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BACKGROUND: The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance. Aerobic training (AT) and vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation have been shown to individually improve glucose tolerance and diabetes-related factors. However, the impact of their combined effect on PTP1B gene expression and serum irisin in the visceral adipose tissue remains unknown. This study aims to investigate whether 8 weeks of combined AT with Vit D supplementation can improve the expression of PTP1B in adipose tissue and serum irisin in obese rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: diabetic (n = 40) and non-diabetic (ND; n = 10). The diabetic rats were further divided into four groups: aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation (D + AT + Vit D; n = 10), aerobic training only (D + AT; n = 10), vitamin D supplementation only (D + Vit D; n = 10), and control (D + C; n = 10). The D + Vit D and D + AT + Vit D groups received 5000 IU of vitamin D via injection once a week, while the D + AT and D + C groups received sesame oil. Diabetes was induced in all groups except the nondiabetic group by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin. At the end of the intervention, blood and adipose tissue samples were collected, and RNA was extracted from adipose tissue for real-time PCR analysis of PPTP1B gene expression. RESULTS: There was an increase in serum Vit D and irisin levels and a decrease in HOMA-IR and PTP1B gene expression in the diabetic rat model treated with D + AT and injected with 50,000 IU/kg/week of Vit D. Comparatively, when treated with D + AT + Vit D, the downregulation of PTP1B was significantly higher (p = 0.049; p = 0.004), and there was a significant increase in irisin (p = 0.010; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the combined AT and Vit D supplementation positively impacts the expression of PTP1B in adipose tissue and serum irisin in rats with T2D. These findings suggest that combining AT with Vit D supplementation can provide a new and effective strategy to improve glucose tolerance and diabetes-related factors in individuals with T2D by regulating the expression of PTP1B in adipose tissue and promoting the synthesis of beneficial irisin protein.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder mainly caused by overweight and obesity that accumulates pro-inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Studies have confirmed the efficacy of exercise and vitamin D supplementation in preventing, controlling, and treating diabetes. While, reduced physical activity and vitamin D deficiency are related to increased adiposity, blood glucose level, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance. This study purposed to investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP-1 genes expression in the visceral adipose tissue of obese rats with T2DM. In this experimental study, fifty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT + Vit D), aerobic training (5 days/week for 8 weeks; AT), vitamin D supplementation (Vit D), diabetic control (C) and NC (Non-Diabetic Control). AT + Vit D and AT groups practiced an 8-week aerobic training, 5 days a week. Vit D and AT + Vit D groups receive 5000 IU of vitamin D by injection once a week while AT and C received sesame oil. After blood sampling, visceral fat was taken to measure AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 gene expression. Data were statistically analyzed by One-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Based on our results BW, BMI, WC, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in the AT + Vit D, AT, and Vit D groups compared with the C group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, AT + Vit D, AT, and Vit D upregulated AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 gene expression compared to the C. Based on the results compared to AT and Vit D, AT + Vit D significantly upregulated AMPK (p = 0.004; p = 0.001), PGC-1α (p = 0.010; p = 0.001), and UCP1 (p = 0.032; p = 0.001) gene expression, respectively. Also, AT induced more significant upregulations in the AMPK (p = 0.001), PGC-1α (p = 0.001), and UCP1 gene expression (p = 0.001) than Vit D. Vitamin D supplementation enhanced the beneficial effects of aerobic training on BW, BMI, WC, visceral fat, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR in diabetic rats. We also observed that separate AT or Vit D upregulated the gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 however, combined AT + Vit D upregulated AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 more significantly. These results suggested that combining aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation exerted incremental effects on the gene expressions related to adipose tissue in animal models of diabetes.

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AIM: The present study aimed to explore the potential ameliorative effects of L-arginine (LA), L-carnitine (LC), and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (BMSC-CM) on endometriosis (EMS) model in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: The animals were divided into two main groups, normal and EMS-induced mice. Normal and EMS-induced groups were injected with or without LA (250 mg/kg), LC (250 mg/kg), and BMSC-CM (a final volume of 100 µL of CM/mouse). At the end of the study, the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), and total oxidative status (TOS) were measured in plasma. Furthermore, immature oocytes were collected from two groups and cultured in a maturation medium. Subsequently, the rates of in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and in vitro embryonic development were evaluated. RESULTS: The results revealed that administration of LA, LC, and BMSC-CM ameliorated the oxidative status through maintaining TAC and alleviating TOS and NO levels. More importantly, the maturation and fertilization rates, blastocyst development, and total blastocyst cell numbers significantly increased in LA, LC, and BMSC-CM-administrated groups compared to the control group. In both the normal and EMS groups, the highest IVF, cleavage, and blastocyst percentages were associated with BMSC-CM treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Altogether, LA, LC, and BMSC-CM have therapeutic effects on impaired oocyte quality and promote subsequent development in vitro, probably through normalization of nitro-oxidative stress, thus offering potential alternatives to conventional therapies during assisted reproductive technologies for patients with EMS-associated sub/infertility.

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Testicular torsion is a dangerous urogenital disorder which is caused by twisting of spermatic cord, and unless immediate treatments happen at a proper time, oxidative stress, occurred during ischaemia reperfusion, finally leads to irreversible disintegration of testicular tissue. One of the first preventive lines is to administrate antioxidant factors. In the present study, we investigate the therapeutic effect of cerium oxide nanoparticle on the injury. We divided 45 rats into nine groups, subjected eight groups to testicular torsion-detorsion, injected different doses of cerium oxide nanoparticle into the peritoneum of six groups and analysed all the groups regarding spermatogenetic indices including sperm count, sperm viability and Johnson mean. Our results showed that cerium oxide nanoparticle can alleviate oxidative stress in testis, and this alleviation promotes the reproductive indices as the concentration of cerium oxide nanoparticles increases. The catalase-mimetic and superoxide dismutase-mimetic activities of cerium oxide nanoparticle are the most probable theories to explain the antioxidant effect of the nanoparticle.

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Rhinopoma microphyllum is one of the species of bats that lives in arid and semi-arid areas of Iran. The initial suggestion of the presence of two subspecies R. m. microphyllum and R. m. harrisoni based on their morphological characteristics has been questioned on the basis of small differences between the populations. Later, other researchers assigned Iranian populations of this species to one or two subspecies based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. The present study provides a phylogeographical analysis of this species using 687 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b in 81 bats in Iran, Jordan, Levant and Ethiopia. Based on mtDNA sequences, we found a low degree of genetic diversity in the Iranian populations of R. microphyllum (π = 0.0025), which shows a close relationship between the haplotypes. The analysis of genetic distance (0.15-1.93%), phylogenetic trees, and statistical parsimony network showed that all Iranian samples were grouped in the same clade, while Levant, Jordan and Ethiopian samples belonged to a different clade. Molecular dating suggested the Iranian R. microphyllum lineage split from the R. microphyllum of the Levant and Jordan clade during the Pliocene 3.18 (2.11-4.32 Ma). Taking these results into consideration, we can conclude that all Iranian specimens belong to the same subspecies as R. m. harrisoni since molecular results indicate that Iranian samples are differ from Levant subspecies (R. m. microphyllum).

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BACKGROUND: Finding the best dressing for a specific wound had continued from the past to present. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of encapsulated extract of Satureja khuzistanica in hydrogel alginate at wound healing. METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats with a puncture wound in the back of the neck skin were divided randomly into four groups including a control group, Satureja khuzistanica-treated group, hydrogel alginate-treated group, and Satureja khuzistanica encapsulated in hydrogel alginate-treated group. Rats were treated for 22 days. The skin samples were taken on 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 22nd days after treatment for light microscopy. Results were analyzed in accordance with Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman test (for histopathology analysis) by using SPSS v.22 software. RESULTS: Macroscopically evaluations and measurement of wound size showed increased wound healing process in the treated groups. The complete improvement was created on the 14th day. The wound site was not observed on the 22nd day. But the wound site was observed on the 22nd day in the control group. Also, comparison of the percentage of wound healing between the treated and control groups on 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 22nd days showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Comparison of the H&E stained sections in the studied groups showed that treated groups were effective on wound healing in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Encapsulated extract of Satureja khuzistanica in hydrogel alginate may accelerate wound improvement and increase the rate of wound healing without scar formation.

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During recent years several lizard taxa have been added to the faunal list of Iran. Descriptions and new records are scattered in different publications in the herpetological literature. We here present species accounts for 152 species belonging to 43 genera and 10 families up to July 2016. The most diverse family is Lacertidae with 9 genera, 49 species and 2 subspecies, followed by Gekkonidae with 13 genera and 43 species, Agamidae with 5 genera, 18 species and 4 subspecies, Scincidae with 7 genera, 18 species and 2 subspecies, Phyllodactylidae with 1 genus and 10 species, Sphaerodactylidae with 2 genera and 4 species, Varanidae with 1 genus, 3 species and 2 subspecies, Uromastycidae with 2 genera and 3 species, Eublepharidae with 1 genus and 3 species, and Anguidae with 2 genera and 2 species. The current paper provides a dichotomous key including all of the currently recognized lizards of Iran.

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