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Background: Leiomyomas are benign neoplasms that originate from smooth muscle cells and most commonly occur in soft tissues, the gastrointestinal tract, and the uterus. Leiomyomas of the pancreas are exceptionally rare, with, to our knowledge, only 6 documented cases prior to this report. This case was also challenging because of the young age of the patient and an atypical initial presentation. Case Report: A 21-year-old male presented with progressive jaundice and severe anemia. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a heterogeneously hyperenhancing mass in the arterial phase in the head of the pancreas with a double-duct sign. Endoscopic biliary drainage was performed, followed by endoscopic biopsy that revealed a mesenchymal tumor; leiomyoma was confirmed with an immunohistochemical evaluation. The patient underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, and the histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations of the resected specimen confirmed the diagnosis of a low-grade leiomyoma arising from the ampulla of Vater. Conclusion: This case not only highlights the rarity of pancreatic leiomyomas and the potential for atypical presentation but also emphasizes the importance of considering leiomyoma in the differential diagnosis, even in young patients, and supports surgical resection as the preferred treatment approach.

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The malignant transformation of chronic fistula in ano is rare, accounting for 3% to 11% of all anal canal malignancies. It results from long-standing inflammation and chronic irritation. No guidelines are available for the management of these cases. We herein present a case report of a 55-year-old man who presented with a history of constipation, perianal pain, and discharging fistula in ano of 4-year duration and underwent fistula surgery with recurrence. Biopsy of the fistulous tract revealed adenocarcinoma. He received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, followed by abdominoperineal excision including excision of the fistulous tract. After 18 months of follow-up, he is free of recurrence. We present this case with a review of the literature, highlighting the management strategies.

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Backgrounds/Aims: Hemangiomas are the most common benign liver lesions; however, they are usually asymptomatic and seldom require surgery. Enucleation and resection are the most commonly performed surgical procedures for symptomatic lesions. This study aims to compare the outcomes of these two surgical techniques. Methods: A retrospective analysis of symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas (HH) operated upon between 2000 and 2021. Patients were categorized into the enucleation and resection groups. Demographic profile, intraoperative bleeding, and morbidity (Clavien-Dindo Grade) were compared. Independent t-test and chi-square tests were used for continuous and categorical variables respectively. p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sixteen symptomatic HH patients aged 30 to 66 years underwent surgery (enucleation = 8, resection = 8) and majority were females (n = 10 [62.5%]). Fifteen patients presented with abdominal pain, and one patient had an interval increase in the size of the lesion from 9 to 12 cm. The size of hemangiomas varied from 6 to 23 cm. The median blood loss (enucleation: 350 vs. resection: 600 mL), operative time (enucleation: 5.8 vs. resection: 7.5 hours), and postoperative hospital stay (enucleation: 6.5 vs. resection: 11 days) were greater in the resection group (statistically insignificant). In the resection group, morbidity was significantly higher (62.6% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.05), including one mortality. All patients remained asymptomatic during the follow-up. Conclusions: Enucleation was simpler with less morbidity as compared to resection in our series. However, considering the small number of patients, further studies are needed with comparable groups to confirm the superiority of enucleation over resection.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) angioectasias/angiodysplasias are the most frequent vascular lesions of GI tract, responsible for ∼5 to 6% of GI bleedings. It commonly involves the small bowel, making it difficult to diagnose and manage endoscopically. Though medical management has been used to prevent bleeding, it has only a limited role in acute severe hemorrhage. In such cases, surgical resection remains the only practical option. However, multiple lesions pose a unique challenge, as resection may not be advisable for long length of bowel involvement. Here, we report a case of recurrent GI bleeding due to multifocal small bowel angioectasias who was managed by a novel technique of full-thickness transmural sutures under intraoperative enteroscopic guidance. At 6 months follow-up, no new bleeding episodes were observed.

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Ashish SinghBackground Regarding gallbladder cancer (GBC) there is conflicting evidence in the literature whether retroperitoneal lymph nodal metastases (RLNM) should be considered as regional nodal metastasis or as distant metastasis (DM) and the jury is out on radical curative surgery in presence of RLNM. This is an analysis of GBC patients, to see the effect of RLNM on survival and to compare with that of patients with DMs. Methods A retrospective analysis of a prospective database of patients of GBC with RLNM (interaortocaval and paraaortic) or DM on frozen section biopsy at surgery, between January 2013 and December 2018. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (version 22.0). Survival in these two groups (RLNM and DM) was compared with log-rank test. A p -value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 235 patients with ostensibly resectable GBC underwent surgical exploration. The planned curative resection was abandoned in 91 (39%) patients because of RLNM ( n = 20, 9%) or DM ( n = 71, 30%) on frozen section biopsy. Demographic profile and blood parameters were similar. The median survival for RLNM and DM groups were 5 (range 2-26) and 6 (range 2-24) months, respectively, with no significant difference on log-rank test ( p = 0.64). There was no 3-year or longer survivor in either group. Conclusion Due to similar poor survival in presence of RLNM or DM, RLNM should be considered as the equivalent of DM. This study strengthens evidence to avoid curative surgery in patients with RLNM. These lymph nodes should be sampled preoperatively, if suspicious on imaging, for fine-needle aspiration cytology and at surgery, as a routine for frozen section histological examination before initiating curative resection to avert a futile exercise.

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BACKGROUND: About 18%-65% of Arterio-Venous fistula (AVF) made to facilitate haemodialysis in end stage renal disease patient fail to mature. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of clinical parameters and vascular haemodynamics on maturation of AVF on Indian patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. Eligible patients' clinical profiles and vascular haemodynamics by Doppler ultrasonography were noted. All patients underwent radio-cephalic AVF on the non-dominant arm under local anaesthesia. Clinical definition was used to assess success rate of AVFs which is defined as successful six settings of satisfactory dialysis. Data were analysed using Stata/12.0 software. Independent t-test, chi-square test, logistic regression analysis and multivariate analysis were used. The p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 205 patients were enrolled and analysed. Among clinical factors, age, sex, serum creatinine, hypertension had no significant association with failure (p = 0.5, 0.08, 0.76 and 0.74). Patient's BMI and presence of diabetes had significant impact on outcome (p < 0.001 and 0.02 respectively). Among vascular haemodynamics, radial vein diameter of >2.5 mm and radial artery flow rate >40 ml/min had no significant association with failure (p = 0.12 and 0.28). Diameter of radial artery (>2 mm) and intra-operatively immediate thrill were independent predictor of success (p = 0.002 and <0.001). CONCLUSION: In the present study rate of fistula, maturation was 73.2% without any post-operative radiological intervention. Radial artery diameter >2 mm and presence of immediate thrill post-operatively were significantly associated with successful cannulation.

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BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: Hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) for bilioenteric continuity is generally performed with interrupted sutures. This study compares the safety, economics, short- and long-term outcomes of continuous suture hepaticojejunostomy (CSHJ) and interrupted suture hepaticojejunostomy (ISHJ). METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis involving all HJs between January 2014 and December 2018 was conducted. Patients with type IV or V biliary strictures, duct diameter < 8 mm and/or associated vascular injury, and liver transplant recipients were excluded. Patient demographics, preoperative parameters including diagnosis, intra-operative parameters including type and number of sutures, suture time, and postoperative morbidity (based on Clavien-Dindo classification) were recorded. Patients were followed up to 60 months. McDonald's Grade A and B outcomes were considered favorable. Cost according to suture type and number (polydioxanone 3-0/5-0 mean cost, US$ 9.26/length; polyglactin 3-0/4-0 mean cost, US$ 6.56/length), and operation room charge (US$ 67.47/hour) were compared between the two techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 22 software. RESULTS: A total of 556 eligible patients (468 patients undergoing ISHJ and 88 undergoing CSHJ; 47% [n = 261] with malignant and 53% [n = 295] with benign pathology) were analyzed. The two groups were similar. Number of sutures, cost, time, and postoperative bile leak were significantly higher in the ISHJ group. Bile leak occurred in 54 patients (6 CSHJ, 48 ISHJ). Septic shock-induced death occurred in 16 cases (3 CSHJ, 13 ISHJ). Morbidity and the anastomotic stricture rates were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: CSHJ is a safe, economical, and worthy of routine use.