RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Studies focusing attention on the effects of environmental pollution on the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) are on the increase. The aim of this study was to determine MS prevalence in a city home to an iron and steel factory which causes air pollution. METHODS: The study was designed as a cross-sectional, population-based, descriptive epidemiologic study. Eregli city, which has an iron and steel factory and proven air pollution, was screened. Additionally, Devrek city, which is a rural and clean city, located 40 km away from Eregli was assigned and results were compared. A validated questionnaire was used for screening. McDonald 2010 criteria were used to diagnose cases. RESULTS: 32 261 people were screened in Eregli, and 21 963 people were screened in Devrek. In total, 41 patients were diagnosed with clinical definite MS. Crude prevalence was found to be 96.1/100 000 in Eregli and 45.5/100 000 in Devrek. The mean age of patients was 39.8, and the female/male ratio was 1.9. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate a more than double MS prevalence rate in the area home to an iron and steel factory when compared to the rural city. This supports the hypothesis that air pollution may be a possible etiological factor in MS.
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Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Esclerosis Múltiple/epidemiología , Adulto , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Instalaciones Industriales y de Fabricación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Turquía/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This study examined the surface roughness (Ra) and shear bond strength (SBS) of Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramic after airborne particle abrasion at different pressures and particle sizes, pre- and post-sintering. Ninety specimens, prepared from Y-TZP ceramic blocks (Vita In-Ceram YZ, Vita Zahnfabrik), were divided into nine subgroups: control, and 50 and 110 µm Al2O3 airborne particle abrasion at 3 and 4 bar pressure, before and after sintering, respectively. According to the sintering order, before and after surface treatments, Ra values were measured using a profilometer. SBS to Y-TZP was assessed after thermocycling, using self-adhesive resin cement (Rely X U200, 3M ESPE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were performed on one specimen per group. All surface-treated samples were rougher than the controls. ABS50-4 (50 µm Al2O3 airborne particle abrasion at 4 bar pressure before sintering), ABS110-3, and ABS110-4 showed the highest Ra values, among all cohorts. The controls displayed lower SBS values than the treated groups (p<0.05), which had statistically similar results to each other. Airborne particle abrasion of pre-sintered Y-TZP, followed by sintering, increased the tetragonal structure contents.
Asunto(s)
Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Cementos de Resina , Abrasión Dental por Aire , Cerámica , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Resistencia al Corte , Propiedades de Superficie , Itrio , CirconioRESUMEN
AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and to determine the risk factors. METHODS: Patients were recruited from the Dr. Lütfi Kirdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital Diabetes Center. Patients between 18-80 years of age and meeting a minimum 5 years diagnosis of type-2 DM were included. All patients were examined by the same neurologist in terms of having RLS. The diagnosis was made according to the updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group consensus criteria. Mimicking conditions such as myalgia, venous stasis, leg edema, arthritis, leg cramps, positional discomfort and habitual foot tapping were carefully investigated and excluded. Laboratory data, insulin use, family history and other related co-morbidities connected to RLS patients were recorded. RLS severity assessment was scored and recorded. RESULTS: 318 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of RLS in type-2 DM patients was found to be 28.3%. RLS prevalence in females was 33.3% and 20.6% in males. 39 patients (43.3%) had a family history of RLS. 43 patients with RLS had a co-morbidity link with RLS. Any co-morbidity linked to RLS was not seen in 47 patients. The prevalence rate of RLS in patients without co-morbidities was 17.1%. Mean duration of DM in patients with RLS was 15.6±6.7years while in DM patients without RLS was 13.7±6.3years. The relationship between RLS and the duration of diabetes was found to be statically significant. (p=0.025). 68 (75.6%) of patients diagnosed with RLS were treated with insulin. A statistical significance was found in the development of RLS and insulin usage (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study which shows the RLS prevalence and risk factors in Turkish type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. The results indicated that RLS is much more frequent in DM patients even after excluding polyneuropathy than in general Turkish population. The duration of diabetes and insulin use are related to RLS.