RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mesocosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of floating plant density on over-the-top spray solution loss to the column using a tracer dye. Experiments quantified in-water rhodamine water tracer (RWT) dye concentration after foliar treatment at 935 L ha-1 to waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms], waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) and giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell) at 0, 25, 50 and 100% area covered (PAC). RESULTS: As expected, spray loss to the water surface decreased with increasing plant density in all species. However, each species exhibited an unique relationship between density and percentage spray loss. The plant material required to result in 50% spray loss (ED50 ) was 32, 62 and 55 PAC for waterhyacinth, waterlettuce and giant salvinia, respectively. Greater ED50 estimates in waterlettuce and giant salvinia were attributed to plant architecture and leaf orientation compared to waterhyacinth, which grows more vertically and has a greater overall surface area to intercept and retain spray solution. However, when treated at 100 PAC, waterhyacinth and waterlettuce resulted in 20-25% spray loss, whereas giant salvinia resulted in only 10% loss. Consequently, giant salvinia exhibited a near 1:1 relationship between spray loss and PAC (slope = -0.93). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that potential herbicide spray loss, as affected by plant density, is largely species-specific and dependent on leaf morphology and plant architecture. Further research will confirm these findings under field conditions as well as to identify other parameters that might affect spray loss when treating floating and emergent plants. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Asunto(s)
Araceae , Eichhornia , Herbicidas , Tracheophyta , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Biodegradación Ambiental , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Fluorescent dye was applied concurrently with triclopyr in two 6.5-ha treatment plots in Lake Minnetonka, MN for data collection to support full aquatic registration of this herbicide. The herbicide and dye mixture was applied by airboat to Phelps Bay with weighted, trailing hoses to maximize uniform distribution of these materials in the water column. A surface application was made to the Carsons Bay plot to attain theoretical triclopyr and dye concentrations of 2500 and 10 micrograms litre-1, respectively. Water samples collected at various times following application showed very little movement of the herbicide and dye out of the Carsons Bay plot. Triclopyr residues moved to a greater extent out of the Phelps Bay plot. The dye was easily tracked in real-time using field fluorometers, which allowed new sampling stations to be established to monitor this movement. Dye concentrations were strongly correlated to herbicide concentrations (r2 = 0.97 in both plots) but were less predictive of the triclopyr metabolite 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP; r2 = 0.82 in Phelps and r2 = 0.73 in Carsons), probably due to its differential metabolism and degradation. The inert dye can be used to compare the dissipation of herbicide residues by dilution versus microbial or other breakdown processes. Vertical sampling of dye in the water column showed that surface applications of aquatic herbicides can delay uniform mixing in the water column by several days. Although the dye aided the tracking of residues outside the treatment areas, predetermined sampling times and stations were still needed if very low concentrations of herbicide were to be detected at times and stations where the dye had been diluted below its limit of detection.