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Microbial contamination remains a significant economic challenge in the food industry, emphasizing the need for innovative antimicrobial solutions. In this study, we synthesized N-sulfonyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (NSTHIQ) derivatives using an environmentally friendly Preyssler heteropolyacid catalyst, obtaining moderate to high yields (35-91 %) under mild conditions. Two derivatives (5 and 6) exhibited significant antifungal properties against various fungal species, including Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, and Botrytis cinerea. ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) analysis revealed the absence of hepatic toxicity in all compounds, making derivatives 2, 3, 4, and 5 potential candidates for further development. However, derivatives 6 and 7 exhibited immunotoxicity. In support of our experimental findings, reactivity indices were computed using Density Functional Theory principles, deriving valuable insights into the chemical properties of these derivatives. This study underscores the potential of NSTHIQ compounds as potent antifungal agents, coupled with the importance of employing environmentally friendly catalysts in drug discovery.

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Although many countries banned the insecticide endosulfan, it is still an environmental pollutant. Plants metabolize the two diastereomers of the formulations known as technical grade endosulfan (TGE) by two phase I pathways: hydrolysis leading to less toxic derivatives and oxidation giving endosulfan sulfate which is as toxic as endosulfan itself. We assessed the removal, bioaccumulation and phase I metabolization of TGE from water matrices using hairy root clones (HRs) of three edible species, Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus and Capsicum annuum. B. napus and C. annuum HRs removed 86% of TGE from the bioreaction media in 2 and 96 h, respectively, whereas R. sativus HRs removed 91% of TGE within 6 h of biotreatment. In the experiments with B. napus, only endosulfan sulfate was detected in both biomass and medium, whereas R. sativus and C. annuum accumulated endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan alcohol. Besides, endosulfan lactone was detected in C. annuum reaction medium. Acute ichthyotoxicity assays toward Poecilia reticulata showed that media contaminated with TGE lethal levels did not produce mortality after the phytotreatments. This research highlights the feasibility of using HRs to evaluate plant enzymatic abilities toward xenobiotics and their potential for the design of ex situ decontamination processes.

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En nuestro país existe una gran extensión de hectáreas cultivadas con soja transgénica, la misma ha sido modificada genéticamente para soportar la acción de un herbicida denominado glifosato. Debido a la gran cantidad de formulaciones comerciales que incluyen glifosato es de importancia analizar el impacto ambiental producido por éstas. La evaluacion de la toxicidad aguda de dos herbicidas comerciales formulados con glifosato y de una solución del mismo; frente a peces de la especie Poecilia reticulata "lebistes" acusa que una de las soluciones produce mortalidad del 100 % de los especimenes a 100 μl/l (equivalente a 48 mg/l de principio activo); la otra a 50 μl/l (equivalente a 24 mg/l de principio activo) y la solución formulada con glifosato puro no produce mortalidad aún a concentraciones de 400 mg/l. Utilizando dosis sub letales en función de los datos obtenidos en el ensayo de toxicidad aguda se determinó que a largo plazo especimenes de Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "carpa koi", manifestaron severas alteraciones hematológicas principalmente frente a una de las formulaciones evaluadas.(AU)

Nowadays, transgenic soya, modified in order to withstand the impact of the herbicide glyphosate, in one of the main crops grown in Argentina. Due to the large number of commercial formulations that include this drug, is important to analyze both, the acute and chronic environmental impact that they cause. Here the acute toxicity of two commercial herbicides glyphosatebased toward the fish Poecilia reticulate "guppy" was evaluated and compared with pure glyphosate solutions. Interestingly, while commercial herbicides formulations induce a 100% of mortality at concentration ranged between 50 and 100 μl/l, the pure glyphosathe does not present mortality even at doses higher than 400 mg/l. When some long term effects toward Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "koi" were determined by using the sub-lethal doses already calculated it was demonstrated that one of the commercial herbicides induces severe haematological alterations.(AU)

RESUMEN

En nuestro país existe una gran extensión de hectáreas cultivadas con soja transgénica, la misma ha sido modificada genéticamente para soportar la acción de un herbicida denominado glifosato. Debido a la gran cantidad de formulaciones comerciales que incluyen glifosato es de importancia analizar el impacto ambiental producido por éstas. La evaluacion de la toxicidad aguda de dos herbicidas comerciales formulados con glifosato y de una solución del mismo; frente a peces de la especie Poecilia reticulata "lebistes" acusa que una de las soluciones produce mortalidad del 100 % de los especimenes a 100 μl/l (equivalente a 48 mg/l de principio activo); la otra a 50 μl/l (equivalente a 24 mg/l de principio activo) y la solución formulada con glifosato puro no produce mortalidad aún a concentraciones de 400 mg/l. Utilizando dosis sub letales en función de los datos obtenidos en el ensayo de toxicidad aguda se determinó que a largo plazo especimenes de Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "carpa koi", manifestaron severas alteraciones hematológicas principalmente frente a una de las formulaciones evaluadas.

Nowadays, transgenic soya, modified in order to withstand the impact of the herbicide glyphosate, in one of the main crops grown in Argentina. Due to the large number of commercial formulations that include this drug, is important to analyze both, the acute and chronic environmental impact that they cause. Here the acute toxicity of two commercial herbicides glyphosatebased toward the fish Poecilia reticulate "guppy" was evaluated and compared with pure glyphosate solutions. Interestingly, while commercial herbicides formulations induce a 100% of mortality at concentration ranged between 50 and 100 μl/l, the pure glyphosathe does not present mortality even at doses higher than 400 mg/l. When some long term effects toward Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "koi" were determined by using the sub-lethal doses already calculated it was demonstrated that one of the commercial herbicides induces severe haematological alterations.

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Some members of a series of cinnamic acid derivatives possess promising inhibitory activities in cellular assays against fungi of the Aspergillus genus. In order to search for a possible molecular target of such compounds, their role as Taq polymerase I inhibitors was studied. Four of the compounds studied displayed IC50 values within the range of those considered active as DNA polymerase inhibitors when searching for new cytotoxic molecules. The results obtained in our molecular modeling study appear to show that the inhibitory activity depends on the presence of a stabilizing interaction between the phenylpropanoid derivatives and the residues Asp610, Thr664, Phe667, Tyr671, and Asp785 located in the active site of Taq polymerase I. Also, it is possible to assert that the polymerization of DNA would be the molecular target of cinnamic acid derivatives with antifungal activity, which correlates with the inhibition of Taq polymerase I and the quantitative descriptor for the lipophilia (ClogP).

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As part of our project devoted to the search of new antifungal agents, we report here the in vitro-in vivo antifungal evaluations and a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of 17 thione derivatives. Some compounds of this series exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic opportunistic fungi. SAR studies provide a useful information for the determination of the minimum structural requirements for producing the biological response.

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