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Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del uso complementario de la herbolaria en pacientes de oncología. Materiales y Métodos: El presente estudio fue de tipo observacional, transversal, descriptivo y prolectivo. Se llevó a cabo un muestreo no probabilístico. En el estudio se incluyeron a 100 pacientes que acudieron al área de oncología del Hospital de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria "Bicentenario 2010" (HRAEV) durante el periodo del estudio y que cumplieron con los criterios de selección señalados para esta investigación. Resultados: Se realizaron 100 encuestas a pacientes oncológicos, de los cuales el 55% fue de sexo femenino. Dicha población presenta una edad promedio de 48.2 años. Respecto al origen de los pacientes, el 67% radica en Cd. Victoria. El rango de nivel educativo entre los entrevistados osciló entre preparatoria y secundaria. Los cuales pertenecen a clase media. Existe una prevalencia del 82% en el uso de tratamientos alternativos para tratar la patología, de los cuales el 76% emplea el uso de la herbolaria como coadyuvante en las diferentes enfermedades que se tratan en el hospital. Las principales plantas empleadas son: la Mariguana (Cannabis sativa) en un 45%, el 23% Noni (Morinda citrifolia) y el 12% Bardana (Arctium lappa). Conclusión: El uso de la medicina alternativa complementaria es frecuente en pacientes oncológicos, destacando la herbolaria. Por lo anterior, el comprender la dinámica de la implementación de terapias alternativas como lo es la herbolaria, permitirá comprender y guiar al paciente en su proceso de ciclos oncológicos y minimizar los efectos secundarios.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of the complementary use of herbal medicine in oncology patients. Materials and methods: This study was observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and prolective. A non-probabilistic sampling was carried out. The study included 100 patients who attended the oncology area of the Hospital de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria "Bicentenario 2010" (HRAEV) during the study period and who met the selection criteria indicated for this research. Results: 100 surveys were carried out on cancer patients, of which 55% were female. This population has an average age of 48.2 years. Regarding the origin of the patients, 67% reside in Cd. Victoria. The range of educational level among the interviewees oscillated between high school and middle school. who belong to the middle class. There is a prevalence of 82% in the use of alternative treatments to treat the pathology, of which 76% employ the use of herbal medicine as an adjuvant in the different diseases that are treated in the hospital. The main plants used are: 45% Marijuana (Cannabis sativa), 23% Noni (Morinda citrifolia) and 12% Burdock (Arctium lappa). Conclusion: The use of complementary alternative medicine is common in cancer patients, highlighting herbal medicine. Due to the above, understanding the dynamics of the implementation of alternative therapies such as herbalism, will allow understanding and guiding the patient in their oncological cycle process and minimizing side effects. KEY WORDS: naturopathy; oncology; alternative medicine.

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Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infecciones en la herida quirúrgica en cesáreas programadas del HRAEV. Materiales y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional tipo corte transversal para determinar la prevalencia de IHQ en pacientes llevadas a cesárea programada con profilaxis antibiótica en HRAEV. Resultados: Se evaluaron 185 expedientes de pacientes sometidas a cesárea programada, con edad entre 28 a 37 años (48.1%) con un peso promedio 81 kg (DE=10.1) con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) promedio de 30 (DE=4.24) es decir un IMC entre 25.76 a 34.24. De ellas, 4 pacientes (2.16%) presentaron infección de herida quirúrgica durante cesárea programada, las cuales recibieron ceftriaxona como PA mayor a 120 minutos previo a la incisión de la piel, estos pacientes se clasifican como ASA II y tenían un IMC superior a 30 kg/m2 y sin comorbilidades registradas. El tiempo de profilaxis antibiótica más frecuente en las pacientes llevadas a cesárea programada fue >120 minutos (34.08%) y se administró ceftriaxona en el 84.86% de la población que en su mayoría es ASA II (97.83%). El 100% de las heridas fueron superficiales. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio se encontró que la prevalencia de IHQ en cesáreas programadas en HRAEV fue de 2.16%, cifra que se encuentra por debajo de la prevalencia a nivel mundial, dado a que las pacientes seleccionadas no contaban con algunos de los factores de riesgo añadidos que aumentaran el riesgo de IHQ en comparación con otros estudios.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of surgical wound infections in scheduled HRAEV cesarean sections. Materials and method: Retrospective, descriptive, observational cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of IHC in patients undergoing scheduled cesarean section with antibiotic prophylaxis in HRAEV. Results: 185 records of patients undergoing scheduled cesarean section were evaluated, aged between 28 to 37 years (48.1%) with an average weight of 81 kg (SD = 10.1) with an average body mass index (BMI) of 30 (SD = 4.24) that is, a BMI between 25.76 and 34.24. Of these, 4 patients (2.16%) presented surgical wound infection during scheduled cesarean section, who received ceftriaxone as PA greater than 120 minutes prior to skin incision, these patients are classified as ASA II and had a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 and without recorded comorbidities. The most frequent antibiotic prophylaxis time in patients undergoing scheduled cesarean section was >120 minutes (34.08%) and ceftriaxone was administered in 84.86% of the population, which is mostly ASA II (97.83%). 100% of the wounds were superficial. Conclusions: In the present study, it was found that the prevalence of IHC in cesarean sections scheduled in HRAEV was 2.16%, a figure that is below the worldwide prevalence, given that the selected patients did not have some of the risk factors. added risk that increased the risk of SSI compared to other studies.

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INTRODUCTION: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most important causes of cancer death in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 103 patients with a diagnosis of GBC who were treated with surgery and adjuvant radiochemotherapy (RT-CT) was carried out at the Oncological Institute of Viña del Mar, Chile. Of these, 56 underwent surgery with oncological criteria, in which the impact of lymph node involvement and prognostic factors for survival were analysed. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 47.5 months. The 5-year survival of the patients operated on with oncological surgery was 55%, and for those resected without oncological criteria, it was 32% (p = 0.02). Regarding the impact of lymph node involvement, 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients with compromised lymph nodes was 32% versus 68% for patients without compromised lymph nodes (p = 0.006). Five-year OS in patients without involved nodes, with 1 involved node or with>1 involved node was 68%, 44% and 12%, respectively (p = 0.0002). The N ratio was grouped in 0, <10% and ≥10%. Five-year OS was 71%, 0% and 24%, respectively (p = 0.003). There was no evidence of differences in survival with respect to the number of lymph nodes studied. CONCLUSION: Our data provide information regarding the importance of lymph node involvement in patients with GBC undergoing surgery with oncological criteria and adjuvant RT-CT. In the absence of randomised studies, it is suggested to have a more aggressive therapeutic approach in those patients with two or more involved nodes or with a lymph node ratio >10%.

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BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is one of the main important causes of cancer death in Chile. OBJECTIVE: To report the results of adjuvant radiochemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2018, 214 subjects aged 23-85 (median, 62) years with lymph node and/or serosa involvement were treated with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after curative resection. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 41 months, overall 3- and 5-year survival was 54.9% and 40.85%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with lower survival were aged >65 years, stage group and number of lymph nodes involved. CONCLUSION: In patients with locoregionally advanced gastric cancer treated with curative intent with surgery and adjuvant radiochemotherapy, the overall 5-year survival reported from local clinical practice is similar to that reported in randomised series and supports its use as an effective treatment for this type of patients in our country.

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Introducción: la esplenectomía laparoscópica apareció con el desarrollo de la cirugía de mínimo acceso, se conviertió en la técnica preferida para la exéresis del bazo actualmente. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la esplenectomía videolaparoscópica en el tratamiento de las enfermedades hematológicas funcionales benignas. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo en 86 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedades hematológicas funcionales benignas, atendidos en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras desde octubre de 1996 hasta diciembre de 2011. Resultados: en la serie predominó el sexo femenino con 70,9 por ciento y la edad media fue de 40 años (37,8 por ciento). Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la púrpura trombocitopénica inmunológica (68,6 por ciento), la anemia hemolítica autoinmune con 23,3 por ciento y la esferocitosis hereditaria con 5,8 por ciento. Requirieron preparación preoperatoria 59,3 por ciento de los pacientes con 50,9 por ciento de respuesta efectiva a esta. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 129 minutos. Como accidentes transoperatorios prevalecieron: la ruptura de la bolsa extractora con 12,8 pr ciento y el sangrado del hilio esplénico con 5,8 por ciento. Esto motivó la conversión a cirugía convencional y la exclusión del seguimiento de 6 pacientes. La complicación posoperatoria más frecuente fue el vómito persistente. El seguimiento de los pacientes se realizó desde los 7 días hasta los 2 años en 78 por ciento de los casos, con un tiempo promedio de 518 días. Hubo remisión total de su enfermedad en 82,7 por ciento de los pacientes, remisión parcial en 15,4 por ciento y solamente 1,9 por ciento no presentó remisión. Conclusiones: la esplenectomía videolaparoscópica es una técnica segura y efectiva en el tratamiento de las enfermedades hematológicas autoinmunes en cirujanos con experiencia en Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso de Avanzada(AU)

Introduction: Laparoscopic splenectomy appeared with the development of minimal access surgery. At the moment, it has become the technique preferred for the spleen exeresis. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of videolaparoscopic splenectomy in the treatment of benign functional hematological diseases. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out with 86 patients diagnosed with benign functional hematological diseases, attended at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital, from October 1996 to December 2011. Results: In the series, the female sex predominated (70.9 percent) and the average age was 40 years (37.8 percent). The most frequent diseases were immunological thrombocytopenic purpura (68.6 PERCENT), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (23.3 percent), and hereditary spherocytosis (5.8 percent). 59.3 percent of patients required a preoperative preparation, with 50.9 percent of effective response to it. The average surgical time was 129 minutes. The prevailing transoperative accidents were: the rupture of the extractor bag (12.8 percent) and the bleeding of the splenic hilum (5.8 percent). This motivated the change to conventional surgery and the exclusion of the follow-up of 6 patients. The most frequent postoperative complication was persistent vomiting. The follow-up of the patients was carried out from 7 days to 2 years in 78 percent of the cases, with an average time of 518 days. There was total remission of their disease in 82.7 percent of the patients, partial remission in 15.4 percent, and only 1.9 percent did not present any remission. Conclusions: Videolaparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and effective technique in the treatment of autoimmune hematological diseases for surgeons with experience in advanced minimal access surgery(AU)

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Introducción: la esplenectomía laparoscópica apareció con el desarrollo de la cirugía de mínimo acceso, se conviertió en la técnica preferida para la exéresis del bazo actualmente. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la esplenectomía videolaparoscópica en el tratamiento de las enfermedades hematológicas funcionales benignas. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo en 86 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedades hematológicas funcionales benignas, atendidos en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras desde octubre de 1996 hasta diciembre de 2011. Resultados: en la serie predominó el sexo femenino con 70,9 por ciento y la edad media fue de 40 años (37,8 por ciento). Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la púrpura trombocitopénica inmunológica (68,6 por ciento), la anemia hemolítica autoinmune con 23,3 por ciento y la esferocitosis hereditaria con 5,8 por ciento. Requirieron preparación preoperatoria 59,3 por ciento de los pacientes con 50,9 por ciento de respuesta efectiva a esta. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 129 minutos. Como accidentes transoperatorios prevalecieron: la ruptura de la bolsa extractora con 12,8 pr ciento y el sangrado del hilio esplénico con 5,8 por ciento. Esto motivó la conversión a cirugía convencional y la exclusión del seguimiento de 6 pacientes. La complicación posoperatoria más frecuente fue el vómito persistente. El seguimiento de los pacientes se realizó desde los 7 días hasta los 2 años en 78 por ciento de los casos, con un tiempo promedio de 518 días. Hubo remisión total de su enfermedad en 82,7 por ciento de los pacientes, remisión parcial en 15,4 por ciento y solamente 1,9 por ciento no presentó remisión. Conclusiones: la esplenectomía videolaparoscópica es una técnica segura y efectiva en el tratamiento de las enfermedades hematológicas autoinmunes en cirujanos con experiencia en Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso de Avanzada(AU)

Introduction: Laparoscopic splenectomy appeared with the development of minimal access surgery. At the moment, it has become the technique preferred for the spleen exeresis. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of videolaparoscopic splenectomy in the treatment of benign functional hematological diseases. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out with 86 patients diagnosed with benign functional hematological diseases, attended at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital, from October 1996 to December 2011. Results: In the series, the female sex predominated (70.9 percent) and the average age was 40 years (37.8 percent). The most frequent diseases were immunological thrombocytopenic purpura (68.6 %), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (23.3 percent), and hereditary spherocytosis (5.8 percent). 59.3 percent of patients required a preoperative preparation, with 50.9 percent of effective response to it. The average surgical time was 129 minutes. The prevailing transoperative accidents were: the rupture of the extractor bag (12.8 percent) and the bleeding of the splenic hilum (5.8 percent). This motivated the change to conventional surgery and the exclusion of the follow-up of 6 patients. The most frequent postoperative complication was persistent vomiting. The follow-up of the patients was carried out from 7 days to 2 years in 78 percent of the cases, with an average time of 518 days. There was total remission of their disease in 82.7 percent of the patients, partial remission in 15.4 percent, and only 1.9 percent did not present any remission. Conclusions: Videolaparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and effective technique in the treatment of autoimmune hematological diseases for surgeons with experience in advanced minimal access surgery(AU)

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This paper discusses some properties of the topological entropy systems generated by polynomials of degree d in their Hubbard tree. An optimization of Thurston's core entropy algorithm is developed for a family of polynomials of degree d.

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Introducción: en la actualidad existe consenso en la importancia de categorizar a los pacientes por grupo de riesgo a la hora de determinar la selección del tratamiento quirúrgico adecuado en pacientes con carcinoma bien diferenciado. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la cirugía conservadora y la tiroidectomía total realizadas a los pacientes con cáncer tiroideo bien diferenciado. Método: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte longitudinal desde 1995 hasta 2016, en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Las principales variables fueron demográficas, relativas al tumor, tipo de intervención quirúrgica y de resultados. Resultados: se estudiaron 183 pacientes. La tiroidectomía total fue la intervención quirúrgica más realizada (79,2 por ciento). El grupo etario que predominó fue el de 41 a 50 años (30,6 por ciento). En los grupos de edades de 19 a 40 años se realizaron más técnicas conservadoras, y en mayores de 40 años fue más frecuente la tiroidectomía total. El sexo predominante fue el femenino (82,5 por ciento). El tamaño del tumor que predominó fue de 1cm a 2,9 cm. En el grupo de bajo riesgo se realizaron 38 técnicas conservadoras y 62 tiroidectomías totales. La cirugía conservadora no presentó complicaciones, recurrencia, ni mortalidad. Mientras que, en la tiroidectomía total, 3,3 por ciento presentó disfonía transitoria, hipoparatiroidismo transitorio en 2,2 por ciento y permanente 0,5 por ciento. La mortalidad fue de 2,2 por ciento y 3,8 por ciento presentó recurrencia local. Conclusiones: la cirugía conservadora no presentó complicaciones, recurrencia, ni mortalidad, mientras que la tiroidectomía total si la tuvo(AU)

Introduction: Currently there is agreement regarding the importance of categorizing patients by risk groups in order to choose the most accurate treatment for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Objective: To describe the results of conservative surgery as well as of total thyroidectomy performed on patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Methods: A descriptive research of longitudinal cohort was performed between 1995 and 2016 at the General Surgery Service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital. The main variables used were demographic, related with tumor, surgery type and type of results. Results: 183 patients were studied. The most used surgery type was the total thyroidectomy (79.2 percent). Individuals aged 41-50 years were predominant (30.6 percent). Conservative technics were more frequently performed in the group of patients aged 19-40. For patients older than 40 years, the total thyroidectomy was the most frequent. The female sex was the biggest group (82.5 percent). The predominant tumor size was in the range from 1 to 2.9 cm. In the low-risk group, 30 conservative surgeries and 62 total thyroidectomies were performed. Conservative surgeries had no complications, relapse or mortality. Regarding total thyroidectomy, 3.3 percent of the patients suffered transitory dysphonia, 2.2 percent presented transitory hypoparathyroidism, and 0.5 percent presented permanent hypoparathyroidism. Local relapse after total thyroidectomy was suffered by 3.8 percent of patients and mortality was 2.2 percent. Conclusions: The conservative surgery had no complications, relapse or mortality, while total thyroidectomy did present them(AU)

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Introducción: en la actualidad existe consenso en la importancia de categorizar a los pacientes por grupo de riesgo a la hora de determinar la selección del tratamiento quirúrgico adecuado en pacientes con carcinoma bien diferenciado. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la cirugía conservadora y la tiroidectomía total realizadas a los pacientes con cáncer tiroideo bien diferenciado. Método: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte longitudinal desde 1995 hasta 2016, en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Las principales variables fueron demográficas, relativas al tumor, tipo de intervención quirúrgica y de resultados. Resultados: se estudiaron 183 pacientes. La tiroidectomía total fue la intervención quirúrgica más realizada (79,2 por ciento). El grupo etario que predominó fue el de 41 a 50 años (30,6 por ciento). En los grupos de edades de 19 a 40 años se realizaron más técnicas conservadoras, y en mayores de 40 años fue más frecuente la tiroidectomía total. El sexo predominante fue el femenino (82,5 por ciento). El tamaño del tumor que predominó fue de 1cm a 2,9 cm. En el grupo de bajo riesgo se realizaron 38 técnicas conservadoras y 62 tiroidectomías totales. La cirugía conservadora no presentó complicaciones, recurrencia, ni mortalidad. Mientras que, en la tiroidectomía total, 3,3 por ciento presentó disfonía transitoria, hipoparatiroidismo transitorio en 2,2 por ciento y permanente 0,5 por ciento. La mortalidad fue de 2,2 por ciento y 3,8 por ciento presentó recurrencia local. Conclusiones: la cirugía conservadora no presentó complicaciones, recurrencia, ni mortalidad, mientras que la tiroidectomía total si la tuvo(AU)

Introduction: Currently there is agreement regarding the importance of categorizing patients by risk groups in order to choose the most accurate treatment for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Objective: To describe the results of conservative surgery as well as of total thyroidectomy performed on patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Methods: A descriptive research of longitudinal cohort was performed between 1995 and 2016 at the General Surgery Service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital. The main variables used were demographic, related with tumor, surgery type and type of results. Results: 183 patients were studied. The most used surgery type was the total thyroidectomy (79.2 percent). Individuals aged 41-50 years were predominant (30.6 percent). Conservative technics were more frequently performed in the group of patients aged 19-40. For patients older than 40 years, the total thyroidectomy was the most frequent. The female sex was the biggest group (82.5 percent). The predominant tumor size was in the range from 1 to 2.9 cm. In the low-risk group, 30 conservative surgeries and 62 total thyroidectomies were performed. Conservative surgeries had no complications, relapse or mortality. Regarding total thyroidectomy, 3.3 percent of the patients suffered transitory dysphonia, 2.2 percent presented transitory hypoparathyroidism, and 0.5 percent presented permanent hypoparathyroidism. Local relapse after total thyroidectomy was suffered by 3.8 percent of patients and mortality was 2.2 percent. Conclusions: The conservative surgery had no complications, relapse or mortality, while total thyroidectomy did present them(AU)

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Gallbladder cancer is now considered a distinct clinical entity, allowing for a separate analysis from that of other malignancies of the biliary tree. Symptoms related to a malignant tumor of the gallbladder include jaundice and abdominal pain, or a palpable abdominal mass that occurs in a late stage of the disease. The majority of patients with operable gallbladder cancer are diagnosed by cholecystectomy performed for presumed benign disease, mostly cholelithiasis, a clinical entity known as incidental gallbladder cancer. Given the poor prognosis if tumor invasion beyond the muscular layer and/or nodal metastasis is found, adjuvant treatments have been implemented, but few data are available to guide treatment decisions in this setting. For advanced disease, a multidisciplinary treatment approach including biliary drainage procedures and palliative support is needed in the management of this aggressive disease. Palliative chemotherapy with a combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin or oxaliplatin is the standard treatment based on the findings of two phase III trials that showed improved overall survival compared to single-agent chemotherapy and best supportive care. Several phase II studies have been reported investigating the role of targeted agents against EGFR, VEGF, HER2, and MEK. International collaboration to enhance our knowledge of gallbladder cancer should be encouraged.

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El Insulinoma es el tumor neuroendocrino pancreático más frecuente. Se manifiesta por signos adrenérgicos y de neuroglucopenia. Su diagnóstico se confirma documentando la existencia de hipoglucemia junto a una inapropiada secreción de insulina. Se desarrollan a partir de las células de los islotes de Langerhans. Tanto los funcionantes como los no funcionantes son embriológica e histológicamente muy similares y sólo difieren en su capacidad para producir o no hormonas. Presentamos 2 casos de insulinomas cuya localización tumoral no fue posible con técnicas de imagen convencionales, pero sí con ultrasonografía transoperatoria. La evolución fue favorable con remisión total de los síntomas(AU)

Insulinoma is the most common neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor. It manifests with adrenergic and neuroglycopenia signs. Its diagnosis is confirmed by documenting the existence of hypoglycemia together with inadequate insulin secretion. They developed from Langerhans islet cells and both functioning and non-functioning ones are embryologically and histologically very similar and just differ in their capacity to produce hormones or not. Here are two insulinoma cases where tumoral location was not possible with the conventional imaging techniques but with transoperative ultrasonography. The progression was favorable with total remission of symptoms(AU)

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El Insulinoma es el tumor neuroendocrino pancreático más frecuente. Se manifiesta por signos adrenérgicos y de neuroglucopenia. Su diagnóstico se confirma documentando la existencia de hipoglucemia junto a una inapropiada secreción de insulina. Se desarrollan a partir de las células de los islotes de Langerhans. Tanto los funcionantes como los no funcionantes son embriológica e histológicamente muy similares y sólo difieren en su capacidad para producir o no hormonas. Presentamos 2 casos de insulinomas cuya localización tumoral no fue posible con técnicas de imagen convencionales, pero sí con ultrasonografía transoperatoria. La evolución fue favorable con remisión total de los síntomas(AU)

Insulinoma is the most common neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor. It manifests with adrenergic and neuroglycopenia signs. Its diagnosis is confirmed by documenting the existence of hypoglycemia together with inadequate insulin secretion. They developed from Langerhans islet cells and both functioning and non-functioning ones are embryologically and histologically very similar and just differ in their capacity to produce hormones or not. Here are two insulinoma cases where tumoral location was not possible with the conventional imaging techniques but with transoperative ultrasonography. The progression was favorable with total remission of symptoms(AU)

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Las vacunas conjugadas que consisten en polisacáridos bacterianos unidos a través de un enlace covalente a una proteína portadora, han tenido un gran impacto en los esquemas de vacunación infantil, disminuyendo de forma dramática la incidencia de infecciones bacterianas. En el caso de Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pesar de que se han descrito más de 90 serotipos basados en la estructura de las cápsulas polisacarídicas y que al menos 23 tienen una importancia clínica demostrada, solo un número limitado de siete, o más recientemente 10 y 13, están incluidos en las vacunas conjugadas licenciadas. Por otra parte, la necesidad creciente de estas vacunas en el mundo requiere la incorporación de nuevos productores que se enfrentan a una elevada complejidad tecnológica, pues en todo el procedimiento de conjugación no se pueden afectar las características estructurales por las que el polisacárido es reconocido inmunológicamente. Este trabajo implementó un procedimiento de conjugación para el polisacárido de la cápsula de Streptococcus pneumoniae serotipo 14. El procedimiento comprendió la fragmentación, oxidación peryódica y posterior conjugación del polisacárido a anatoxina tetánica o diftérica. Cada intermedio fue caracterizado por métodos físico-químicos. En todas las reacciones se obtuvieron rendimientos superiores al 50%. Los conjugados generaron altos títulos de anticuerpos específicos de tipo IgG y memoria inmunológica. Se concluyó que el procedimiento permitió la obtención de conjugados inmunogénicos de serotipo 14(AU)

Conjugate vaccines consisting of bacterial polysaccharides linked through a covalent bond to a carrier protein have a major impact on childhood immunization schemes which have dramatically decrease the incidence of bacterial infections. In the case of Streptococcus pneumoniae more than 90 serotypes have been reported, based on the structure of the polysaccharide capsules and at least 23 of them have demonstrated clinical importance. A limited number of 7 or more recently 10 and 13 are included in licensed conjugate vaccines. On the other hand, the increasing need for these vaccines worldwide requires the incorporation of new manufacturers who are facing highly complex technology since the entire conjugation process can not affect the structural features for which the polysaccharide is immunologically recognized. Our paper provides a conjugation procedure for the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14. The process includes fragmentation, peryodic oxidation and subsequent conjugation to tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid to the polysaccharide, each intermediate was characterized by physico-chemical methods. Yields higher than 50% were obtained in all reactions. The conjugates generated high titers of IgG specific antibodies and immunological memory. In conclusion, the procedure allows immunogenic conjugates of serotype 14(AU)

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Neisseria meningitidis constitutes the main cause of meningococcal disease in infants. Serogroups A, B, C, W135, Y, and X have the higher incidence in young children and teenagers. The use of polyvalent conjugate carbohydrate-based vaccines has decreased the meningococcal infection around the world. Recently, the serogroup X has been found to be responsible of different outbreaks of meningococcal diseases, mainly in "Meningitis Belt" of Africa and the structure of the repetitive unit of the capsular polysaccharide has been confirmed through a monodimensional (13)C NMR study. No further characterization studies have been carried out, especially with the use of other nuclei. In this paper a novel method for quantification of the N. meningitidis serogroup X by proton qNMR is reported. Deep characterization of the serogroup X polysaccharide was also carried out by combination of correlation experiments involving (13)C, (1)H, and (31)P nuclei.

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Penile cancer is a radiocurable disease. The different types of radiotherapy (RT)-brachytherapy, plesiotherapy, external beam radiation therapy-have proven valid in the treatment of the primary tumor allowing preservation of the penis and sexual function. RT is even an option in candidates for surgery who reject surgery for clinical or personal reasons. A high nodal recurrence rate has been observed after inguinal lymphadenectomy, specially in patients at high risk of relapse. Technological advances in the field of RT, new imaging techniques, and more modern equipment enable RT to enhance local control and improve survival in patients with this condition. Palliative RT can exercise a decompressive effect that makes possible tumor size reduction in cases of inguinal-pelvic recurrence in patients with lymphedema and thus improve quality of life. In this article, we review the current role of RT in the treatment of penile cancer. We also present two cases that illustrate the main indications.

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and the immunogenicity of a 2 x 10(9)CFU dose of the 638 lyophilized live attenuated cholera vaccine for oral administration, formulated and produced at Finlay Institute, City of Havana, Cuba. Thirty-six healthy female and male adult volunteers from 18 to 40 years old were involved, clinically examined and laboratory tested after the informed consent signature. Adverse events were monitored and seroconversion rates and geometrical mean titer (GMT) of vibriocidal antibodies were tested in volunteer's sera samples. Neither serious adverse events nor other damages to the volunteers due to vaccine or placebo feeding were reported during the clinical follow-up period of this study; none of the adverse events registered within the first 72 h after inoculation were life-threatening for volunteers. Neither severe nor moderate adverse events were reported. Sixty-one percent of subjects showed mild expected adverse events in an interval lower than 24h up to the first 72 h, 75% of these in the vaccinated group and 18% in the placebo group. Fourteen days after inoculation the GMT of vibriocidal antibodies in the vaccine group significantly increased in comparison to the placebo group. All subjects in the vaccine group (24) seroconverted (100%). Results show that this vaccine is safe, well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy female and male volunteers.

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Cochleate structures (CS) consist in a highly stable lipid structures that have been reported to be a good antigen delivery system. The incorporation of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) from bacterial membranes into CS became in a promising approach to develop adjuvants, particularly mucosal adjuvants. Therefore, we prepare CS from proteoliposome (PL) obtained from Neisseria meningitidis B (PLCS) and evaluated it for its capability to stimulate the immune system as well as the adjuvant activity. The ability of PLCS to induce Thl polarization was also explored. The results and the easy capability for new antigen incorporation on CS support its use as adjuvant for immunization with a large variety of pathogen derived antigens and different routes of immunization.

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Proteoliposome (PL) has been recently used as a protective intramuscular (i.m.) anti-meningococcal BC vaccine. It induces a preferential Th 1 type of immune response. Nevertheless, mucosal protection is mainly mediated by IgA antibody response, which is not usually induced by i.m. vaccination route. IgA antibody production needs the stimulation of Th3 subpopulation, which is also related to the induction of small dose tolerance. We hypothesized that PL-derived Cochleate can induce a specific mucosal IgA and systemic IgG antibody responses. We could show that mice immunized with two or three intranasal doses of PL-derived Cochleate developed significantly increased levels of local anti PL IgA and systemic IgG antibody responses. Thus, our results suggest that PL-derived Cochleate can be used as a promising immunomodulator and delivery system for the development of mucosal, particularly nasal vaccines.

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