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Mahanarva fimbriolata, Mahanarva spectabilis, Mahanarva liturata, and Mahanarva posticata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) are known pests in South American sugarcane and pasture plantations. They cause phytotoxicity by feeding directly from plant sap, greatly decreasing their production. In this work, we applied Species Distribution Modeling using the Maxent algorithm to analyze these four spittlebug species possible occurrence in South and Central America. Therefore, current and future bioclimatic variables, as well as elevation and other agricultural variables, were used within RStudio. Future climatic variables were differentiated between the years 2050 and 2070 with several representative concentration pathways. Overall, the species showed various suitable habitats in different countries of South and Central America. Nevertheless, when compared with future climate analysis, the number of suitable habitats is declining due to climate change. Elevation, isothermality, and different precipitation variables were mainly responsible for the results. We were able to analyze that spittlebug populations are not limited by temperature, but rather by other abiotic factors, such as precipitation.

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Three-quarters of the patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), show numerical or structural chromosomal alterations, which are important factors in leukemogenesis. The use of Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probes Amplification (MLPA) has been mainly limited for searching copy number alterations of genes, suggesting that MLPA could detect numerical alterations in cancer. However, the use of MLPA in pediatrics to analyze subtelomeric sequences for aneuploidy detection has not been considered in previous studies. The aim of this study was to identify aneuploidy for the first time using MLPA and correlate the results with karyotype and DNA-index (DI), from preB ALL patients. Forty-two bone marrow samples were analyzed by cytogenetics and flow cytometry to determine the DI. The chromosomal gains and/or losses were detected by the SALSA MLPA P036 Subtelomere Mix 1 probemix®. The chromosomal number matched in 36 out of 42 samples between MLPA and karyotype (R2=0.7829, p=3.7×10-10), 18/42 between MLPA and DI (R2=0.1556, p=0.023), and 20/42 between karyotype and DI (R2=0.1509, p=0.015). MLPA results correlated with karyotype and DI. The use of MLPA led us to identify a gained marker chromosome. Our results indicate that MLPA could be a useful and fast alternative tool for aneuploidy identification in pediatric leukemia.

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AIM: Renal transplant patients are frequently subject to polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. However, no previous study has systematically assessed the risk of drug interactions and Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in this population. METHODS: A total of 138 consecutive adult kidney transplant recipients admitted to our hospital between August 2010 and February 2012 were prospectively and systematically assessed by our pharmacovigilance team, within 24 hours of admission, to identify potential drug-drug interactions and probable ADRs. RESULTS: As a consequence of the high number of medications per patient (7.8±0.2 drugs), a considerable number of drugdrug interactions were observed in this population, with an average of 5.6±0.4 drug interactions per patient. Moreover, a significant percentage of admissions (~10%) of kidney transplant patients were related to probable ADRs. Almost all these patients had at least one drug interaction that could have potentially contributed to the probable ADR. Of note, clinically significant (i.e. severe) drug interactions were more frequent among patients with ADRs (29% vs. 15%, p<0.01). Also, patients with ADRs were more likely to have started a medication 30 days before admission (38.5% vs. 10.4%, p < 0.01). Non-immunosuppressive drugs most commonly involved in severe interactions were omeprazole, magnesium sulphate, and statins. The most commonly observed interactions were: tacrolimus and omeprazole, mycophenolate and omeprazole, sirolimus and enalapril, mycophenolate and antivirals, and mycophenolate and magnesium sulphate. CONCLUSION: Drug interactions were extremely frequent among kidney transplant recipients, and responsible for potentially avoidable ADRs. They should be carefully considered when following kidney transplant recipients.

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The ultrastructure of the spittlebug Notozulia entreriana (Berg) is presented. The study resulted in 32 scanning electron microscope photos, with detailed species description.

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A morfologia ultra-estrutural da cigarrinha Notozulia entreriana (Berg) é apresentada. Resultaram 32 ilustrações, utilizando-se microscópio eletrônico de varredura, bem como uma detalhada descrição da espécie.

The ultrastructure of the spittlebug Notozulia entreriana (Berg) is presented. The study resulted in 32 scanning electron microscope photos, with detailed species description.

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Brocossomos são corpos ultramicroscópicos, reticulados, produzidos pelos tubos de Malpighi das cigarrinhas. São geralmente esféricos (brocossomos de tegumento) ou alongados (brocossomos de ovos). Neste estudo, as espécies de Proconiini foram identificadas de acordo com seus brocossomos de ovos. As características e uma chave para a identificação dos brocossomos também foram discutidas. Os espécimes foram coletados em nove pomares de Citrus sinensis ('Valencia'), com o uso da armadilha adesiva de cor amarela. Os pomares estão localizados em sete municípios do Rio Grande do Sul: Tenente Portela, Ijuí, Jaguari, Harmonia, Taquari, Montenegro e Pelotas. Os dados foram coletados de outubro de 1999 a dezembro de 2000 e de outubro de 2001 a março de 2002. Foram identificadas sete espécies capazes de produzir brocossomos de ovos: Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Homalodisca ignorata Melichar, Molomea consolida Shröder, Molomea lineiceps Young, Molomea magna (Walker), Oncometopia facialis (Signoret), e Oncometopia fusca Melichar. Este estudo demonstra que a diversidade de brocossomos de ovos pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a identificação de espécies de Proconiini.

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Um gênero novo e nove espécies novas de cigarrinhas Neotropicais (Hemiptera, Cercopidae, Tomaspidinae). Os seguintes novos táxons de Cercopidae sul-americanos são descritos: Ferorhinella gen. nov., com a espécie-tipo Sphenorhina brevis Walker, 1851; Deois (Deois) knighti sp. nov. (Brasil), Deois (Deois) sexpunctata sp. nov. (Brasil), Deois (Pandysia) constricta sp. nov. (Brasil), Mahanarva (Ipiranga) bahiaensis sp. nov. (Brasil), Maxantonia bifurcata sp. nov. (Brasil), Neosphenorhina curvipenis sp. nov. (Brasil), Sphenorhina brevispina sp. nov. (Equador), Sphenorhina nigricephala sp. nov. (Equador), Sphenorhina minuta sp. nov. (Brasil), Tropidorhinella onorei sp. nov. (Colômbia), Zuata luteofascia sp. nov. (Colômbia). Ferorhinella brevis (Walker, 1851) comb. nov. São fornecidas, também, descrições de um novo padrão de colorido de Mahanarva (M.) phantastica (Breddin, 1904) e de uma variação constatada recentemente na genitália do macho de Deoisella fasciata Costa & Sakakibara, 2002.

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A study was conducted about the Auchenorrhyncha assembly of grassland area with earthmounds of forests at Viamão County, Rio Grande do Sul State from November, 1996 to November, 1997. Forty-four samples were taken with the aid of a square mouth sweeping net. The collections were alleatory made, employing the method of transects. In total 5350 individuals were collected belonging to 38 species and seven families: Cicadellidae (3074), Issidae (1870), Membracidae (379) Dictyopharidae (9), Cercopidae (7), Cixiidae (6) and Delphacidae (1). The commonest species was Nubithia grisescens Stal (Issidae) with 1669 (31.2%) specimens. The homopterans showed a highest density in August (3.38 ind/m³) and the lowest in April (0.32 ind./m³). A total richness of 45 species was estimated by "Jacknife" procedure. Shannon-Wiener's heterogenity index was 2.18. Pielou's homogenity index was 0.60.

Estudou-se a comunidade de auquenorrincos em uma área de campos com capões de mata do município de Viamão, RS no período de novembro de 1996 a novembro de 1997. Realizaram-se 44 coletas semanais utilizando-se uma rede-de-varredura de secção quadrada sobre transectos escolhidos aleatoriamente. No total foram coletados 5350 indivíduos pertencentes a 38 espécies distribuídos em sete famílias: Cicadellidae (3078), Issidae (1870), Membracidae (379), Dictyopharidae (9), Cercopidae (7), Cixiidae (6) e Delphacidae (1). A espécie mais abundante foi Nubithia grisescens Stal (Issidae) com 1669 (31,2%) exemplares coletados. As cigarrinhas apresentaram a maior média de densidade populacional no mês de agosto (3,48 ind/m³) e a menor no mês de abril (0,32 ind/m³) com média anual de 1,61 ind/m³. A estimativa do total de morfoespécies que podem ser encontradas na área, obtida através do cálculo do "Jacknife" foi de 45 morfoespécies. Para o índice de heterogeneidade de Shannon-Wiener obteve-se 2,18. O valor de homogeneidade de Pielou foi de 0,60.

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The external morphological characters of the egg and five instars of Phthia picta (Drury) are described and illustrated.

Neste trabalho é apresentada a descrição dos caracteres morfológicos externos do ovo e dos cinco ínstares ninfais de Phthia picta (Drury), incluindo ilustrações.

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In order to determine the contribution of alpha-thalassemia to microcytosis and hypochromia, 339 adult outpatients seen at Unicamp University Hospital (with the exception of the Clinical Hematology outpatient clinics), who showed normal hemoglobin (Hb) levels and reduced mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, were analyzed. Ninety-eight were Blacks (28.9 percent) and 241 were Caucasians (71.1 percent). In all cases, Hb A2 and F levels were either normal or low. The most common deletional and nondeletional forms of alpha-thalassemia [-alpha3.7, -alpha4.2, --MED, -(alpha)20.5, alphaHphIalpha, alphaNcoIalpha, aaNcoI and alphaTSAUDI] were investigated by PCR and restriction enzyme analyses. A total of 169 individuals (49.9 percent) presented alpha-thalassemia: 145 (42.8 percent) were heterozygous for the -alpha3.7 deletion (-alpha3.7/aa) and 18 (5.3 percent) homozygous (-alpha3.7/-alpha3.7), 5 (1.5 percent) were heterozygous for the nondeletional form alphaHphIalpha (alphaHphIalpha/aa), and 1 (0.3 percent) was a --MED carrier (--MED/aa). Among the Blacks, 56 (57.1 percent) showed the -alpha3.7/aa genotype, whereas 12 (12.2 percent) were -alpha3.7/-alpha3.7 and 1 (1.0 percent) was an alphaHphIalpha carrier; among the Caucasians, 89 (36.9 percent) were -alpha3.7/aa, 6 (2.5 percent) had the -alpha3.7/-alpha3.7 genotype, 4 (1.7 percent) presented the nondeletional form (alphaHphIalpha/aa), and 1 (0.4 percent) was a --MED carrier. These results demonstrate that alpha-thalassemia, mainly through the -alpha3.7 deletion, is an important cause of microcytosis and hypochromia in individuals without anemia. These data are of clinical relevance since these hematological alterations are often interpreted as indicators of iron deficiency

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In order to determine the contribution of alpha-thalassemia to microcytosis and hypochromia, 339 adult outpatients seen at Unicamp University Hospital (with the exception of the Clinical Hematology outpatient clinics), who showed normal hemoglobin (Hb) levels and reduced mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, were analyzed. Ninety-eight were Blacks (28.9%) and 241 were Caucasians (71.1%). In all cases, Hb A2 and F levels were either normal or low. The most common deletional and nondeletional forms of alpha-thalassemia [-alpha3.7, -alpha4.2, --MED, -(alpha)20.5, alphaHphIalpha, alphaNcoIalpha, alphaalphaNcoI and alphaTSAUDI] were investigated by PCR and restriction enzyme analyses. A total of 169 individuals (49.9%) presented alpha-thalassemia: 145 (42.8%) were heterozygous for the -alpha3.7 deletion (-alpha3.7/alphaalpha) and 18 (5.3%) homozygous (-alpha3.7/-alpha3.7), 5 (1.5%) were heterozygous for the nondeletional form alphaHphIalpha (alphaHphIalpha/alphaalpha), and 1 (0.3%) was a --MED carrier (--MED/alphaalpha). Among the Blacks, 56 (57.1%) showed the -alpha3.7/alphaalpha genotype, whereas 12 (12.2%) were -alpha3.7/-alpha3.7 and 1 (1.0%) was an alphaHphIalpha carrier; among the Caucasians, 89 (36.9%) were -alpha3.7/alphaalpha, 6 (2.5%) had the -alpha3.7/-alpha3.7 genotype, 4 (1.7%) presented the nondeletional form (alphaHphIalpha/alphaalpha), and 1 (0.4%) was a --MED carrier. These results demonstrate that alpha-thalassemia, mainly through the -alpha3.7 deletion, is an important cause of microcytosis and hypochromia in individuals without anemia. These data are of clinical relevance since these hematological alterations are often interpreted as indicators of iron deficiency.

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Seven unrelated patients with hemoglobin (Hb) H disease and 27 individuals with alpha-chain structural alterations were studied to identify the alpha-globin gene mutations present in the population of Southeast Brazil. The -alpha3.7, --MED and -(alpha)20.5 deletions were investigated by PCR, whereas non-deletional alpha-thalassemia (alphaHphalpha, alphaNcoIalpha, alphaalphaNcoI, alphaIcalpha and alphaTSaudialpha) was screened with restriction enzymes and by nested PCR. Structural alterations were identified by direct DNA sequencing. Of the seven patients with Hb H disease, all of Italian descent, two had the -(alpha)20.5/-alpha3.7 genotype, one had the --MED/-alpha3.7 genotype, one had the --MED/alphaHphalpha genotype and three showed interaction of the -alpha3.7 deletion with an unusual, unidentified form of non-deletional alpha-thalassemia [-alpha3.7/(alphaalpha)T]. Among the 27 patients with structural alterations, 15 (of Italian descent) had Hb Hasharon (alpha47Asp-->His) associated with the -alpha3.7 deletion, 4 (of Italian descent) were heterozygous for Hb J-Rovigo (alpha53Ala-->Asp), 4 (3 Blacks and 1 Caucasian) were heterozygous for Hb Stanleyville-II (alpha78Asn-->Lys) associated with the alpha+-thalassemia, 1 (Black) was heterozygous for Hb G-Pest (alpha74Asp-->Asn), 1 (Caucasian) was heterozygous for Hb Kurosaki (alpha7Lys-->Glu), 1 (Caucasian) was heterozygous for Hb Westmead (alpha122His-->Gln), and 1 (Caucasian) was the carrier of a novel silent variant (Hb Campinas, alpha26Ala-->Val). Most of the mutations found reflected the Mediterranean and African origins of the population. Hbs G-Pest and Kurosaki, very rare, and Hb Westmead, common in southern China, were initially described in individuals of ethnic origin differing from those of the carriers reported in the present study and are the first cases to be reported in the Brazilian population.

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Seven unrelated patients with hemoglobin (Hb) H disease and 27 individuals with alpha-chain structural alterations were studied to identify the alpha-globin gene mutations present in the population of Southeast Brazil. The -alpha3.7, --MED and -(alpha)20.5 deletions were investigated by PCR, whereas non-deletional alpha-thalassemia (alphaHphalpha, alphaNcoIalpha, aaNcoI, alphaIcalpha and alphaTSaudialpha) was screened with restriction enzymes and by nested PCR. Structural alterations were identified by direct DNA sequencing. Of the seven patients with Hb H disease, all of Italian descent, two had the -(alpha)20.5/-alpha3.7 genotype, one had the --MED/-alpha3.7 genotype, one had the --MED/alphaHphalpha genotype and three showed interaction of the -alpha3.7 deletion with an unusual, unidentified form of non-deletional alpha-thalassemia [-alpha3.7/(aa)T]. Among the 27 patients with structural alterations, 15 (of Italian descent) had Hb Hasharon (alpha47Asp->His) associated with the -alpha3.7 deletion, 4 (of Italian descent) were heterozygous for Hb J-Rovigo (alpha53Ala->Asp), 4 (3 Blacks and 1 Caucasian) were heterozygous for Hb Stanleyville-II (alpha78Asn->Lys) associated with the alpha+-thalassemia, 1 (Black) was heterozygous for Hb G-Pest (alpha74Asp->Asn), 1 (Caucasian) was heterozygous for Hb Kurosaki (alpha7Lys->Glu), 1 (Caucasian) was heterozygous for Hb Westmead (alpha122His->Gln), and 1 (Caucasian) was the carrier of a novel silent variant (Hb Campinas, alpha26Ala->Val). Most of the mutations found reflected the Mediterranean and African origins of the population. Hbs G-Pest and Kurosaki, very rare, and Hb Westmead, common in southern China, were initially described in individuals of ethnic origin differing from those of the carriers reported in the present study and are the first cases to be reported in the Brazilian population

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