RESUMEN
In this paper, the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Simulator (simgi®) is used as a model to the study the metabolic activity of probiotics at the intestinal level, and in particular, to assess the impact of probiotic supplementation in the microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols. Two independent simulations using fecal samples from two healthy volunteers were carried out. Changes in microbiota composition and in metabolic activity were assessed by qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and by analyses of phenolic metabolites and ammonium ions (NH4+). The strain Lactobacillus plantarum CLC 17 was successfully implanted in the colon compartments of the simgi® after daily feeding of 2 × 1010 CFU/day for 7 days. Overall, no changes in bacterial diversity were observed after probiotic implantation. In comparison to the digestion of the grape polyphenols on their own, the inclusion of L. plantarum CLC 17 in the simgi® colon compartments led to a greater formation of phenolic metabolites such as benzoic acids, probably by the breakdown of high-molecular-weight procyanidin polymers. These results provide evidence that the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum CLC 17 may improve the metabolism of dietary polyphenols when used as a food ingredient.
Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Polifenoles/farmacocinética , Probióticos , Vitis/química , Adulto , Compuestos de Amonio/metabolismo , Benzoatos/metabolismo , Biflavonoides/análisis , Biflavonoides/farmacocinética , Catequina/análisis , Catequina/farmacocinética , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , Dieta Occidental , Femenino , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Peso Molecular , Polifenoles/análisis , Proantocianidinas/análisis , Proantocianidinas/farmacocinética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
The increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products has led to concern about their impact on human health. This paper aims to provide new scientific evidence about the modifications and potential effects of AgNPs with food applications during their passage through the digestive tract. For that, two types of AgNPs [solid polyethylene glycol-stabilised silver nanoparticles (PEG-AgNPs 20) and liquid glutathione-stabilised silver nanoparticles (GSH-AgNPs)] were initially subjected to gut-microbial digestion simulation in an in vitro static model. Based on these experiments, digestion of GSH-AgNPs was carried out in a dynamic model (simgi®) that simulated the different regions of the digestive tract (stomach, small intestine and the ascending, transverse and descending colon) in physiological conditions. Dynamic transport of GSH-AgNPs in the simgi® was similar to that observed for the inert compound Cr-EDTA, which discarded any alterations in the intestinal fluid delivery due to the AgNPs. Also, feeding the simgi® with GSH-AgNPs seemed not to induce significant changes in the composition and metabolic activity (i.e., proteolytic activity) of the gut microbiota. Concerning monitoring of AgNps, it was observed that the GSH-AgNPs underwent several transformations in the gastrointestinal fluids and appeared to expose the intestine in ways that were structurally different from the original forms. In compliance with European guidelines, the simgi® model can be considered a useful in vitro tool to evaluate the effects of nanoparticles at the digestive level, prior to human studies, and, therefore, minimising animal testing.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Modelos Biológicos , Plata/química , Compuestos de Amonio/análisis , Ácido Edético/metabolismo , Glutatión/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/análisis , Tamaño de la Partícula , Polietilenglicoles/química , Plata/análisisRESUMEN
The aim of this work was to evaluate the biological activity of four grape pomace (GP) extracts that are rich in polyphenols using C. elegans as an in vivo model. Different concentrations of the GP extracts were assessed for their effects on the resistance of C. elegans against thermally induced oxidative stress, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lifespan. The cultivation of C. elegans with relatively low concentrations of GP extracts increased their resistance against thermal stress and prolonged their lifespan, while high levels displayed detrimental effects. In the studied extracts, maximum protection was observed for levels of polyphenols around 7 to 9 µg gallic acid equivalents per cultivation plate. The obtained results suggested that small changes in the ROS levels could have beneficial effects, although further studies are required to fully understand the impact of the extracts and assayed doses on ROS levels to explain the mechanism that is involved in the observed effects.
RESUMEN
The behaviour of citrus pectin during digestion and its potential prebiotic properties were examined using a Dynamic Gastrointestinal Simulator (simgi®) model for the human gut, which simulates processes in the stomach, small intestine, ascending, transverse and descending colon. A remarkable non-digestibility of pectin in the upper gastrointestinal tract was observed by HPLC-ELSD analysis, where â¼88% of citrus pectin remained intact during its transit through the stomach and small intestine. Fermentation of pectin stimulated the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp, Bacteroides spp and Faecalobacterium prausnitzii. High increases of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were observed, especially in acetate and butyrate concentration due to direct fermentation of pectin or by cross-feeding interaction between bacteria. This is the first study on the digestibility and fermentation of pectin carried out in a complex dynamic gastrointestinal simulator, being of special relevance the results obtained for F. prausnitzii.
Asunto(s)
Digestión , Fermentación , Modelos Biológicos , Pectinas/metabolismo , Bacterias/metabolismo , Citrus/química , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/biosíntesis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Peso Molecular , Pectinas/químicaRESUMEN
The human gastrointestinal tract harbours the most complex and abundant community of the human body, the colon being where the highest microbial concentration is found (1012 cell/g). The intestinal microbiota exerts metabolic, trophic and protective functions which are important in the maintenance of the host health. Over recent decades, numerous studies have attempted to provide scientific evidence about the environmental factors that can impact on human health through the modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition. However, this approach is changing, and a new focus on assessing changes at functional level is being developed. If we apply this dual approach to the role played by the diet, it is obvious the need of dynamic gastrointestinal simulation models such as simgi® that allow to evaluate the transformations undergone by food and/or food ingredients during their transit through the gastrointestinal tract, as well as to determine potential changes in the composition and functionality of the intestinal microbiota after food ingestion. So far the studies using the simgi® have confirmed its potential applications in the area of food as a prior step to its application in clinical nutrition to prevent and/or treat diseases associated with intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. Likewise, this review includes feasible perspectives of the use of simgi® in clinical research concerning to diseases related to the intestinal microbiota.
Asunto(s)
Simulación por Computador , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ciencias de la Nutrición/métodos , Disbiosis/diagnóstico , Humanos , Estado NutricionalRESUMEN
Dentro de la microbiota humana, el tracto gastrointestinal alberga el ecosistema más complejo y abundante del cuerpo humano, siendo el colon donde se encuentra la concentración más alta de microorganismos (1012 cél/g). La microbiota intestinal desempeña funciones metabólicas, tróficas y de protección que son de gran importancia para el hospedador. Durante las últimas décadas, son numerosos los estudios que han tratado de aportar evidencias científicas acerca de los factores que, a través de cambios en la composición de la microbiota intestinal, influyen en la salud humana. Sin embargo, esta aproximación está cambiando, y son cada vez más los expertos que apuestan por evaluar cambios a nivel de funcionalidad de la microbiota. Si aplicamos este enfoque dual al papel desempeñado por la dieta, resulta obvia la necesidad de disponer de modelos dinámicos de simulación gastrointestinal, como es el simgi, que permitan evaluar las transformaciones que sufren los alimentos y/o ingredientes alimentarios durante el tránsito por el tracto gastrointestinal, así como para determinar los posibles cambios en la composición y funcionalidad de la microbiota intestinal derivados de la ingesta de alimentos. Los estudios llevados a cabo hasta el momento con el simgi constatan sus potenciales aplicaciones en el área de los alimentos como paso previo a su aplicación en nutrición clínica, para prevenir y/o tratar enfermedades asociadas a disbiosis intestinal, así como trastornos metabólicos. Asimismo, esta revisión recoge posibles perspectivas de utilización del simgi en la investigación clínica relativa a enfermedades vinculadas con disfunciones de la microbiota intestinal (AU)
The human gastrointestinal tract harbours the most complex and abundant community of the human body, the colon being where the highest microbial concentration is found (1012 cell/g). The intestinal microbiota exerts metabolic, trophic and protective functions which are important in the maintenance of the host health. Over recent decades, numerous studies have attempted to provide scientific evidence about the environmental factors that can impact on human health through the modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition. However, this approach is changing, and a new focus on assessing changes at functional level is being developed. If we apply this dual approach to the role played by the diet, it is obvious the need of dynamic gastrointestinal simulation models such as simgi, that allow to evaluate the transformations undergone by food and/or food ingredients during their transit through the gastrointestinal tract, as well as to determine potential changes in the composition and functionality of the intestinal microbiota after food ingestion. So far the studies using the simgi have confirmed its potential applications in the area of food as a prior step to its application in clinical nutrition to prevent and/or treat diseases associated with intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. Likewise, this review includes feasible perspectives of the use of simgi in clinical research concerning to diseases related to the intestinal microbiota (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Simulación de Enfermedad/terapia , Microbiota/fisiología , Biomarcadores/análisisRESUMEN
Over the last few decades, polyphenols, and flavonoids in particular, have attracted the interest of researchers, as they have been associated with the health-promoting effects derived from diets rich in vegetables and fruits, including moderate wine consumption. Recent scientific evidence suggests that wine polyphenols exert their effects through interactions with the gut microbiota, as they seem to modulate microbiota and, at the same time, are metabolized by intestinal bacteria into specific bioavailable metabolites. Microbial metabolites are better absorbed than their precursors and may be responsible for positive health activities in the digestive system (local effects) and, after being absorbed, in tissues and organs (systemic effects). Differences in gut microbiota composition and functionality among individuals can affect polyphenol activity and, therefore, their health effects. The aim of this review is to integrate the understanding of the metabolism and mechanisms of action of wine polyphenols at both local and systemic levels, underlining their impact on the gut microbiome and the inter-individual variability associated with polyphenols' metabolism and further physiological effects. The advent of promising dietary approaches linked to wine polyphenols beyond the gut microbiota community and metabolism are also discussed.
Asunto(s)
Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Flavonoides/administración & dosificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Polifenoles/administración & dosificación , Vino/análisis , Disponibilidad Biológica , Vasos Sanguíneos/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Humanos , Enfermedades Metabólicas/prevención & control , Polifenoles/metabolismo , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Simbiosis/fisiología , Infecciones Urinarias/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Currently, there is growing interest in extracts derived from winery by-products because of their beneficial health properties, which are associated with the presence of bioactive compounds. In this paper, we have carried out the chemical characterization and in vitro colonic fermentation of four grape pomace (GP) extracts rich in polyphenols and dietary fibre. RESULT: Firstly, phenolic and dietary fibre composition of the GP extracts was determined. The highest individual phenolic concentrations corresponded to gallic and ellagic acids, followed by catechins and flavonols. The non-digestible fibre fraction ranged from 66% to 83% of the GP extracts, which indicated that they mainly contained non-digestible cell wall components. Secondly, when GP extracts were subjected to fermentation by faecal microbiota, a total of 16 bacterial phenolic metabolites were found in the fermented samples, confirming that polyphenols contained in the GP extracts were metabolized to different active metabolites by microbiota. In addition, the GP extracts tended to promote the growth of intestinal microbiota, although it was only significant for the Enterococcus group. CONCLUSION: These findings, together with other information available in the literature, support the high added value of products obtained from winery by-products. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/microbiología , Vitis/metabolismo , Residuos/análisis , Heces/microbiología , Fermentación , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Vitis/químicaRESUMEN
The recovery of by-products from agri-food industry is currently one of the major challenges of biotechnology. Castilla-La Mancha produces around three million tons of waste coming from olive oil and wine industries, both of which have a pivotal role in the economy of this region. For this reason, this study reports on the exploitation of grape skins and olive pomaces for the production of lignocellulosic enzymes, which are able to deconstruct the agroindustrial waste and, therefore, reuse them in future industrial processes. To this end, solid-state fermentation was carried out using two local fungal strains (Aspergillus niger-113 N and Aspergillus fumigatus-3). In some trials, a wheat supplementation with a 1:1 ratio was used to improve the growth conditions, and the particle size of the substrates was altered through milling. Separate fermentations were run and collected after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 15 days to monitor enzymatic activity (xylanase, cellulase, ß-glucosidase, pectinase). The highest values were recorded after 10 and 15 days of fermentation. The use of A. niger on unmilled grape skin yielded the best outcomes (47.05 U xylanase/g by-product). The multi-enzymatic extracts obtained were purified, freeze dried, and immobilized on chitosan by adsorption to assess the possible advantages provided by the different techniques.