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OBJECTIVE: To compare iridocorneal angle grading systems on the basis of gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). DESIGN: Original cross-sectional observational study. ANIMALS: 22 dogs. PROCEDURE: Gonioscopy, goniophotography, and UBM were performed on 38 eyes from dogs without clinical evidence of glaucoma in the eyes examined. RESULTS: Predominant gonioscopic grades derived from goniophotographs were considered normal (n = 26) and mild (12). Ultrasound biomicroscopy angle measurements ranged from 16 to 38 degrees (mean +/- SD, 26.2 +/- 4.5 degrees). Ciliary clefts depicted on UBM images were graded as open (n = 4), compact/narrow (23), and closed (11). Significant differences were not found between UBM-derived ciliary cleft grades and goniophotography-derived dysgenesis grades, nor between UBM-derived ciliary cleft grades and subjective gonioscopic grades. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Because gonioscopy allows evaluation of the anterior face of the ciliary cleft, whereas UBM provides cross-sectional information of the iridocorneal filtration angle, UBM may yield more information regarding pathogenesis and prognosis of, and preferred management approaches to, glaucoma. Ultrasound biomicroscopy may also be useful as a predictor of glaucoma or to diagnose early stages of glaucoma.

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Three methods were employed for the diagnosis of porcine trichinellosis. The pooled sample digestion method and trichinoscopy served as European Community (EC) reference techniques, whereas the reliability of the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was tested by 11 laboratories of the European Community and Sweden. Three groups of 6 piglets each were orally inoculated with 50, 150 and 1500 Trichinella spiralis larvae into each animal. Another group of 6 animals served as a non-infected control. Animals were slaughtered and serum and muscle samples were collected at Weeks 4, 12 and 40. The material was mailed under code and examined in all participating laboratories. ELISA proved to be a sensitive technique. ELISA micro assay was the most sensitive procedure. Of the direct techniques the reference pooled sample digestion method was more sensitive than trichinoscopy. It was concluded that both micro and macro ELISA can be used with confidence for the detection of low grade, longstanding experimental T. spiralis infections in swine.

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Observations were made on the development of eggs and the survival of infective larvae of Nematodirus spathiger hatching from eggs placed on grass plots over a period of a year. Development took place at all seasons although the period between deposition of eggs and hatching was longer in the colder months than in the summer. Survival of the larvae varied from nine months to well over a year.

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Four methods employed in the diagnosis of experimental porcine trichinellosis (trichinoscopy, digestion method, immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) were compared by eleven laboratories in the countries of the European Economic Community and Sweden. The aim of this study was to test the reliability of ELISA during the onset of T. spiralis infection. Material from conventionally raised pigs infected with 1500 to 10000 larvae was compared to uninfected controls at Day 17 and Day 21 post infection. The serological techniques gave higher percentages of positive results than the direct techniques. Specific antibodies could be demonstrated with ELISA at an earlier stage and at higher percentages than with the other methods. ELISA micro-assay was the most sensitive procedure.

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Eggs of Nematodirus battus placed on grass plots throughout the year were able to develop into infective larvae. In 1973 a large autumn peak was observed as well as the more usual subsequent spring peak. This was attributed to the weather conditions. The ability of the eggs to develop at all seasons is of importance in the survival of the parasite but not in the causation of clinical disease. Eggs washed out of the faeces into the soil develop quicker and suffer less mortality than eggs which remain trapped in the faecal pellets.

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Three groups of lambs were given 50, 250 or 2800 infective larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta per day for a period of six weeks. All groups then received 25,00 larvae per day for a similar period and observations were continued for a further six weeks. Egg output following the initial infection varied directly with the level of larval intake, but fell to a low during the second period of infection and decreased still further in the final six weeks of the observation. The investigation suggests that, provided high levels of residual larval infection on pasture are avoided, there appears to be considerable merit in exposing lambs to a low level of initial infection.

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An investigation was made to study the acquisition of infection with Ostertagia circumcincta by lambs on land carrying residual infection, infection following the spring rise and both infections. Dry weather in June modified the usual pattern of herbage larval infection by delaying the peak of larvae derived from residual infection and cutting out the first half of the diphasic peak normally associated with the spring rise. It is suggested that prediction of the time when damaging infections develop on the herbage may be possible by a study of meteorological observations.

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The development and survival of the eggs of Nematodirus filicollis placed on grass plots over a period of a year were studied. Development took place at every season although it was more rapid in the warmer months. Yields of larvae were highest from eggs placed outside during February, March and April. Larvae persisted for two to two and a half years after eggs were placed on the pastures. The extraordinary persistence of the eggs and larvae of N filicollis makes control of the parasite difficult.

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