RESUMEN
We examined mindfulness in people with chronic low back pain who were attending a multidisciplinary pain management programme. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline (n=116) and after a 3-month cognitive-behaviourally informed multidisciplinary intervention (n=87). Self-reported mindfulness was measured before and after the intervention, and relationships were explored between mindfulness, disability, affect and pain catastrophizing. Mindfulness increased following participation in the intervention, and greater mindfulness was predictive of lower levels of disability, anxiety, depression and catastrophizing, even when pain severity was controlled. Mediator analyses suggested that the relationship between mindfulness and disability was mediated by catastrophizing. It is possible that cognitive-behavioural interventions and processes can affect both catastrophizing and mindfulness.
Asunto(s)
Concienciación/fisiología , Catastrofización/psicología , Dolor de la Región Lumbar/psicología , Dolor de la Región Lumbar/terapia , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Ansiedad/etiología , Dolor Crónico , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/etiología , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Dolor de la Región Lumbar/complicaciones , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dimensión del Dolor , Análisis de Regresión , Estudios Retrospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Meta-analysis is a statistical tool for estimating the mean and variance of underlying population effects from a collection of empirical studies addressing ostensibly the same research question. Meta-analysis has become an increasing popular and valuable tool in psychological research, and major review articles typically employ these methods. This article describes the process of conducting meta-analysis: selecting articles, developing inclusion criteria, calculating effect sizes, conducting the actual analysis (including information on how to do the analysis on popular computer packages such as IBM SPSS and R) and estimating the effects of publication bias. Guidance is also given on how to write up a meta-analysis.
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Recolección de Datos/estadística & datos numéricos , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Psicología/estadística & datos numéricos , Investigación/estadística & datos numéricos , Simulación por Computador , Modificador del Efecto Epidemiológico , Humanos , Cómputos Matemáticos , Sesgo de Publicación , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
The aim of the present studies was to generate implicit theories of a desire for fame among the general population. In Study 1, we were able to develop a nine-factor analytic model of conceptions of the desire to be famous that initially comprised nine separate factors; ambition, meaning derived through comparison with others, psychologically vulnerable, attention seeking, conceitedness, social access, altruistic, positive affect, and glamour. Analysis that sought to examine replicability among these factors suggested that three factors (altruistic, positive affect, and glamour) neither display factor congruence nor display adequate internal reliability. A second study examined the validity of these factors in predicting profiles of individuals who may desire fame. The findings from this study suggested that two of the nine factors (positive affect and altruism) could not be considered strong factors within the model. Overall, the findings suggest that implicit theories of a desire for fame comprise six factors. The discussion focuses on how an implicit model of a desire for fame might progress into formal theories of a desire for fame.
Asunto(s)
Aspiraciones Psicológicas , Carácter , Liderazgo , Motivación , Narcisismo , Deseabilidad Social , Predominio Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Afecto , Anciano , Atención , Niño , Cultura , Femenino , Objetivos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , AutoimagenRESUMEN
Several well-known neuropsychological tests of working memory performance, hitherto thought to be unrelated, in fact share a common structure termed here the self-ordered selection paradigm. Examples include the subject-ordered pointing task, variants of the Corsi blocks test, the multiple-location search task, and the letter-recitation task. The defining features of the paradigm are outlined. A statistical framework for assessing and testing hypotheses about working memory capacity in the self-ordered selection paradigm is described. To enable neuropsychologists to conduct a rapid statistical analysis of working memory performance, a computer program is presented along with detailed practical examples of three useful statistical procedures for both single-case and group-based analysis. The program may be accessed and executed online over the Internet.
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Memoria a Corto Plazo/fisiología , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Simulación por Computador , Humanos , Modelos Neurológicos , Modelos Estadísticos , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
The present study investigated forgiveness in a traditional cognitive model of stress appraisal and coping and in a more recent model that includes the construct of low control stressors. One-hundred sixty six men and 168 women completed measures of forgiveness, primary stress appraisals, and coping strategies. For men, forgiveness was found to be positively associated with the use of challenge appraisals, and negatively associated with the use of loss appraisals and emotion-focused coping. For women, forgiveness was found to be positively associated with emotion-focused coping and acceptance, and negatively associated with avoidance. The results for women indicate that when forgiveness situations are conceptualized as low-control stressors, we are able to explain the relationships between forgiveness, appraisal, and coping. The results for men are broadly in line with a more traditional model of coping, which does not consider the construct of low control. Crucial differences in the ways that men and women appraise and cope with situations involving forgiveness are discussed.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Cognición , Conflicto Psicológico , Control Interno-Externo , Relaciones Interpersonales , Adulto , Anciano , Mecanismos de Defensa , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inventario de Personalidad , Solución de Problemas , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Estrés Psicológico/psicologíaRESUMEN
Understanding factors that affect the severity of a juvenile-stranger sexual assault has implications for crime prevention, and potentially, the assessment and treatment of juvenile sex offenders. This study investigated how victim characteristics and the number of suspects affected the use of physical violence and weapons and the occurrence of penetration in 495 allegations of sexual assault committed by juveniles against strangers. Statistically significant interactions between victim age and gender were found for occurrence of penetration and use of violence. Differences in offense characteristics were also found between offenses with varying victim-suspect age differences. When comparing the rate of penetration in the presence and absence of violence, little change was observed for lone suspects. However, the rate of penetration increased significantly for groups in the presence of physical violence, suggesting that violence in this context may be more expressive than instrumental. Theoretical explanations and practical implications are considered.
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Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Víctimas de Crimen , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Delitos Sexuales/psicología , Adolescente , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Análisis Factorial , Fantasía , Femenino , Humanos , Delincuencia Juvenil/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Delitos Sexuales/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
The adaptational-continuum model of personality and coping suggests a useful context for research areas that emphasize both personality and coping. The present paper used Ferguson's (2001) model integrating personality and coping factors to further conceptualize findings around celebrity worship. Three hundred and seventy-two respondents completed measures of celebrity worship, personality, coping style, general health, stress, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Celebrity worship for intense-personal reasons is associated with poorer mental heath and this relationship can be understood within the dimensions of neuroticism and a coping style that suggests disengagement. Such findings suggest the utility of examining the relationship between celebrity worship and mental health within both personality and coping variables, which have practical implications for understanding and addressing mental health problems that may occur as the result of engaging in celebrity worship for intense-personal reasons.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Personajes , Salud Mental , Personalidad , Percepción Social , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The primary studies in a meta-analysis of standardized mean differences generally include a mixture of single-factor t tests and multifactor analysis of variance designs. Accordingly, there is a need for effect-size measures in multifactor designs that are metrically comparable with measures in single-factor t tests. Two models, the variance-preservation model and the variance-reduction model, provide a formal description of the 2 principal routes by which a single-factor design may evolve into a higher order factorial design. New metrically comparable effect-size measures and estimators are developed for designs that contain variance-preservation factors, variance-reduction factors, or a mixture of both types of factors. A statistical test for checking the validity of model assumptions is presented.
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Análisis de Varianza , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Psicología , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Proyectos de InvestigaciónRESUMEN
In a stalking scenario, the prior relationship between and the gender of stalker and victim were systematically manipulated in order to judge culpability and consequences for the persons involved. Written vignettes were presented to 168 participants who responded via seven Likert scales. Stalker-victim relationship had three levels: ex-partner, acquaintance and stranger. In accordance with the 'Just World' hypothesis (Lerner, 1980), the victim was judged as having greater responsibility for the stalking when their harasser was an ex-partner or a prior acquaintance rather than a stranger, and police intervention was felt to be most necessary when the stalker was a stranger. Sex of stalker and victim was manipulated, and the following comparisons proved significant: when the perpetrator was male, bodily injury to the victim was seen as more likely and police intervention as more necessary than when the perpetrator was female; and male victims were viewed as more responsible for the scenario and as possessing greater powers to alleviate it. The Just World hypothesis and gender stereotypes provide a plausible account for these findings. Future research should determine whether criminal convictions show similar biases towards convicting male and stranger stalkers more often than female and ex-partner stalkers.
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Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Crimen/psicología , Amigos/psicología , Parejas Sexuales/psicología , Trastorno de la Conducta Social/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Percepción/fisiología , Proyectos Piloto , Factores Sexuales , Estudiantes/psicologíaRESUMEN
The object relocation paradigm is used to assess spatial memory in cognitive, developmental and clinical neuropsychological contexts. A number of different objects are displayed for a period of time in a particular spatial environment, such as a room, a desktop, or a computer screen. The objects are then cleared away, and the subject is asked to replace them in their former locations. In this paper, a simple measure of individual performance on the task that gives equal credit for near misses and correct responses is presented, and an exact small-sample test of significance for the measure is developed using rook methodology. A weighted-credit test of spatial performance is also presented. Computational examples are provided to illustrate the methods.
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Memoria , Modelos Psicológicos , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Cognición , Humanos , Percepción EspacialRESUMEN
As well as supplying a means of enumerating permutations, rook methodology provides a flexible and fertile analytic framework that can facilitate statistical test development in applied settings. Four applications in psychology, where rook methodology provides exact small-sample tests, are described. They are (a) matching under uncertainty, (b) ordered spatial memory, (c) rater agreement under uncertainty, and (d) multiple object relocation. An online computer program, that supplies an exact small-sample test of hypotheses within the rook paradigm, is outlined. The program, which exploits rook methodology to enumerate permutations, may be accessed and executed via the Internet using an ordinary browser.