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STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Copenhagen Neck Function Disability Scale (CNFDS) and Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ) in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: CNFDS and NBQ are among the most popular scales to investigate aspects of life in patients with chronic neck pain. To date, the Persian versions of these scales have not been validated. METHODS: Following the translation process, the questionnaires were given to 106 patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. To evaluate reliability, Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability were evaluated. To investigate construct validity, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Neck Pain Disability Scale (NPDS) were used. Internal consistency of the scales was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: No missing data were observed for the NBQ, and missing data affected 0% to 3% of the CNFDS items. There were no floor or ceiling effects. Cronbach alpha was 0.92 for the CNFDS and 0.95 for the NBQ. Test-retest reliability was estimated as 0.86 for the CNFDS and 0.91 for the NBQ. The CNFDS correlated very well with the NDI pain subscale, and the NPDS. The NBQ correlated very well with the NPDS and NDI, and correlated well with the CNFDS and its subscales. Exploratory factor analysis detected three dimensions for the CNFDS and confirmed unidimensionality of the NBQ. CONCLUSION: The Persian versions of the CNFDS and NBQ have acceptable validity and reliability for use with Persian-speaking patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.
Asunto(s)
Dolor de Cuello , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto , Dolor Crónico , Estudios Transversales , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Irán , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor de Cuello/fisiopatología , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Traducción , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Five hundred thousand maternal deaths occur each year worldwide, many of which are in developing countries. The maternal mortality rate is a measure that demonstrates the degree of adequacy of prenatal care and of economic and social conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and causes of pregnancy-related mortality rates in Yazd Province. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined the maternal deaths related to pregnancy that were recorded in Yazd Province, Iran, from 2002 to 2011. All maternal deaths that occurred during pregnancy, during delivery, and 42 days after birth were analyzed in this study. The data were collected through a questionnaire, and both direct and indirect causes of maternal deaths were determined. RESULTS: Forty pregnancy-related deaths occurred in this period, and the maternal mortality rate was 20.8 deaths per 100,000 live births. The mean age of death in the mothers in this study was 29.17. Fifty-five percent of women of the women who died delivered their babies by cesarean section, and only 20% of them delivered their babies vaginally. Bleeding was the most common cause of maternal mortality (30%), and it was associated directly with maternal mortality. Furthermore 20% of the mothers died due to heart disease and cardiac complications, which were associated indirectly with maternal mortality. CONCLUSION: Cesarean section and its complications were the main cause of death in many cases. Thus, providing a strategic plan to reduce the use of this procedure, educate mothers, and ensure adequate access to pre-maternal care and to care during pregnancy are the most important measures that can be taken to decrease the maternal mortality rate.
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OBJECTIVE: Considering the recurrence of febrile seizure and costs for families, many studies have attempted to identify its risk factors. Some recent studies have reported that anemia is more common in children with febrile convulsion, whereas others have reported that iron deficiency raises the seizure threshold. This study was done to compare iron-deficiency anemia in children with first FS with children having febrile illness alone and with healthy children. MATERIALS & METHODS: This case-control study evaluated 300 children in three groups (first FS, febrile without convulsion, and healthy) in Khoramabad Madani Hospital from September 2009 to September 2010. Body temperature on admission was measured using the tympanic method. CBC diff, MCV, MCH, MCHC, serum iron, plasma ferritin and TIBC tests were performed for all participants. Data were analyzed by frequency, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, and chi-square statistical tests. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression at a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: Forty percent of the cases with FS had iron-deficiency anemia, compared to 26% of children with febrile illness without seizure and 12% of healthy children. The Odds ratio for iron-deficiency anemia in the patients with FS was 1.89 (95% CI, 1.04-5.17) compared to the febrile children without convulsion and 2.21 (95% CI, 1.54-3.46) compared to the healthy group. CONCLUSION: Children with FS are more likely to be iron-deficient than those with febrile illness alone and healthy children. Thus, iron-deficiency anemia could be a risk factor for FS.