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This prospective study aims to evaluate dental pain, anxiety, and catastrophizing levels in pregnant women undergoing root canal treatment. Sixty pregnant and non-pregnant women presenting dental pain and an indication for root canal treatment were included in the study. Dental anxiety and catastrophizing were investigated using validated questionnaires. The endodontic intervention was performed, and a numerical scale measured preoperative and postoperative dental pain. The results were analyzed using STATA software 12.0. Unadjusted analyses assessed the association between pregnancy and pain, anxiety, and catastrophizing levels. Multiple linear regression models using 'forward stepwise' entry procedures were used to assess the independent effects of variables on pain scores. The significance level was set at 0.05. Initially, most patients experienced intense dental pain. The levels of dental pain, dental anxiety, and catastrophizing did not differ between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Logistic regression showed that postoperative pain was associated with irreversible pulpitis diagnosis (OR = 4.78; 95%CI 1.55-13.55) and high catastrophizing levels (OR = 1.96; 95%CI 1.01-3.84). Preoperative and postoperative pain rates and anxiety and catastrophizing were similar between pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Postoperative pain was associated with irreversible pulpitis diagnosis and high catastrophizing levels. The similarity between pregnant and non-pregnant women regarding preoperative and postoperative dental pain and catastrophizing and anxiety levels supports the indication of root canal treatment during the gestational period whenever necessary.
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Catastrofización , Ansiedad al Tratamiento Odontológico , Dimensión del Dolor , Dolor Postoperatorio , Tratamiento del Conducto Radicular , Odontalgia , Humanos , Femenino , Tratamiento del Conducto Radicular/psicología , Embarazo , Adulto , Estudios Prospectivos , Ansiedad al Tratamiento Odontológico/psicología , Dolor Postoperatorio/psicología , Catastrofización/psicología , Adulto Joven , Odontalgia/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicología , Modelos Logísticos , Pulpitis/psicología , Pulpitis/cirugía , Pulpitis/terapia , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway mediated by highly conserved autophagy-related genes (Atgs). In our previous work, we showed that inhibiting autophagy under starvation conditions leads to significant physiological changes in the insect vector of Chagas disease Rhodnius prolixus; these changes include triacylglycerol (TAG) retention in the fat body, reduced survival and impaired locomotion and flight capabilities. Herein, because it is known that autophagy can be modulated in response to various stimuli, we further investigated the role of autophagy in the fed state, following blood feeding. Interestingly, the primary indicator for the presence of autophagosomes, the lipidated form of Atg8 (Atg8-II), displayed 20%-50% higher autophagic activation in the first 2 weeks after feeding compared to the third week when digestion was complete. Despite the elevated detection of autophagosomes, RNAi-mediated suppression of RpAtg6 and RpAtg8 did not cause substantial changes in TAG or protein levels in the fat body or the flight muscle during blood digestion. We also found that knockdown of RpAtg6 and RpAtg8 led to modest modulations in the gene expression of essential enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and did not significantly stimulate the expression of the chaperones BiP and PDI, which are the main effectors of the unfolded protein response. These findings indicate that impaired autophagy leads to slight disturbances in lipid metabolism and general cell proteostasis. However, the ability of insects to fly during forced flight until exhaustion was reduced by 60% after knockdown of RpAtg6 and RpAtg8. This change was accompanied by TAG and protein increases as well as decreased ATP levels in the fat body and flight muscle, indicating that autophagy during digestion, i.e., under fed conditions, is necessary to sustain high-performance activity.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a need to consolidate reporting guidance for nutrition randomised controlled trial (RCT) protocols. The reporting completeness in nutrition RCT protocols and study characteristics associated with adherence to SPIRIT and TIDieR reporting guidelines are unknown. We, therefore, assessed reporting completeness and its potential predictors in a random sample of published nutrition and diet-related RCT protocols. METHODS: We conducted a meta-research study of 200 nutrition and diet-related RCT protocols published in 2019 and 2021 (aiming to consider periods before and after the start of the COVID pandemic). Data extraction included bibliometric information, general study characteristics, compliance with 122 questions corresponding to items and subitems in the SPIRIT and TIDieR checklists combined, and mention to these reporting guidelines in the publications. We calculated the proportion of protocols reporting each item and the frequency of items reported for each protocol. We investigated associations between selected publication aspects and reporting completeness using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The majority of protocols included adults and elderly as their study population (n = 73; 36.5%), supplementation as intervention (n = 96; 48.0%), placebo as comparator (n = 89; 44.5%), and evaluated clinical status as the outcome (n = 80; 40.0%). Most protocols described a parallel RCT (n = 188; 94.0%) with a superiority framework (n = 141; 70.5%). Overall reporting completeness was 52.0% (SD = 10.8%). Adherence to SPIRIT items ranged from 0% (n = 0) (data collection methods) to 98.5% (n = 197) (eligibility criteria). Adherence to TIDieR items ranged from 5.5% (n = 11) (materials used in the intervention) to 98.5% (n = 197) (description of the intervention). The multivariable regression analysis suggests that a higher number of authors [ß = 0.53 (95%CI: 0.28-0.78)], most recent published protocols [ß = 3.19 (95%CI: 0.24-6.14)], request of reporting guideline checklist during the submission process by the journal [ß = 6.50 (95%CI: 2.56-10.43)] and mention of SPIRIT by the authors [ß = 5.15 (95%CI: 2.44-7.86)] are related to higher reporting completeness scores. CONCLUSIONS: Reporting completeness in a random sample of 200 diet or nutrition-related RCT protocols was low. Number of authors, year of publication, self-reported adherence to SPIRIT, and journals' endorsement of reporting guidelines seem to be positively associated with reporting completeness in nutrition and diet-related RCT protocols.
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Protocolos de Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Dieta , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Humanos , Lista de Verificación/normas , Proyectos de Investigación/normas , SARS-CoV-2 , Políticas Editoriales , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Guías como AsuntoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of different front-of-package labelling (FOPL) schemes on the objective understanding of the nutritional content and intention to purchase products, in Panama. DESIGN: Single-blinded multi-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Supermarkets across Panama. Participants were exposed to two-dimensional images of fifteen mock-up products presented at random and balanced orders. Participants assigned to the intervention groups were exposed to mock-ups featuring one FOPL scheme: black octagonal warning labels (OWL), traffic-light labelling (TFL) or guideline daily amounts (GDA). The control group was not exposed to any FOPL scheme. PARTICIPANTS: Adult supermarket shoppers (n 1200). Participants were blinded to group assignment. RESULTS: A similar number of participants were randomised and analysed in each group: OWL (n 300), TFL (n 300), GDA (n 300) and control (n 300). The odds of choosing to purchase the least harmful or none of the options more often was the highest in the OWL group. Compared with the control group, these odds were two times higher in the OWL group (OR 2·13, 95 % CI 1·60, 2·84) and 57 % higher in the TFL (1·57, 1·40-2·56), with no changes in the GDA (0·97, 0·73-1·29). OWL also resulted in the highest odds for correctly identifying the least harmful option and for correctly identifying a product with excessive amounts of sugars, sodium and/or saturated fats. CONCLUSIONS: OWL performed best in helping shoppers to correctly identify when a product contained excessive amounts of nutrients of concern, to correctly identify the least harmful option and to decide to purchase the least harmful or none of the options, more often.
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Comportamiento del Consumidor , Etiquetado de Alimentos , Intención , Valor Nutritivo , Supermercados , Humanos , Etiquetado de Alimentos/métodos , Panamá , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Método Simple Ciego , Persona de Mediana Edad , Conducta de Elección , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Adulto Joven , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en SaludRESUMEN
The innate immune system, a cornerstone for organismal resilience against environmental and microbial insults, is highly conserved across the evolutionary spectrum, underpinning its pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring survival. This review explores the evolutionary parallels between mammalian and insect innate immune systems, illuminating how investigations into these disparate immune landscapes have been reciprocally enlightening. We further delve into how advancements in mammalian immunology have enriched our understanding of insect immune responses, highlighting the intertwined evolutionary narratives and the shared molecular lexicon of immunity across these organisms. Therefore, this review posits a holistic understanding of innate immune mechanisms, including immunometabolism, autophagy and cell death. The examination of how emerging insights into mammalian and vertebrate immunity inform our understanding of insect immune responses and their implications for vector-borne disease transmission showcases the imperative for a nuanced comprehension of innate immunity's evolutionary tale. This understanding is quintessential for harnessing innate immune mechanisms' potential in devising innovative disease mitigation strategies and promoting organismal health across the animal kingdom.
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Evolución Biológica , Inmunidad Innata , Insectos , Mamíferos , Animales , Insectos/inmunología , Mamíferos/inmunología , Autofagia/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Innate immunity is present in all animals. In this review, we explore the main conserved mechanisms of recognition and innate immune responses among animals. In this sense, we discuss the receptors, critical for binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); the downstream signaling proteins; and transcription factors that govern immune responses. We also highlight conserved inflammatory mediators that are induced after the recognition of DAMPs and PAMPs. At last, we discuss the mechanisms that are involved in the regulation and/or generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), influencing immune responses, like heme-oxygenases (HOs).
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Inmunidad Innata , Moléculas de Patrón Molecular Asociado a Patógenos , Animales , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Alérgenos , Factores de Transcripción , Proteínas PortadorasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in low- and middle-income countries is linked to an increase in Western diet consumption, characterized by a high intake of processed foods, which impacts the levels of blood sugar and lipids, hormones, and cytokines. Hematophagous insect vectors, such as the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, rely on blood meals for reproduction and development and are therefore exposed to the components of blood plasma. However, the impact of the alteration of blood composition due to malnutrition and metabolic conditions on mosquito biology remains understudied. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the impact of whole-blood alterations resulting from a Western-type diet on the biology of Ae. aegypti. We kept C57Bl6/J mice on a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 20 weeks and followed biological parameters, including plasma insulin and lipid levels, insulin tolerance, and weight gain, to validate the development of metabolic syndrome. We further allowed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to feed on mice and tracked how altered host blood composition modulated parameters of vector capacity. RESULTS: Our findings identified that HFHS-fed mice resulted in reduced mosquito longevity and increased fecundity upon mosquito feeding, which correlated with alteration in the gene expression profile of nutrient sensing and physiological and metabolic markers as studied up to several days after blood ingestion. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides new insights into the overall effect of alterations of blood components on mosquito biology and its implications for the transmission of infectious diseases in conditions where the frequency of Western diet-induced metabolic syndromes is becoming more frequent. These findings highlight the importance of addressing metabolic health to further understand the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses in endemic areas.
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Aedes , Insulinas , Síndrome Metabólico , Enfermedades de los Roedores , Animales , Ratones , Longevidad , Aedes/genética , Dieta Occidental , Mosquitos Vectores/genética , Fertilidad , Vertebrados , Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Ultra-processed food products (UPF) have been related to chronic diseases (CD). Public health politics has been establishing strategies to decrease the consumption of these products in the country. OBJECTIVES: i) To assess the trend of the consumption of UPF between 2005 and 2015. (ii) its association with sociodemographic factors and the overall dietary content of nutrients related to CD in 2015. (iii) to estimate the Population Attributable Fraction of unhealthy nutrient intake in Colombia in 2015 due to ultra-processed food consumption. METHODS: We used data from the first (2005) and the last (2015) National Surveys of the Nutritional Status in Colombia. Food consumption was assessed using a 24-hour food recall. The NOVA classification classified the food items according to the extent and purpose of industrial processing. RESULTS: The consumption of processed and UPF increased in Colombia between 2005 and 2015. In 2015, no significant differences were found in the consumption of UPF between men and women but significant differences by age, wealth index, area of residence, and ethnicity (p<0.001). A significant positive association was found between the dietary share of UPF and the content of CD-related nutrients such as free sugars, total fats, saturated fats, trans-fats, and sodium. The prevalence of excessive intake of all CD-related nutrients (according to WHO recommendations) increased across quintiles of the dietary share of UPF. With the reduction of UPF consumption to the level seen among the 20% lowest consumers [1.0% (0-4.5%) of the total energy from UPF], the prevalence of excessive nutrient intake was almost three-fourths lower for trans fats; around one third lower for free sugar and saturated fats, 26% lower for sodium and 15% lower for total fat. CONCLUSIONS: In Colombia, the increasing trend in the consumption of UPF is associated with increasing intake of CD-related nutrients. Thus, reducing the consumption of UPF is a potentially effective way to achieve the nutritional goals of the WHO for the prevention of CD.
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Abstract This prospective study aims to evaluate dental pain, anxiety, and catastrophizing levels in pregnant women undergoing root canal treatment. Sixty pregnant and non-pregnant women presenting dental pain and an indication for root canal treatment were included in the study. Dental anxiety and catastrophizing were investigated using validated questionnaires. The endodontic intervention was performed, and a numerical scale measured preoperative and postoperative dental pain. The results were analyzed using STATA software 12.0. Unadjusted analyses assessed the association between pregnancy and pain, anxiety, and catastrophizing levels. Multiple linear regression models using 'forward stepwise' entry procedures were used to assess the independent effects of variables on pain scores. The significance level was set at 0.05. Initially, most patients experienced intense dental pain. The levels of dental pain, dental anxiety, and catastrophizing did not differ between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Logistic regression showed that postoperative pain was associated with irreversible pulpitis diagnosis (OR = 4.78; 95%CI 1.55-13.55) and high catastrophizing levels (OR = 1.96; 95%CI 1.01-3.84). Preoperative and postoperative pain rates and anxiety and catastrophizing were similar between pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Postoperative pain was associated with irreversible pulpitis diagnosis and high catastrophizing levels. The similarity between pregnant and non-pregnant women regarding preoperative and postoperative dental pain and catastrophizing and anxiety levels supports the indication of root canal treatment during the gestational period whenever necessary.
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O presente artigo explora alguns impactos políticos e sociais reconhecidos nos dez anos que sucederam as manifestações de junho de 2013, dando ênfase a um fator específico: o papel das mídias sociais no cenário político e na mobilização de grupos. Partindo desse foco, trata da possibilidade de que tais ferramentas digitais possam ser melhor exploradas por certos grupos políticos em detrimento de outros, e os motivos para tanto. Tal questão será discutida a partir de autores de estudos da tecnologia, da teoria social e da psicanálise. Não necessariamente inferindo uma diferenciação de conteúdo de ideologias políticas, propomos essa distinção considerando que os impactos subjetivos e de mobilização produzidos por tais mídias podem ser assimilados e empregados de acordo com objetivos específicos. Trata-se, assim, de um exame sobre os impactos que as mídias sociais produzem em processos de subjetivação e de agrupamento, e seus efeitos políticos.
Resumos This paper explores political and social impacts present in the ten years since June 2013 demonstrations, emphasizing an specific factor: the role of social media in the political landscape and in mobilizing groups. We take as a central question the possibility that those digital tools are better explored by some political groups to the detriment of others, and the reasons that explain this difference. This question is developed with authors from the studies of technology, social theory, and psychoanalysis. Without necessarily assuming a content differentiation among political views, we propose their distinction considering that the subjective and the mobilizing impacts produced by these media can be assimilated and employed according to specific objectives. Therefore, this study is an examination of the impacts that social media produce on subjectivation and grouping processes, and their political effects.
Cet article explore certains des impacts politiques et sociaux constatés au cours des dix années qui ont suivi les manifestations de juin 2013, en mettant l'accent sur un facteur spécifique: le rôle des médias sociaux dans le paysage politique et dans la mobilisation des groupes. À partir de là, il aborde la possibilité que ces outils numériques puissent être mieux exploités par certains groupes politiques au détriment d'autres, et les raisons de cette différence supposée. Cette question sera discutée à l'aide d'auteurs issus des études technologique, de la théorie sociale et de la psychanalyse. Sans nécessairement en déduire une différenciation dans le contenu des opinions politiques, nous proposons cette distinction en considérant que les impacts subjectifs et mobilisateurs produits par ces médias peuvent être assimilés et utilisés en fonction d'objectifs spécifiques. Il s'agit donc d'examiner les impacts que les médias sociaux produisent sur les processus de subjectivation et de regroupement, et leurs effets politiques.
Este artículo explora los impactos políticos y sociales desencadenados tras diez años de las manifestaciones de junio de 2013 enfatizando un factor específico: el papel de las redes sociales en los escenarios políticos y en la movilización de grupos. A partir de este foco, se aborda la posibilidad de que estas herramientas digitales sean mejor exploradas por unos grupos políticos que por otros, y las razones que explican esta diferencia. Para discutir esta cuestión se utiliza autores de la filosofía de la tecnología, de la teoría social y del psicoanálisis. Sin asumir necesariamente una diferenciación de contenido entre ideologías políticas, se propone esta distinción teniendo en cuenta que los impactos subjetivos y de movilización que producen estas herramientas digitales pueden ser asimilados y empleados de acuerdo con objetivos específicos. Se trata, por tanto, de un examen sobre los impactos que las redes sociales producen en los procesos de subjetivación y agrupación, y sus efectos políticos.
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Introduction: Quality of life is a multifaceted construct that depends on the person's subjective perception; however, some studies have shown self-efficacy and cognition with possible indicators of this positive perception of quality of life in people. Objective: Examined prediction of Quality of Life (QL) and its domains according to self-efficacy, physical activity (PA) and cognition among elderly people attending public Open Universities for the elderly in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study with a sample of 277 elderly. Questionnaires used: Sociodemographic, WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD, IPAQ, General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. Statistical: Descriptive and inferential analysis (correlation and multiple linear regression), significancep < .05. Results: The mean age was 67.60 (SD=6.65). Self-efficacy was related to QOL and to all domains. PA correlated with general QOL and the Psychological and Social domains. Cognition was correlated with general QOL and five other domains (Physical, Psychological, Social, Environmental, Sensory functioning, Past/Present/ Future Activities). Self-efficacy, PA and Cognition can explain 10% of the general QOL, and 14% of the Environmental domain. The specific QOL and its domains had 10% of explanation. Conclusion: QOL can be explained by the constructs self-efficacy, cognition and PA.
Introducción: La calidad de vida es un constructo multifacético que depende de la percepción subjetiva de la persona; sin embargo, algunos estudios han demostrado que la autoeficacia y la cognición son posibles indicadores de esta percepción positiva de la calidad de vida en las personas. Objetivo: se examinó la predicción de la calidad de vida (CV) y sus dominios según la autoeficacia, la actividad física (AF) y la cognición entre ancianos que asisten a Universidad Abierta para Adultos Mayores en el Estado de Paraná, Brasil. Método: estudio transversal descriptivo correlacional con una muestra de 277 ancianos. Cuestionarios utilizados: sociodemográfico, WHOQOL-BREF y WHOQOL-OLD, IPAQ, Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida General y Examen Cognitivo de Addenbrooke. Estadística: análisis descriptivo e inferencial (correlación y regresión lineal múltiple), significancia p < .05. Resultados: la edad media fue de 67.60 (DE=6.65). La autoeficacia se relacionó con la calidad de vida y con todos los dominios. AF se correlacionó con la CV general y los dominios psicológico y social. La cognición se correlacionó con la calidad de vida general y otros cinco dominios (funcionamiento físico, psicológico, social, ambiental, sensorial, actividades pasadas/presentes/futuras). Autoeficacia, AF y cognición pueden explicar el 10% de la CV general y el 14% del dominio ambiental. La CV específica y sus dominios tuvieron 10% de explicación. Conclusión: la CV puede ser explicada por los constructos autoeficacia, cognición y AF.
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Diet-induced obesity triggers elevation of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins, including interferons (IFNs). IFNs strongly contribute to low-grade inflammation associated with obesity-related complications, such as nonalcoholic fat liver disease and diabetes. In this study, AG129 mice model (double-knockout strain for IFN α/ß/γ receptors) was fed with a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet (Western diet) for 20 weeks aiming to understand the impact of IFN receptor ablation on diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fat liver disease. Mice were responsive to the diet, becoming obese after 20 weeks of HFHS diet which was accompanied by 2-fold increase of white adipose tissues. Moreover, animals developed glucose and insulin intolerance, as well as dysregulation of insulin signaling mediators such as Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS1), protein kinase B (AKT), and S6 ribosomal protein. Liver increased interstitial cells, and lipid accumulation was also found, presenting augmented fibrotic markers (transforming growth factor beta 1 [Tgfb1], Keratin 18 [Krt18], Vimentin [Vim]), yet lower expression on IFN receptor downstream proteins (Toll-like receptor [TLR] 4, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells [NFκB], and cAMP response element-binding protein [CREB]). Thus, IFN receptor ablation promoted effects on NFκB and CREB pathways, with no positive effects on systemic homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Therefore, we conclude that IFN receptor signaling is not essential for promoting the complications of diet-induced obesity and thus cannot be correlated with metabolic diseases in a noninfectious condition.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Ratones , Animales , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Dieta Occidental , Obesidad/complicaciones , Hígado/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/complicaciones , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Receptores de Interferón/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa secretes protein effectors that manipulate the physiology of the host plant, but few effectors of this fungus have had their functions confirmed. We performed functional characterization of a promising candidate effector of M. perniciosa. The inoculation of rBASIDIN at 4 µmol L-1 in the mesophyll of leaflets of Solanum lycopersicum caused symptoms of shriveling within 6 h without the presence of necrosis. However, when sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L-1, it caused wilting symptoms only 2 h after application, followed by necrosis and cell death at 48 h. rBASIDIN applied to Theobroma cacao leaves at the same concentration caused milder symptoms. rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in leaf tissue, damaging the leaf membrane and negatively affecting the photosynthetic rate of Solanum lycopersicum plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BASIDIN has orthologs in other phytopathogenic basidiomycetes. Analysis of the transcripts revealed that BASIDIN and its orthologs are expressed in different fungal species, suggesting that this protein is differentially regulated in these basidiomycetes. Therefore, the results of applying BASIDIN allow the inference that it is an effector of the fungus M. perniciosa, with a strong potential to interfere in the defense system of the host plant.
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Agaricales , Basidiomycota , Cacao , Cytisus , Cacao/microbiología , Filogenia , Agaricales/metabolismo , Basidiomycota/genética , Necrosis , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Front-of-package warning labels (FOPWL) have been adopted in many countries aiming at reducing the consumption of unhealthy food and drink products and have also been considered in Guatemala. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of FOPWL versus Guidelines for Daily Amount (GDA) on products' healthfulness perception (HP), purchase intention (PI) and the objective understanding of the nutrient content (UNC) in Guatemala. METHODS: Participants (children and adults) (n = 356) were randomly assigned to evaluate either FOPWL or GDA during a crossover cluster randomized experiment in rural and urban areas across 3 phases of exposure. During phase 1, participants evaluated mock-up images of single products (single task) and compared pairs of products within the same food category (comparison task) without any label. In phase 2, participants evaluated labels only (without any product), and during phase 3, they evaluated the same products and questions from phase 1, now depicting the assigned front-of-package label. We generated indicators for single-task questions and scores for comparison tasks, one for each HP, PI and UNC questions. We used intention-to-treat, difference-in-difference regression analysis to test whether exposure to FOPWL was associated with HP, PI and UNC, compared to GDA. We also tested models for children and adults and by area (rural/urban) separately adjusting for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: In single tasks, FOPWL significantly decreased the PI (ß -18.1, 95%CI -23.3, -12.8; p < 0.001) and the HP (ß -13.2, 95%CI -18.4, -7.9; p < 0.001) of unhealthy food products compared to GDA. In the comparison task, FOPWL significantly increased the UNC (ß 20.4, 95%CI 17.0, 23.9; p < 0.001), improved PI towards healthier choices (OR 4.5, 95%CI 2.9, 7.0 p < 0.001) and HP (OR 5.6, 95%CI 2.8, 11.1; p < 0.001) compared to GDA. Similar results were found in children and adults and in urban and rural settings. CONCLUSIONS: FOPWL reduces products' healthfulness perception and purchase intention, and increases understanding of products' nutrient content compared to GDA.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of three different front-of-package labelling (FOPL) schemes on objective understanding and intention to purchase of products, in Jamaica. SETTING: Supermarkets in Jamaica. PARTICIPANTS: Adult supermarket shoppers in Jamaica (n=1206) aged 18 years old or older were included in the study, except for those visually impaired, or unable to give informed consent. DESIGN: Multiarm parallel-group randomised trial. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly allocated to one of the three intervention groups or the control group. They were exposed to two-dimensional images of 12 mock-up products presented in random and balanced order. Participants assigned to the intervention groups were exposed to one FOPL scheme: black octagonal warning labels (OWL), magnifying glass high-in single icon (MGG) or traffic-light labelling (TFL). The control group was exposed to the nutrition facts up front. OUTCOME MEASURES: OR for correctly understanding nutritional information (correctly selecting the least harmful option, correctly identifying sugars, sodium and/or saturated fats found to be in excess) and choosing to purchase the least harmful option (purchase intention), more often. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the odds for correctly selecting the least harmful option more often were 107% higher in the OWL group (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.78; p<0.001), whereas the MGG (1.18, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.57; p=0.24) and the TFL (1.13, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.51; p=0.39) were inefficacious in improving such odds. OWL also resulted in the highest odds for correctly identifying a product with excessive amounts of sugars, sodium and/or saturated fats and for deciding to purchase the least harmful option or none of the options. CONCLUSIONS: Octagonal warning labels performed best at improving the ability of adult shoppers in Jamaica to understand the nutrition information and at encouraging them to purchase the least harmful option more often.
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Etiquetado de Alimentos , Intención , Etiquetado de Alimentos/métodos , Jamaica , Preferencias Alimentarias , Valor Nutritivo , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Azúcares , Sodio , Conducta de ElecciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Journal articles describing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews with meta-analysis of RCTs are not optimally reported and often miss crucial details. This poor reporting makes assessing these studies' risk of bias or reproducing their results difficult. However, the reporting quality of diet- and nutrition-related RCTs and meta-analyses has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the reporting completeness and identify the main reporting limitations of diet- and nutrition-related RCTs and meta-analyses of RCTs, estimate the frequency of reproducible research practices among these RCTs, and estimate the frequency of distorted presentation or spin among these meta-analyses. METHODS: Two independent meta-research studies will be conducted using articles published in PubMed-indexed journals. The first will include a sample of diet- and nutrition-related RCTs; the second will include a sample of systematic reviews with meta-analysis of diet- and nutrition-related RCTs. A validated search strategy will be used to identify RCTs of nutritional interventions and an adapted strategy to identify meta-analyses in PubMed. We will search for RCTs and meta-analyses indexed in 1 calendar year and randomly select 100 RCTs (June 2021 to June 2022) and 100 meta-analyses (July 2021 to July 2022). Two reviewers will independently screen the titles and abstracts of records yielded by the searches, then read the full texts to confirm their eligibility. The general features of these published RCTs and meta-analyses will be extracted into a research electronic data capture database (REDCap; Vanderbilt University). The completeness of reporting of each RCT will be assessed using the items in the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials), its extensions, and the TIDieR (Template for Intervention Description and Replication) statements. Information about practices that promote research transparency and reproducibility, such as the publication of protocols and statistical analysis plans will be collected. There will be an assessment of the completeness of reporting of each meta-analysis using the items in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and collection of information about spin in the abstracts and full-texts. The results will be presented as descriptive statistics in diagrams or tables. These 2 meta-research studies are registered in the Open Science Framework. RESULTS: The literature search for the first meta-research retrieved 20,030 records and 2182 were potentially eligible. The literature search for the second meta-research retrieved 10,918 records and 850 were potentially eligible. Among them, random samples of 100 RCTs and 100 meta-analyses were selected for data extraction. Data extraction is currently in progress, and completion is expected by the beginning of 2023. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-research studies will summarize the main limitation on reporting completeness of nutrition- or diet-related RCTs and meta-analyses and provide comprehensive information regarding the particularities in the reporting of intervention studies in the nutrition field. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/43537.
RESUMEN
The traditional varieties of maize grown by family farmers are a source of genetic variability and are essential for food security. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate, based on physical and chemical components, the behavior of the genetic variability of traditional maize cultivated on non-flooded and floodplain areas, in the Juruá region, state of Acre. The characteristics consisted of the determination of dry matter, mineral material, crude protein, ether extract, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, starch and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, vitreousness and grain density. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, associated with multivariate analysis of principal components (PCA), with the aid of the R software. By means of the PCA, the varieties grown on non-flooded and floodplain areas formed 3 distinct groups, in which the vitreosity in the grains ranged from 73.7% to 79.46%, so that the reddish grain varieties had a greater presence of endosperm vitreous and higher density, with a strong and positive correlation between these variables. The yellow and orange-yellow grain varieties showed greater adherence to energy, starch and greater digestibility. Therefore, the traditional varieties cultivated on non-flooded and floodplain areas, present variations in relation to the physical and chemical analyses.
As variedades tradicionais de milho cultivados pelos agricultores familiares constituem-se em fonte de variabilidade genética e são fundamentais para segurança alimentar. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, avaliar, com base em componentes físicos e químicos, o comportamento da variabilidade genética de milho tradicional cultivadas em terra firme e praia, na regional Vale do Juruá, estado do Acre. As características constaram da determinação de matéria seca, material mineral, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, energia bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, amido e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, vitreosidade e densidade dos grãos. Os dados foram analisados mediante estatística descritiva, associado à análise multivariada de componentes principais (PCA), com auxílio do software R. Por meio da PCA, as variedades cultivadas em terra firme e praia formaram 3 grupos distintos, na qual a vitreosidade nos grãos variou de 73,7% a 79,46%, de modo que, as variedades de grãos avermelhadas apresentaram maior presença de endosperma vítreo e maior densidade, havendo uma correlação forte e positiva entre essas variáveis. Já as variedades de grãos amarelas e amarelas-oranges apresentaram maior aderência a energia, amido e maior digestibilidade. Portanto, as variedades tradicionais cultivadas em terra firme e praia, apresentam variações em relação as análises físicas e químicas.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Zea mays/genética , Valor NutritivoRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oregano extract added to commercial diets on zootechnical performance parameters, carcass yield, immunological conditions, morphometry, and intestinal pH for free-range broiler chickens raised under sanitary challenge conditions. Three hundred chicks of the strain 'Heavy red' were used and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and six replications, totaling 30 experimental units, each consisting of 10 birds. The treatments were: T1: Basal diet without oregano extract (OE); T2: Basal diet with OE (150 mg/kg); T3: Basal diet with OE (250 mg/kg); T4: Basal diet with OE (350 mg/kg); T5: and Basal diet with OE (450 mg/kg). There was a significant effect on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), and intestinal morphometry. No significant differences were observed in viability, carcass yield, intestinal pH, lymphoid organs, gizzard, heart, and intestine. Oregano extract influenced the liver yield and abdominal fat of broilers. Overall, the inclusion of oregano extract at the level of 350 mg/kg provided better results.(AU)
O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de orégano adicionado à ração comercial, considerando os parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça, condições imunológicas, morfometria e pH intestinal de frangos de corte de linhagem caipira, criados sob condição de desafio sanitário. Foram utilizados 300 pintos da linhagem vermelho pesadão, que foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado - DIC, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, totalizando 30 unidades experimentais, constituídas por 10 aves cada. Os tratamentos foram: T1: Ração basal, sem Extrato de Orégano (EO); T2: Ração basal com EO (150 mg/Kg); T3: Ração basal com EO (250 mg/Kg); T4: Ração basal com EO(350 mg/Kg); T5: Ração basal com EO (450 mg/Kg). Houve efeito significativo no consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, eficiência alimentar, relação heterofilo/linfócito (H/L) e morfometria intestinal. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na viabilidade, no rendimento de carcaça, no pH intestinal, nos órgãos linfoides, moela, coração e intestino. Promoveu influência no rendimento de fígado e gordura abdominal dos frangos. A inclusão no nível de 350mg/kg proporciona melhores resultados.(AU)