RESUMEN
We previously produced pigs with a latent oncogenic TP53 mutation. Humans with TP53 germline mutations are predisposed to a wide spectrum of early-onset cancers, predominantly breast, brain, adrenal gland cancer, soft tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas. Loss of p53 function has been observed in >50% of human cancers. Here we demonstrate that porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) convert to a transformed phenotype after activation of latent oncogenic TP53(R167H) and KRAS(G12D), and overexpression of MYC promotes tumorigenesis. The process mimics key molecular aspects of human sarcomagenesis. Transformed porcine MSCs exhibit genomic instability, with complex karyotypes, and develop into sarcomas on transplantation into immune-deficient mice. In pigs, heterozygous knockout of TP53 was sufficient for spontaneous osteosarcoma development in older animals, whereas homozygous TP53 knockout resulted in multiple large osteosarcomas in 7-8-month-old animals. This is the first report that engineered mutation of an endogenous tumour-suppressor gene leads to invasive cancer in pigs. Unlike in Trp53 mutant mice, osteosarcoma developed in the long bones and skull, closely recapitulating the human disease. These animals thus promise a model for juvenile osteosarcoma, a relatively uncommon but devastating disease.
RESUMEN
The yeast protein Nce103p encoded by the gene NCE103 (YNL036w) was described by Cleves et al. (1996) as a substrate of the non-classical export pathway which acts independently of the classical pathway through the ER and the Golgi compartments. However, the predicted amino acid sequence of Nce103p shows high levels of identities to carbonic anhydrases of pro- and eukaryotes. A nce103-Delta deletion strain did not grow on a rich peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium under normal aerobic conditions at pH values of 3.0-8.0, but grew like wild-type in an oxygen-free nitrogen or oxygen-reduced atmosphere over this pH range, and was more sensitive to H(2)O(2) than wild-type. No carbonic anhydrase activity could be detected in crude extracts prepared from wild-type, nce103-Delta mutants or in strains transformed with a multicopy plasmid carrying the NCE103 gene. Expression of the Medicago sativa carbonic anhydrase gene (Coba de la Peña et al., 1997), in a yeast expression cassette on a multicopy plasmid, complemented the growth defects caused by the nce103-Delta deletion and carbonic anhydrase activity could be readily detected in the crude extract. The ability of the nce103-Delta deletion strain to grow like wild-type under anaerobic conditions suggests that the protein encoded by NCE103 is required for protection against certain products of an oxidative metabolism and can be replaced in this function by the Medicago sativa carbonic anhydrase. A NCE103 promoter-LacZ fusion in a wild-type background showed that NCE103 is poorly transcribed under aerobic conditions and at an undetectable level under anaerobic conditions.