do contexto se selecionou a teoria de "Enfermagem como Cuidado" de Boykin e Shoenhofer e a partir desta, desenvolveu-se e aplicou uma guia para a construção e análise das narrativas de cuidado. Por último, mediante uma análise de conteúdo das narrativas de cuidado emergiram 143 códigos nominais e 8 categorias ou conceitos centrais. A forma como estes conceitos se relacionam no conteúdo do texto deram passo aos supostos do modelo de cuidado de enfermagem do INC cuja dinâmica foi definida e gravada para ser comunicada. A validação do Modelo de cuidado de enfermagem ratificou as propostas expressadas pelos participantes. Conclusão. O desenvolvimento de uma dinâmica sequencial de análise contextual, espaço e expressão de uma prática reflexiva de enfermagem e a análise de conteúdo de umas narrativas de cuidado de enfermagem produto da mesma, permitiram propor e validar o Modelo de Cuidado de Enfermagem do INC que aborda, transmite, orienta e qualifica o desempenho profissional na instituição.

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