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OBJECTIVE: To identify vulnerability factors associated with unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes between 2011 and 2021 in Manaus, Amazonas. METHOD: Ecological study using tuberculosis case notification data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System, from 2011 to 2021, of residents in Manaus. The variables refer to treatment outcomes and patient vulnerability, according to the theoretical model: individual, programmatic and social. The analysis tested the association between vulnerability and tuberculosis treatment non-success, measured by the occurrence of death, loss to follow-up or treatment default. The Odds Ratio estimate with confidence interval was obtained by logistic regression, according to a hierarchical model. RESULTS: The following factors were more likely to lead to unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment: individual vulnerability (age group 20 to 29 years and over 60 years, indigenous race, HIV+, drug use); programmatic vulnerability (not having an HIV test), social vulnerability (special population). CONCLUSION: Individual vulnerability was more strongly associated with non-success. Intervention is needed to explore the points of greatest individual vulnerability, enabling effective action to prevent unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment.

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Histoplasmosis is commonly observed in AIDS patients as a neglected opportunistic disease that has an important relationship with environmental factors. The present study described the clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis in a tertiary healthcare facility in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, and evaluated the patients' homes and urban environmental samples as a source of exposure to Histoplasma capsulatum. A review of medical records from 2017 to 2019 of patients with HIV/AIDS associated with histoplasmosis was carried out, as well as the collection of environmental samples in the homes of these patients. These samples were subjected to DNA extraction and then subjected to qPCR. A total of 62 patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and histoplasmosis were identified, which corresponds to 4.5% (n = 62/1372) of the HIV/AIDS cases detected in the period. Of these, 68% (n = 42/62) were male, with a mean age of 36 years and low education. In 47% (n = 29/62) of the cases, the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and histoplasmosis occurred simultaneously. Mortality was 45% (n = 28/62), and 68% (n = 42/62) of these patients did not regularly use highly active antiretroviral therapy. The main symptoms found were respiratory, gastrointestinal, and weight loss, and in 81% (n = 50/62), the place of residence was in an urban area. A total of 57 environmental samples were analyzed, and the presence of Histoplasma capsulatum was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. There was a high mortality rate in the studied group of patients with AIDS and histoplasmosis. Most patients reported residing in urban areas of Manaus, with no history of travel to other areas previously known as being high risk for histoplasmosis.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify vulnerability factors associated with unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes between 2011 and 2021 in Manaus, Amazonas. Method: Ecological study using tuberculosis case notification data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System, from 2011 to 2021, of residents in Manaus. The variables refer to treatment outcomes and patient vulnerability, according to the theoretical model: individual, programmatic and social. The analysis tested the association between vulnerability and tuberculosis treatment non-success, measured by the occurrence of death, loss to follow-up or treatment default. The Odds Ratio estimate with confidence interval was obtained by logistic regression, according to a hierarchical model. Results: The following factors were more likely to lead to unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment: individual vulnerability (age group 20 to 29 years and over 60 years, indigenous race, HIV+, drug use); programmatic vulnerability (not having an HIV test), social vulnerability (special population). Conclusion: Individual vulnerability was more strongly associated with non-success. Intervention is needed to explore the points of greatest individual vulnerability, enabling effective action to prevent unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los factores de vulnerabilidad asociados con el fracaso del tratamiento de la tuberculosis entre 2011 y 2021 en Manaos, Amazonas. Método: Estudio ecológico a partir de datos de notificación de casos de tuberculosis del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria, de 2011 a 2021, de residentes en Manaos. Las variables se refieren a los resultados del tratamiento y la vulnerabilidad de los pacientes, de acuerdo con el modelo teórico: individual, programático y social. El análisis evaluó la asociación entre la vulnerabilidad y el fracaso del tratamiento de la tuberculosis, medido por la ocurrencia de fallecimiento, pérdida de seguimiento o fracaso del tratamiento. La estimación del Odds Ratio con intervalo de confianza se obtuvo por regresión logística, según un modelo jerárquico. Resultados: Los siguientes factores fueron asociados al fracaso del tratamiento de la tuberculosis: vulnerabilidad individual (grupo de edad de 20 a 29 años y mayores de 60 años, raza indígena, VIH+, consumo de drogas); vulnerabilidad del programa (no realizar la prueba del VIH), vulnerabilidad social (población especial). Conclusión: La vulnerabilidad individual se asoció más fuertemente con el fracaso. Es necesario intervenir para explorar los puntos de mayor vulnerabilidad individual, permitiendo una acción eficaz para prevenir el fracaso del tratamiento de la tuberculosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores de vulnerabilidade associados ao insucesso nos desfechos do tratamento da tuberculose no período de 2011 a 2021 em Manaus, Amazonas. Método: Estudo ecológico utilizando dados de notificação dos casos de tuberculose do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, de 2011 a 2021, de residentes em Manaus. As variáveis referem-se aos desfechos do tratamento e à vulnerabilidade dos pacientes, conforme modelo teórico: individual, programática e social. Na análise testou-se associação entre vulnerabilidade e insucesso no tratamento de tuberculose, medido pela ocorrência de óbito, perda de seguimento do tratamento ou falência do tratamento. A estimativa de Odds Ratio com intervalo de confiança foi obtida por regressão logística, conforme modelo hierárquico. Resultados: Os seguintes fatores apresentam mais chance de insucesso no tratamento da TB: vulnerabilidade individual (faixa etária 20 a 29 anos e mais de 60 anos, raça indígena, HIV+, uso de drogas); vulnerabilidade programática (não realizar teste HIV), vulnerabilidade social (população especial). Conclusão: A vulnerabilidade individual foi mais fortemente associada ao insucesso. É necessária intervenção, explorando os pontos de maior vulnerabilidade individual, viabilizando uma atuação eficaz para evitar o insucesso no tratamento da tuberculose.

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This single-case study aimed to evaluate access the geographic accessibility and availability of primary health care (PHC) in a remote rural municipality in Amazonas Stater, Brazil, to control systemic arterial hypertension. A thematic analysis was conducted to interpret the content of 11 semi-structured interviews with municipal managers, PHC professionals, and hypertensive healthcare users. Geographical accessibility is associated with river mobility, transportation availability, users' financial travelling condition, and the presence of services near riverine communities, whereas availability to diagnose and monitor hypertensive patients depend on the presence of healthcare providers, medications, and equipment and the integration of PHC with the local health care network. Although access to health is more complex than our research goals, the evaluated dimensions show weaknesses which are exacerbated by a context marked by socio-spatial disparities and absent public policies, compromising the guarantee of individuals' right to health.

Estudo de caso único com objetivo de compreender o acesso à atenção primária à saúde (APS) em relação à acessibilidade geográfica e disponibilidade em um município rural remoto do Amazonas, Brasil, para o cuidado à saúde voltado ao controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Realizou-se a análise temática como método de interpretação do conteúdo das 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com gestores municipais, profissionais da APS e usuários hipertensos. A acessibilidade geográfica está condicionada à mobilidade fluvial, disponibilidade de transporte, condição financeira dos usuários para deslocamento e presença dos serviços nas comunidades ribeirinhas. Na disponibilidade, a existência de profissionais de saúde, medicamentos, equipamentos e a integração da APS com a Rede de Atenção à Saúde refletem na oportunidade de diagnóstico e acompanhamento dos hipertensos. Não obstante o acesso à saúde seja mais complexo, as dimensões avaliadas mostram fragilidades exacerbadas pelo contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciais e ausência de políticas públicas, comprometendo a garantia do direito à saúde.

Este es un estudio de caso único con el objetivo de comprender el acceso a la atención primaria de salud (APS) en cuanto a la accesibilidad geográfica y la disponibilidad de asistencia en salud dirigida al control de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en un municipio rural lejano de Amazonas, Brasil. Se realizó un análisis temático para interpretar el contenido de 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas con gestores municipales, profesionales de la APS y usuarios hipertensos. La accesibilidad geográfica estuvo condicionada por la movilidad fluvial, la disponibilidad de transporte, la condición económica de los usuarios para el desplazamiento y la presencia de servicios en las comunidades ribereñas. En términos de disponibilidad, la existencia de profesionales de salud, medicamentos, equipos y la integración de la APS con la Red de Atención de Salud reflejan la oportunidad para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes hipertensos. A pesar de ser complejo el acceso a la salud, las dimensiones evaluadas muestran graves debilidades en un contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciales y la ausencia de políticas públicas, lo que compromete la garantía del derecho a la salud.

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Estudo de caso único com objetivo de compreender o acesso à atenção primária à saúde (APS) em relação à acessibilidade geográfica e disponibilidade em um município rural remoto do Amazonas, Brasil, para o cuidado à saúde voltado ao controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Realizou-se a análise temática como método de interpretação do conteúdo das 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com gestores municipais, profissionais da APS e usuários hipertensos. A acessibilidade geográfica está condicionada à mobilidade fluvial, disponibilidade de transporte, condição financeira dos usuários para deslocamento e presença dos serviços nas comunidades ribeirinhas. Na disponibilidade, a existência de profissionais de saúde, medicamentos, equipamentos e a integração da APS com a Rede de Atenção à Saúde refletem na oportunidade de diagnóstico e acompanhamento dos hipertensos. Não obstante o acesso à saúde seja mais complexo, as dimensões avaliadas mostram fragilidades exacerbadas pelo contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciais e ausência de políticas públicas, comprometendo a garantia do direito à saúde.

This single-case study aimed to evaluate access the geographic accessibility and availability of primary health care (PHC) in a remote rural municipality in Amazonas Stater, Brazil, to control systemic arterial hypertension. A thematic analysis was conducted to interpret the content of 11 semi-structured interviews with municipal managers, PHC professionals, and hypertensive healthcare users. Geographical accessibility is associated with river mobility, transportation availability, users' financial travelling condition, and the presence of services near riverine communities, whereas availability to diagnose and monitor hypertensive patients depend on the presence of healthcare providers, medications, and equipment and the integration of PHC with the local health care network. Although access to health is more complex than our research goals, the evaluated dimensions show weaknesses which are exacerbated by a context marked by socio-spatial disparities and absent public policies, compromising the guarantee of individuals' right to health.

Este es un estudio de caso único con el objetivo de comprender el acceso a la atención primaria de salud (APS) en cuanto a la accesibilidad geográfica y la disponibilidad de asistencia en salud dirigida al control de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en un municipio rural lejano de Amazonas, Brasil. Se realizó un análisis temático para interpretar el contenido de 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas con gestores municipales, profesionales de la APS y usuarios hipertensos. La accesibilidad geográfica estuvo condicionada por la movilidad fluvial, la disponibilidad de transporte, la condición económica de los usuarios para el desplazamiento y la presencia de servicios en las comunidades ribereñas. En términos de disponibilidad, la existencia de profesionales de salud, medicamentos, equipos y la integración de la APS con la Red de Atención de Salud reflejan la oportunidad para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes hipertensos. A pesar de ser complejo el acceso a la salud, las dimensiones evaluadas muestran graves debilidades en un contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciales y la ausencia de políticas públicas, lo que compromete la garantía del derecho a la salud.

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BACKGROUND: Malaria is a serious problem in children because the immune system is less developed, thus, causing more severe symptoms. This study aimed to identify factors associated with malaria in indigenous and non-indigenous patients aged under 15 years in Amazonas, Brazil, from 2007 to 2018. METHODS: An epidemiological, quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted. Cases included patients aged under 15 years, using data from health system notifications between 2007 and 2018 in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The variables included clinical-epidemiological, laboratory findings, and monitoring of cases. The outcome was ethnicity: indigenous, non-indigenous, and entries for which no ethnicity data were provided. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to compare the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. RESULTS: Among malaria cases in patients aged under 15 years, there was a greater chance of being indigenous and having the following associated factors: female sex, children aged 0-4 years, passive case surveillance, a high load of parasitemia and the lack of data regarding the level of parasitemia, Plasmodium falciparum infections were more frequent, and timeliness of treatment, i.e., the interval between the onset of symptoms and time of treatment was within 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with malaria are more frequent in indigenous populations and highlight differences according to ethnicity, suggesting that the severity of the disease is attributable to the increased number of malarial infections within this population. As a result, malaria has a greater impact on the health of indigenous people.

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ABSTRACT Background: Malaria is a serious problem in children because the immune system is less developed, thus, causing more severe symptoms. This study aimed to identify factors associated with malaria in indigenous and non-indigenous patients aged under 15 years in Amazonas, Brazil, from 2007 to 2018. Methods: An epidemiological, quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted. Cases included patients aged under 15 years, using data from health system notifications between 2007 and 2018 in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The variables included clinical-epidemiological, laboratory findings, and monitoring of cases. The outcome was ethnicity: indigenous, non-indigenous, and entries for which no ethnicity data were provided. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to compare the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. Results: Among malaria cases in patients aged under 15 years, there was a greater chance of being indigenous and having the following associated factors: female sex, children aged 0-4 years, passive case surveillance, a high load of parasitemia and the lack of data regarding the level of parasitemia, Plasmodium falciparum infections were more frequent, and timeliness of treatment, i.e., the interval between the onset of symptoms and time of treatment was within 48 hours. Conclusions: The factors associated with malaria are more frequent in indigenous populations and highlight differences according to ethnicity, suggesting that the severity of the disease is attributable to the increased number of malarial infections within this population. As a result, malaria has a greater impact on the health of indigenous people.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de implantação e de impacto do protocolo de vigilância do óbito por tuberculose (TB) em um município de grande porte e com elevada carga de TB. Para esta pesquisa avaliativa, elaborou-se um modelo lógico e matriz de julgamento. Os dados primários foram coletados a partir de um questionário aplicado aos profissionais e os dados secundários foram obtidos na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. O impacto da adoção do protocolo foi analisado pelos indicadores de resultados e a evolução das taxas de incidência e mortalidade por TB, a partir da regressão linear simples e variação percentual. O grau de implantação da vigilância do óbito com menção de TB identificado foi parcial (51%). Quanto à evolução dos indicadores de incidência e mortalidade por TB, observou-se tendência significativa de aumento da taxa da incidência de TB no período de 2006 a 2019. A mortalidade por TB e a proporção dos óbitos com confirmação laboratorial para TB apresentaram incremento após a implantação do protocolo, indicando aumento da vigilância. A implantação parcial da vigilância do óbito de TB indica necessidades de mudanças no processo de trabalho da equipe que gerencia o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e o Programa de Controle da TB municipal. As mudanças observadas demonstram mais qualificação das informações do óbito por TB, assim como a vigilância no diagnóstico da TB contribuiu para a definição de casos com confirmação laboratorial para TB.

The study aimed to assess the degree of implementation and impact of the protocol for surveillance of deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in a large city with a high TB burden. For this evaluative study, a log frame model with a assessment matrix was elaborated. Primary data were collected with a questionnaire applied to healthcare workers, and secondary data were obtained from the Manaus Municipal Health Department, Amazonas State, Brazil. The impact of the protocol's adoption was analyzed according to the indicators of results and evolution of TB incidence and mortality rates based on simple linear regression and percent change. The degree of implementation of surveillance of deaths with mention of TB was partial (51%). Evolution of TB incidence and mortality showed a significant upward trend in TB incidence from 2006 to 2019. TB mortality and the proportion of deaths with laboratory confirmation of TB showed an increase in the protocol's implementation, indicating an increase in surveillance. Partial implementation of TB mortality surveillance suggests the need for changes in the work processes of the team managing the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the Municipal TB Control Program. The changes demonstrate improvement of information on TB deaths and the contribution of surveillance of TB diagnosis to definition of cases with TB laboratory confirmation.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de implantación y de impacto del Protocolo de vigilancia de óbitos por tuberculosis (TB) en un municipio de gran tamaño y con elevada carga de TB. Para esta investigación evaluativa se elaboró un modelo lógico, así como una matriz de juicio. Los datos primarios se recogieron a partir de un cuestionario aplicado a profesionales y los datos secundarios se obtuvieron de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Manaos, Amazonas, Brasil. El impacto de la adopción del protocolo se analizó mediante indicadores de resultados, así como la evolución de las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por TB, a partir de una regresión lineal simple y variación porcentual. El grado de implantación de la vigilancia del óbito con mención de TB identificado fue parcial (51%). En cuanto a la evolución de los indicadores de incidencia y mortalidad por TB, se observó una tendencia significativa de aumento de la tasa de la incidencia de TB en el período de 2006 a 2019. La mortalidad por TB, así como la proporción de los óbitos con confirmación de laboratorio para TB presentaron un incremento tras la implantación del protocolo, indicando un aumento de la vigilancia. La implantación parcial de la vigilancia de óbitos por TB indica que son necesarios cambios en el proceso de trabajo del equipo que gestiona el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad y el Programa de Control de la TB municipal. Los cambios observados demuestran más cualificación respecto a la información del óbito por TB, así como la conclusión de que vigilancia en el diagnóstico de la TB contribuyó a la definición de casos con confirmación de TB por parte de laboratorios.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe the hematological profile of pregnant women with suspected Zika virus (ZIKV) infection followed up at a reference service for infectious diseases in Manaus, Brazil, through a clinical, epidemiological, cross-sectional study of pregnant women with an exanthematic manifestation who looked for care between 2015 and 2017. The participants were 499 pregnant women, classified into four subgroups, according to laboratory confirmation of infections: ZIKV-positive; ZIKV-positive and positive for another infection; positive for another infection but not ZIKV-positive; and not positive for any of the infections investigated. Hematological parameters were analyzed descriptively. The association between maternal infection and the hematological profile, along with the association between the maternal hematological profile and the gestational outcome, were tested. Similar hematic and platelet parameters were observed among pregnant women. However, a significant association was observed between low maternal lymphocyte count and a positive diagnosis for ZIKV (p < 0.001). The increase in maternal platelet count and the occurrence of unfavorable gestational outcome were positively associated. A similar hematic and platelet profile was identified among pregnant women, differing only in the low lymphocyte count among ZIKV-positive pregnant women. Regarding gestational outcomes, in addition to the damage caused by ZIKV infection, altered maternal platelets may lead to unfavorable outcomes, with the need for adequate follow-up during prenatal care.

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RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os elementos centrais e periféricos da estrutura das representações sociais do HIV/AIDS entre profissionais de saúde de diferentes categorias de escolaridade. Método: estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, apoiado pela teoria das representações sociais na vertente estrutural. Pesquisa desenvolvida com 58 profissionais de saúde de diferentes escolaridades, nível superior e médio, em cinco serviços na cidade de Manaus, AM, por meio da aplicação da técnica de associação livre e hierarquização de palavras ao termo indutor "HIV/AIDS". Os dados obtidos foram processados no software EVOC e a análise estrutural das representações. Resultados: ao se comparar as estruturas representacionais dos dois grupos de profissionais, verificou-se nos dois o predomínio de uma dimensão negativa presente no núcleo central e em alguns elementos periféricos de traços igualmente negativos com a presença de elementos positivos, principalmente fora do núcleo central. Verificou-se, no entanto, que se trata de uma mesma representação social que não apresenta diferenças estruturais em função de se tratar do grupo com nível médio ou superior de escolaridade. Conclusão: os elementos negativos que permanecem no núcleo central suscitam percepções convergentes entre os profissionais, o que indica necessidade de fortalecer a educação permanente com vistas a ampliar a reflexão sobre HIV/AIDS nas unidades e serviços especializados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los elementos centrales y periféricos de la estructura de las representaciones sociales del VIH/sida entre profesionales de salud de diferentes categorías de escolaridad. Método: estudio descriptivo-exploratorio de abordaje cualitativo, apoyado por la teoría de las representaciones sociales en la vertiente estructural. Investigación desarrollada con 58 profesionales de salud de diferentes escolaridades, nivel superior y secundario, en cinco servicios en la ciudad de Manaus, AM-Brasil, por medio de la aplicación de la técnica de asociación libre y jerarquización de palabras al término inductor "VIH/sida". Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados en el software EVOC y el análisis estructural de las representaciones. Resultados: al compararselas estructuras representacionales de los dos grupos de profesionales, se verificó, en ambos, el predominio de una dimensión negativa presente en el núcleo central y en algunos elementos periféricos de características igualmente negativas conla presencia de elementos positivos, principalmente fuera del núcleo central. Se constató, no obstante, que se trata de una misma representación social que no presenta diferencias estructurales por tratarse del grupo con nivel secundario o superior de escolaridad. Conclusión: los elementos negativos que permanecenen el núcleo central suscitan percepciones convergentes entre los profesionales, lo que indica la necesidad de fortalecer la educación permanente a fin de ampliar la reflexión sobre VIH/sidaen las unidades y servicios especializados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the central and peripheral elements of the structure of social representations of HIV/AIDS in health professionals from different categories of education. Method: a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach, supported by the theory of social representations in the structural aspect. It was developed with 58 health professionals from different education levels, higher and middle-level, in five services in the city of Manaus, AM, through the application of the technique of free association and hierarchization of words to the inductive term "HIV/AIDS". The data obtained were processed using the EVOC software and the structural analysis of the representations. Results: when comparing the representational structures of the two groups of professionals, there was a predominance of a negative dimension present in the central nucleus and some peripheral elements with equally negative features with the presence of positive elements, mainly outside the central nucleus. However, it is the same social representation that does not present structural differences because it is a group with a middle or higher level of education. Conclusion the negative elements that remain in the central nucleus raise converging perceptions among professionals, which indicates the need to strengthen permanent education, expanding the reflection on HIV/AIDS in specialized units and services.

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BACKGROUND: In Brazil malaria is most frequent in the Amazon region, mainly in the Amazonas state, where it is found the most proportion of indigenous people of the whole country. It is remarkable publications about malaria in the Amazon, although information on malaria in indigenous populations is still poorly explored. OBJECTIVE: Identify factors associated with malaria in indigenous populations. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of positive cases of malaria in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2007 to 2016. Secondary data were obtained from the Epidemiological Surveillance Information System for Malaria and from the Mortality Information System, both from Brazil. To tackle with race missing data, cases with no race fulfilled were classified according to the probable location where infection occurred. This way, was imputed indigenous race for those which the probable infection location was indigenous village (aldeia). Variables tested with race were: sex, age, schooling, microscope surveillance slide type, parasitic infection species, parasitemia level, and timeliness of treatment. Multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: A total of 1,055,852 cases of malaria were notified in the state of Amazonas. Among the factors that associate malaria and indigenous peoples, the most significant were sex, children and high levels of parasitemia. The magnitude of Plasmodium vivax infection is higher than Plasmodium falciparum, although this parasite was more frequent in indigenous than other races. In regards to mortality, 109 deaths were registered, most of them related to P. vivax. CONCLUSION: The findings underscore the importance of look at indigenous people differently of other races. The associated factors highlight a profile of cases severity, because of highest parasitemia, many cases of P. falciparum although high frequency of P. vivax, and children. Furthermore, the mortality in indigenous, specially in older people is worrying.

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OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the attributes of primary health care, care coordination and longitudinality, from the perception of the professional and patients in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: quantitative evaluative study, in which was used an external evaluation instrument with 469 professionals and 1,888 patients from 367 primary health care facilities that adhered to the Program for Improving Access and Quality of primary health care (Portuguese acronym: PMAQ) standardized by the Ministry of Health. Data were grouped by multivariate cluster analysis in order to find a classification of primary health care from the perspective of professionals and patients. RESULTS: the attributes of coordination and longitudinality are still expressed in a weak and undeveloped way in the Brazilian Amazon scenario. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary to recognize the organizational barriers and what could promote conditions for the performance of health care teams in the perspective of a continuous, integral and coordinated care.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the attributes of primary health care, care coordination and longitudinality, from the perception of the professional and patients in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: quantitative evaluative study, in which was used an external evaluation instrument with 469 professionals and 1,888 patients from 367 primary health care facilities that adhered to the Program for Improving Access and Quality of primary health care (Portuguese acronym: PMAQ) standardized by the Ministry of Health. Data were grouped by multivariate cluster analysis in order to find a classification of primary health care from the perspective of professionals and patients. Results: the attributes of coordination and longitudinality are still expressed in a weak and undeveloped way in the Brazilian Amazon scenario. Conclusions: it is necessary to recognize the organizational barriers and what could promote conditions for the performance of health care teams in the perspective of a continuous, integral and coordinated care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar los atributos de atención primaria de salud, longitudinalidad y coordinación del cuidado, a partir de la percepción del profesional y los pacientes en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: investigación evaluativa cuantitativa en la que se utilizó un instrumento de evaluación externa con 469 profesionales y 1.888 pacientes de 367 centros de atención primaria de salud, que se adhirieron al Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad de la atención primaria de salud estandarizado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Los datos se agruparon por análisis de grupos multivariados de cluster para encontrar una clasificación de la atención primaria de salud desde el punto de vista de profesionales y pacientes. Resultados: los atributos de coordinación y longitudinalidad todavía se expresan de manera débil y poco desarrollado en el escenario de la Amazonia brasileña. Conclusiones: es necesario reconocer las barreras organizativas y lo que puede promover las condiciones para que los equipos de atención primaria de salud actúen desde la perspectiva de una atención continua, integral y coordenada.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar os atributos da atenção básica, longitudinalidade e coordenação do cuidar, a partir da percepção do profissional e dos pacientes no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: pesquisa avaliativa quantitativa em que foi utilizado um instrumento de avaliação externa com 469 profissionais e 1.888 pacientes de 367 unidades básicas de saúde, que aderiram ao Programa de Melhoria de Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Primária à Saúde padronizados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os dados foram agrupados por análise multivariada de cluster para encontrar uma classificação da atenção primária à saúde sob o ponto de vista de profissionais e pacientes. Resultados: os atributos de coordenação e longitudinalidade ainda são expressos de forma fraca e pouco desenvolvida no cenário da Amazônia brasileira. Conclusões: é necessário reconhecer as barreiras organizacionais e o que pode promover condições para que as equipes de atenção primária à saúde atuem sob a perspectiva de um cuidado contínuo, integral e coordenado.

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OBJECTIVE: to describe the organization of health services for tuberculosis case diagnosis and treatment in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of 156 new tuberculosis cases diagnosed and residing in Manaus in 2014, characterized according to socioeconomic, demographic, health-disease process aspects, relationship with health services and treatment outcome, by administering individual questionnaires in the 1st and 6st months of treatment. RESULTS: some 70% of cases were diagnosed at the tuberculosis reference center; most of the cases were unaware that there was a community health agent in their neighborhood; regarding treatment follow-up, 55.3% had to join an appointment waiting list; only 67.3% of cases were monitored by the same professional throughout entire treatment. CONCLUSION: the findings indicate presence of barriers to case diagnosis and treatment, both in the referral center and also in primary healthcare units.

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American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is one of the most important but neglected infectious diseases, and can cause severe deformities. ATL incidence remains high in forest regions, such as in the Amazonas State, Brazil. However, differences within the State and over time have been observed, since infection patterns are not homogeneous, and these aspects need to be clarified. This study aimed to identify the epidemiological profile of ATL and its spatial and temporal distribution in the Brazilian Amazon, from 2010 to 2014. Data were extracted from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, which descriptively evaluates the incidence rate, as well as the temporal and spatial distribution of the disease. The highest prevalence of ATL was found in men and in the age group of 20-40 years. Approximately 95% of the cases were of cutaneous ATL and they were identified through direct examination. The spatial analysis has shown that ATL was widely distributed, both in rural and urban areas, and more concentrated in the Southern part of the State. Moreover, although there was an expansion in the spatial distribution and an increasing incidence of ATL in Amazonas, the epidemiological profile remained unchanged, suggesting that other factors must be responsible for its widespread distribution and increasing incidence.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) may be influenced by climate and environmental factors. Tocantins is the state with the highest incidence in Brazil, contributing to the increase in the number of cases in the North macro-region. This study seeks to identify the correlation between VL incidence rates and climate and environmental factors in the municipalities of the State of Tocantins between 2007 and 2014. Correlations between crude VL incidence rates and the variables elevation, precipitation, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and temperature were tested using the Global and Local Moran Indexes, while also identifying clusters of VL incidence. We tested a variance analysis for linear trend between variable means in each rate category. Results show an increase in incidence rates with an increase in values of annual precipitation, humidity, EVI and nighttime temperature; and an inverse relationship with elevation and daytime temperature. The clusters we identified show that climate and environmental variables are related to VL incidence. Other studies are needed that adjust for individual-related factors in order to gauge how much the environment, or human influence over it, impact the disease.

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Objetivo: descrever a organização dos serviços de saúde para diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos de tuberculose na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo de 156 casos novos de tuberculose diagnosticados e residentes em Manaus, em 2014, caracterizados quanto aos aspectos socioeconômicos, demográficos, processo saúde-doença, relação com os serviços de saúde e resultado do tratamento, mediante aplicação de questionários individuais no 1o e no 6o mês de tratamento. Resultados: cerca de 70% dos casos foram diagnosticados no centro de referência para tuberculose; a maioria deles desconhecia existir agente comunitário de saúde em seu bairro; quanto ao acompanhamento de tratamento, 55,3% necessitam ingressar em filas para marcação de consultas; somente 67,3% dos casos foram acompanhados pelo mesmo profissional durante todo o tratamento. Conclusão: os achados indicam presença de barreiras no diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos, tanto no centro de referência como nas unidades de atenção primária à saúde.

Objetivo: describir la organización de los servicios de salud para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de 156 casos nuevos de tuberculosis diagnosticados y residentes en Manaus en 2014, caracterizados cuanto a aspectos socioeconómicos, demográficos, proceso salud-enfermedad, relación con los servicios de salud y resultado del tratamiento, mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios individuales en el primero y el sexto mes de tratamiento. Resultados: aproximadamente 70% de los casos fueron diagnosticados en el centro de referencia para tuberculosis; la mayoría desconocía la existencia de un agente comunitario de salud del barrio; en cuanto al seguimiento de tratamiento, 55,3% necesitan obtener fichas para marcar las consultas; sólo un 67,3% de los casos fueron acompañados por el mismo profesional durante todo el tratamiento. Conclusión: los hallazgos indican la presencia de barreras para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de casos, sea en el centro de referencia o en unidades de atención primaria de salud.

Objective: to describe the organization of health services for tuberculosis case diagnosis and treatment in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: this was a descriptive study of 156 new tuberculosis cases diagnosed and residing in Manaus in 2014, characterized according to socioeconomic, demographic, health-disease process aspects, relationship with health services and treatment outcome, by administering individual questionnaires in the 1st and 6st months of treatment. Results: some 70% of cases were diagnosed at the tuberculosis reference center; most of the cases were unaware that there was a community health agent in their neighborhood; regarding treatment follow-up, 55.3% had to join an appointment waiting list; only 67.3% of cases were monitored by the same professional throughout entire treatment. Conclusion: the findings indicate presence of barriers to case diagnosis and treatment, both in the referral center and also in primary healthcare units.

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Resumo: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) pode ser influenciada por fatores climáticos e ambientais. Tocantins é o estado com mais incidência no Brasil, contribuindo para o aumento dos casos na macrorregião Norte. Este estudo tem objetivo de identificar a correlação entre a taxa de incidência de LV e fatores climáticos e ambientais, nos municípios do Estado do Tocantins de 2007 a 2014. As correlações entre a taxa de incidência bruta de LV e as variáveis elevação, precipitação, Índice de Vegetação Melhorado (EVI - Enhanced Vegetation Index) e temperatura foram testadas por meio dos índices de Moran Global e Local, identificando também clusters de incidência de LV. A análise de variância para tendência linear foi testada entre as médias das variáveis em cada categoria da taxa. Os resultados apontam aumento nas taxas de incidência, na medida em que aumentam os valores de precipitação anual, umidade, EVI e temperatura noturna; e uma relação inversa para a elevação e temperatura diurna. Os clusters identificados evidenciam que variáveis climáticas e ambientais se relacionam à incidência de LV, devendo haver outros estudos que ajustem os fatores associados aos sujeitos, a fim de dimensionar o quanto o ambiente ou a influência do homem nele impacta na doença.

Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) may be influenced by climate and environmental factors. Tocantins is the state with the highest incidence in Brazil, contributing to the increase in the number of cases in the North macro-region. This study seeks to identify the correlation between VL incidence rates and climate and environmental factors in the municipalities of the State of Tocantins between 2007 and 2014. Correlations between crude VL incidence rates and the variables elevation, precipitation, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and temperature were tested using the Global and Local Moran Indexes, while also identifying clusters of VL incidence. We tested a variance analysis for linear trend between variable means in each rate category. Results show an increase in incidence rates with an increase in values of annual precipitation, humidity, EVI and nighttime temperature; and an inverse relationship with elevation and daytime temperature. The clusters we identified show that climate and environmental variables are related to VL incidence. Other studies are needed that adjust for individual-related factors in order to gauge how much the environment, or human influence over it, impact the disease.

Resumen: La leishmaniasis visceral (LV) puede estar influenciada por factores climáticos y ambientales. Tocantins es el estado con más incidencia en Brasil, contribuyendo al aumento de casos en la macrorregión Norte. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la correlación entre la tasa de incidencia de LV y los factores climáticos y ambientales, en municipios del Estado de Tocantins de 2007 a 2014. Las correlaciones entre la tasa de incidencia bruta de LV y las variables elevación, precipitación, Índice Mejorado de Vegetación (EVI - Enhanced Vegetation Index) y temperatura se comprobaron mediante los Índices de Moran Global y Local, identificando también clústeres de incidencia de LV. El análisis de varianza para la tendencia lineal se probó entre las medias de las variables en cada categoría de la tasa. Los resultados apuntan un aumento en las tasas de incidencia, a medida que aumentan los valores de precipitación anual, humedad, EVI y temperatura nocturna; y una relación inversa respecto a la elevación y temperatura diurna. Los clústeres identificados evidencian qué variables climáticas y ambientales se relacionan con la incidencia de LV, para lo que deben existir otros estudios que ajusten los factores asociados a los sujetos, con el fin de dimensionar lo mucho que el ambiente o la influencia del hombre impacta en la enfermedad.

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Abstract Objective: To identify if nurses' home visits recorded by the family health strategy are proportional to the registered population and the population covered by the family health team, and its relationship with the rate of hospitalization for conditions sensitive to primary health care. Method: Secondary data were gathered from the Information Systems of Primary Care and Hospitalization regarding potential population coverage, number of visits done, hospitalizations for diseases sensitive to primary health care. An exploratory analysis was performed with data grouping for triennium (2010-2012 and 2013-2015) and assignment of scores for each variable, creating the classification strata in: low, medium and high. Results: It was identified that the number of registered home visits does not meet the estimated population coverage as well as does not impact on the admissions sensitive to primary health care. Conclusion and implications for practice: Even with high coverage of the family health strategy, home visits are not the main focus of nurses yet. Home visits should be used as a tool for disease prevention and health promotion, which may explain the non-reduction of hospitalizations sensitive to primary health care.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar si las visitas domiciliarias registradas en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia son proporcionales a la población registrada y la población cubierta por la estrategia, y su relación con la tasa de internación por condiciones sensibles a la atención básica. Método: Se recogieron datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de la Atención Básica y Sistemas de Información Hospitalaria con respecto a: cobertura poblacional potencial, número de visitas realizadas, internaciones por enfermedades sensibles a la atención básica. Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis exploratorio con agrupación de los datos por trienio (2010-12 y 2013-15) y asignación de escores para cada variable, permitiendo establecer la clasificación en baja, media y alta. Resultados: Se identificó que la cantidad de visitas domiciliarias registradas no atiende la cobertura poblacional estimada así como no impacta en las internaciones sensibles a la atención básica. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: A pesar de la elevada cobertura de la estrategia salud de la familia, las visitas domiciliarias aún no son el principal foco de los enfermeros. Las visitas domiciliarias deberían ser utilizadas como herramienta de prevención de enfermedades y promoción de la salud, lo que quizá explique la no reducción de las internaciones sensibles a la atención básica.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar se as visitas domiciliares registradas pela estratégia saúde da família são proporcionais à população registrada e à população coberta pela estratégia, e sua relação com a taxa de internação por condições sensíveis a atenção básica. Método: Foram coletados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares referentes a: cobertura populacional potencial, número de visitas realizadas, internações por doenças sensíveis a atenção básica. Foi realizada análise exploratória com agrupamento dos dados por triênio (2010-2012 e 2013-2015) e atribuição de escores para cada variável, permitindo estabelecer a classificação a baixa, média e alta. Resultados: Identificou-se que a quantidade de visitas domiciliares registradas não atende a cobertura populacional estimada, assim como não impacta nas internações sensíveis à atenção básica. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Mesmo com elevada cobertura da estratégia saúde da família, as visitas domiciliares ainda não são o principal foco dos enfermeiros. As visitas domiciliares deveriam ser utilizadas como ferramenta de prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde, o que talvez explique a não redução das internações sensíveis à atenção básica.

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RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o perfil dos enfermeiros que atuam junto às populações indígena e não indígena do Alto Rio Negro, Estado do Amazonas. Método: Estudo de caráter quantitativo, com coleta de dados por meio de questionário aplicado a 84 enfermeiros, em sua maioria do sexo feminino, pardos, casados, cujas análises estatísticas de associação comparam os profissionais conforme forma de contrato. Resultados: Constatou-se que as principais diferenças entre os grupos referem-se à idade (P=0,043), contratação por Organização Não Governamental, contrato temporário para prestação de serviços e educação permanente (P=0,003). Esta última tem elevada frequência de oferta aos profissionais (80,9%). Destaca-se a variedade de formação complementar, em detrimento do campo da saúde da família e da saúde indígena (8,5% e 5,9%, respectivamente). Resultados: Indicam necessidade de reorientação quanto à formação e atuação dos profissionais, assim como o direcionamento de ações que considerem especificidades epidemiológicas, operacionais e culturais da população na região.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el perfil de los enfermeros que actúan junto a los pueblos indígena y no indígena del Alto Rio Negro, Estado de Amazonas-Brasil. Método: Estudio de carácter cuantitativo, con recolección de datos por medio de cuestionario aplicado a 84 enfermeros, en su mayoría del sexo femenino, pardos, casados, cuyos análisis estadísticos de asociación comparan a los profesionales según la forma de contrato. Resultados: Se constató que las principales diferencias entre los grupos se refieren a la edad (P=0,043), contratación por Organización no gubernamental, contrato temporario para prestación de servicios y educación permanente (P=0,003). Esta última tiene elevada frecuencia de oferta a los profesionales (80,9%). Se destaca la variedad de formación complementaria, en detrimento del campo de la salud de la familia y de la salud indígena (8,5% y 5,9%, respectivamente). Conclusíón: Resultados indican la necesidad de reorientación en cuanto a la formación y actuación de los profesionales, así como la orientación de acciones que consideren especificidades epidemiológicas, operacionales y culturales de la población en la región.

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aims to characterize the profile of nurses who work with the indigenous and non-indigenous population of Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas. Method: quantitative study was carried out, with data collected through a questionnaire applied to 84 nurses, most of them are female, brown, married, and whose statistical analysis of association have compared the professionals according to the form of contract. Results: It was observed that the main differences between the groups were age (P = 0.043), hiring by Non-Governmental Organization, temporary contract for services and permanent education (P = 0.003). The permanent education has a high frequency of offer to professionals (80.9%). It is worth mentioning the variety of complementary training to the detriment of the field of family health and indigenous health (8.5% and 5.9%, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicate the need for reorientation regarding the training and performance of professionals, as well as the direction of actions that consider the epidemiological, operational and cultural specificities of the population in the region.