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BACKGROUND: Diabetic Foot is a severe chronic complication of diabetes and an important factor in the morbidity of diabetic people, resulting in high health costs and increased risk of death. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with diabetic foot in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. METHOD: Systematic literature review. Searches in MedLine via PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases were performed. Inclusion of 52 studies. The R program, Metan packages, was used to calculate the meta-analysis. Given the heterogeneity of studies, the random effect was used to calculate the meta-analysis of risk factors. RESULTS: The meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of diabetic foot was 14% in a hospital setting and 5% in a community setting. The overall prevalence and incidence were 9% and 4%, respectively. Significant risk factors included time of DM (odds ratio [OR] =1.46, confidence interval [CI], 0.36-2.57, P = 0.009), smoking (OR = 1.46, CI, 1.16 -1.85, P< .001), glycated hemoglobin (OR = 0.96, CI, 0.50; 1.42, P< .001), peripheral arterial disease (OR = 3.38, CI, 2.07; 5.53, P < .001) and peripheral neuropathy (OR = 5.88, CI, 2.39-14.45, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary monitoring, educational strategies, periodic foot examination for alterations, and early identification of risk factors are essential to prevent ulceration and reduce the disease burden.

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Breast abscesses can be a complication of infectious mastitis or the first presentation of a breast infection, presenting as pain, erythema, and a lump. Actinomycosis is a rare chronic disease caused by anaerobic branched filamentous gram-positive bacteria belonging to the Actinomyces genus. It is usually found in the human mouth, digestive tract, and genital tract but can also cause breast abscesses. Actinomycosis affecting the breast is a rare condition that typically occurs as a secondary infection resulting from a pulmonary infection. It is primary when inoculation occurs through the nipple. This report describes the case of a 48-year-old institutionalized female with periareolar swelling in the right breast that had been evolving for approximately two months. The abscess was drained, and the aspirated material contained Actinomyces neuii, a gram-positive bacterium. Actinomycosis of the breast can manifest as either a sinus tract or mass-like features that closely resemble malignancy. The clinical presentation can pose challenges in distinguishing between primary actinomycosis, mastitis, and inflammatory carcinoma. Treatment consists of drainage with needle aspiration or surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy.

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Leiomyomas are benign tumours of smooth muscle cells that most often affect the female genital tract, but their metastasis to extra-uterine locations represent rare, yet misunderstood phenomena. The authors present a clinical case of a 42-year-old woman, who underwent a hysterectomy 15 years ago due to myomas, admitted with multiple pulmonary nodules and abdominal mass, diagnosed by imaging tests, in the context of haemoptysis. The anatomopathological exams of the pulmonary and abdominal lesions were compatible with the diagnosis of benign metastatic leiomyoma. Benign metastatic leiomyoma is a rare condition that particularly affects women of childbearing age, with a history of hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Hence, this entity must be considered in the differential diagnosis of women with pulmonary nodules of uncertain aetiology.

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Este artigo objetiva refletir, a partir da teoria do amadurecimento de Winnicott, sobre as implicações da pandemia de Covid-19 e das medidas de isolamento social para a saúde mental dos adolescentes. Algumas das vivências paradoxais dos adolescentes frente à pandemia são: necessidade de separação dos pais ou cuidadores e confinamento; necessidade de convivência grupal e isolamento social; necessidade de cuidado continuado da sociedade e fechamento ou mudanças em prioridades de atendimentos em serviços. Tal população vivencia a impossibilidade de realização dos processos saudáveis do amadurecimento, inseridos em um ambiente invasivo e pouco sustentador, o que pode provocar uma geração de adultos adoecida e caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento do falso Self. Este estudo lança luz sobre a vida ideoafetiva de uma população que tem sido pouco olhada durante a pandemia e traz importantes reflexões para as práticas interprofissionais voltadas aos adolescentes. (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar, a partir de la teoría de la maduración de Winnicott, sobre las implicaciones de la pandemia de Covid-19 y de las medidas de aislamiento social para la salud mental de los adolescentes. Algunas de las vivencias paradojales de los adolescentes delante de la pandemia son: necesidad de separación de los padres o cuidadores y confinamiento, necesidad de convivencia grupal y aislamiento social, necesidad de cuidado continuado de la sociedad y cierre o cambios en prioridades de atención en servicios. Esa población vive la imposibilidad de realización de los procesos saludables de maduración, inseridos en un ambiente invasivo y poco sustentador, lo que puede causar una generación de adultos enferma y caracterizada por el desarrollo del falso self. Este estudio lanza luz sobre la vida ideoafectiva de una población que ha sido poco considerada durante la pandemia y brinda importantes reflexiones para las prácticas interprofesionales enfocadas en los adolescentes. (AU)

This article aims to reflect, based on Winnicott's theory of maturation, on the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and measures of social isolation in the adolescents' mental health. Some of the adolescents' paradoxical experiences when facing the pandemic are: need for separation from parents or caregivers and confinement; need for group coexistence and social isolation; need for continued care by society and blockage or changes in service priorities. This population experiences the impossibility of carrying out the healthy processes of maturation, inserted in an invasive and scarcely supportive environment, which may result in a generation of sick adults and adults characterized by the development of a false self. This study sheds light on the ideo-affective life of a population that has been overlooked during the pandemic and brings important reflections on interprofessional practices aimed at adolescents. (AU)

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Objetivo: Descrever o processo de construção e validação de conteúdo de uma cartilha educativa voltada para a orientação sobre alimentação saudável de pacientes com diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica com levantamento bibliográfico, elaboração e validação do material por especialistas no assunto. Os sete juízes possuíam especialização em diabetes e/ou com, no mínimo, dois anos de experiência na área, sendo duas enfermeiras, uma fisioterapeuta e quatro nutricionistas. Os itens avaliativos da cartilha consistiam em: objetivo, conteúdo, linguagem, relevância, ilustrações, layout, motivação e cultura, sendo cada item analisado separadamente através de escala tipo Likert. A análise da validação da tecnologia educativa foi realizada por meio da utilização do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC), com recomendação do ponto de corte superior a 0,78. Resultados: A cartilha educativa apresentou IVC global de 0,96. Apenas dois itens apresentaram valores de IVC abaixo do limite adotado. Os juízes realizaram observações referentes à aparência e ao conteúdo para o aperfeiçoamento da cartilha, as quais foram acatadas para a versão final. Conclusão: A cartilha educativa para orientação nutricional de pacientes com diabetes mellitus foi construída e validada em termos de aparência e conteúdo por juízes, devendo, assim, ser considerada para aperfeiçoar a adesão à terapia nutricional. Dessa forma, o material servirá de suporte aos profissionais e aos portadores de diabetes, para que superem as dificuldades que permeiam o autocuidado referente à alimentação para o controle da doença.(AU)

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Computed tomography, which uses ionizing radiation and expensive software packages for analysis of scans, can be used to quantify abdominal fat. The objective of this study is to measure abdominal fat with 3T MRI using free software for image analysis and to correlate these findings with anthropometric and laboratory parameters in adolescents. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 24 overweight/obese and 33 healthy adolescents (mean age 16.55 years). All participants underwent abdominal MRI exams. Visceral and subcutaneous fat area and percentage were correlated with anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance. Student's t test and Mann-Whitney's test was applied. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare proportions. To determine associations Pearson's linear correlation or Spearman's correlation were used. RESULTS: In both groups, waist circumference (WC) was associated with visceral fat area (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01 respectively), and triglycerides were associated with fat percentage (P = 0.046 and P = 0.071 respectively). In obese individuals, total cholesterol/HDL ratio was associated with visceral fat area (P = 0.03) and percentage (P = 0.09), and insulin and HOMA-IR were associated with visceral fat area (P = 0.001) and percentage (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: 3T MRI can provide reliable and good quality images for quantification of visceral and subcutaneous fat by using a free software package. The results demonstrate that WC is a good predictor of visceral fat in obese adolescents and visceral fat area is associated with total cholesterol/HDL ratio, insulin and HOMA-IR.

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Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting women. Despite the good prognosis when detected early, significant challenges remain in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The recruitment of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-H+-ATPase) to the plasma membrane, where it mediates the acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME), is a recognized feature involved in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype in breast cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of this pump have emerged as promising anticancer drugs. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a natural pro-apoptotic iron-binding glycoprotein with strong anticancer activity whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. Here, we show that bovine Lf (bLf) preferentially induces apoptosis in the highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines Hs 578T and MDA-MB-231, which display a prominent localisation of V-H+-ATPase at the plasma membrane, but not in the lowly metastatic T-47D or in the non-tumorigenic MCF-10-2A cell lines. We also demonstrate that bLf decreases the extracellular acidification rate and causes intracellular acidification in metastatic breast cancer cells and, much like the well-known proton pump inhibitors concanamycin A and bafilomycin A1, inhibits V-H+-ATPase in sub-cellular fractions. These data further support that bLf targets V-H+-ATPase and explain the selectivity of bLf for cancer cells, especially for highly metastatic breast cancer cells. Altogether, our results pave the way for more rational in vivo studies aiming to explore this natural non-toxic compound for metastatic breast cancer therapy.

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A amenorreia secundária é uma das causas frequentes de consulta médica feminina. Diante desse desafio diagnóstico, o médico deve realizar a investigação de forma sistematizada, seguindo ordem adequada de raciocínio lógico. O objetivo é definir corretamente a causa etiológica, evitando procedimentos desnecessários, a fim de tratar a patologia de base.

Secondary amenorrhea represents a frequent cause of female consultation. Considering the possible multifactorial etiology an objective as well as rational approach should be taking into consideration. The main purpose of this particular study is accurate diagnosis achievement, avoiding superfluous and unnecessary procedures.

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A pancreatite aguda (PA) tem uma prevalência elevada, sendo uma causa frequente de internação hospitalar. Revisaremos as diferentes formas de pancreatite aguda, bem como as coleções peripancreáticas. As nomenclaturas atualizadas pela Classificação de Atlanta padronizam a terminologia dos achados avaliados por tomografia computadorizada (TC) com contraste, o que é essencial para um diálogo uniforme entre todas as especialidades, facilitando o entendimento e o manejo desta patologia.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) has a high prevalence and is a frequent cause of hospitalization. We will review the different forms of acute pancreatitis, as well as Peripancreatic collections. Nomenclatures updated by Atlanta Classification standardize the terminology of the findings evaluated by computed tomography (CT) with contrast, which is essential for a uniform dialogue between all specialties, facilitating the understanding and management of this condition.

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The efficiency of Petrifilm AC (3M Microbiology, St. Paul, MN, USA) associated with the broths M17 and de Mann-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) at pH 5.4 was evaluated to enumerate Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus during the yogurt production. Commercial and reference strains of these microorganisms were experimentally inoculated in nonfat milk and incubated at 42 degrees C for 4 h for yogurt production. At the moment of inoculation and after incubation, aliquots were collected, submitted to dilution using the broths M17 and MRS at pH 5.4, and plated for Strep. salivarius and Lb. bulgaricus enumeration according ISO 9232 and at Petrifilm AC plates, respectively. M17 plates were incubated at 42 degrees C, and MRS plates were incubated at 35 degrees C under anaerobiosis. After 48 h, the formed colonies were enumerated and the counts were compared by correlation and analysis of variance (P<0.05). In addition, colonies were randomly selected from all plates and characterized according to Gram staining and morphology. The obtained results indicated that Petrifilm AC plates associated to M17 and MRS at pH 5.4 can be considered as a suitable alternative for Strep. salivarius and Lb. bulgaricus enumeration during yogurt production, with slight interferences due to the acidity of MRS at the moment of inoculation, and due to the acidity of yogurt at the end of fermentation process. It was also observed that the MRS at pH 5.4 was not sufficiently selective for Lb. delbrueckii enumeration, despite it is indicated by the official protocol from ISO 9232.

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Estudos transversais recentes mostraram alta prevalência de doenças crônicas e incapacidades físicas entre idosos. Considerando o rápido processo de envelhecimento do Brasil e as conseqüências que esse aumento de idosos com doenças crônicas e incapacidades associadas acarretará para o sistema de saúde, fazia-se necessário estudo que pudesse superar as limitaçöes dos dados transversais, permitindo determinar quais os fatores determinantes de uma vida longa e livre de doenças incapacitantes, o chamado envelhecimento bem sucedido. É apresentada a metodologia do primeiro estudo epidemiológico longitudinal com idosos residentes na comunidade, no Brasil. O perfil do cohorte inicial é comparado com dados de estudos anteriores a com o perfil dos näo respondentes para avaliar a validade de análises longitudinais futuras. O projeto EPIDOSO (Epidemiologia do Idoso) seguiu por dois anos 1.667 idosos (65+), residentes em Säo Paulo. Consistiu de duas ondas, cada qual com três inquéritos: domiciliar, clínico e laboratorial. O perfil da populaçäo näo diferiu de estudos anteriores, mostrando maioria de mulheres, viúvas, vivendo em domicílios multigeracionais, com uma alta prevalência de doenças crônicas, distúrbios psiquiátricos e incapacidades físicas. A despeito de todas as dificuldades inerentes a um estudo longitudinal, o grupo de näo-respondentes ao segundo inquérito domiciliar näo diferiu significativamente dos respondentes, assegurando análises longitudinais livres desse tipo de viés. Em relaçäo aos inquéritos clínico e laboratorial, os näo-respondentes mostraram-se mais velhos e mais incapacitados que os respondentes, limitando o uso dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais a análises pertinentes a uma cohorte mais jovem e saudável. Sexo, educaçäo, apoio familiar e nível socioeconômico näo influenciaram de forma significativa a taxa de näo-resposta, ao contrário do que se costuma verificar

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