RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The historical focus of vaccines on child health coupled with the advent of novel vaccines targeting adult populations necessitates exploring strategies for adult vaccine implementation. AREAS COVERED: This scoping review extracts insights from the past decade's experiences introducing adult vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. Among 25 papers reviewed, 19 focused on oral cholera vaccine, 2 on Meningococcal A vaccines, 2 on tetanus toxoid vaccine, 1 on typhoid vaccine, and 1 on Ebola vaccine. Aligned with WHO's Global Framework for New TB Vaccines for Adults and Adolescents, our findings center on vaccine availability, accessibility, and acceptance. EXPERT OPINION: Availability findings underscore the importance of understanding disease burden for prioritization, multi-sectoral collaboration during planning, and strategic resource allocation and coordination. Accessibility results highlight the benefits of leveraging existing health infrastructure and adequately training healthcare workers, and contextually tailoring vaccine delivery approaches to reach challenging sub-groups like working male adults. Central to fostering acceptance, resonant sensitization, and communication campaigns engaging the communities and utilizing trusted local leaders countered rumors and increased awareness and uptake. As we approach the introduction of a new adult TB vaccine, insights from this review equips decision-makers with key evidence-based recommendations to support successful and equitable vaccinations targeting adults.
Asunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo , Humanos , Adulto , Programas de Inmunización , Vacunación/métodos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Vacunas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
A pandemic, especially when caused by a novel virus, induces tremendous uncertainty, fear, and anxiety. To mitigate panic and encourage appropriate behavioral action, communication is critical. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) guidance is designed to assist public health authorities, government officials, and other stakeholders in using risk communication during an emergency. For each of the 6 core communication principles outlined in the CERC guidance, we describe the use or nonuse of these principles at critical points during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by US public health and government officials. With the knowledge that the pandemic will continue to rage for some time and that new communication challenges will arise, including issues related to vaccination and treatment options, many lessons are to be learned and shared. To reduce fear and uncertainty among those living in the United States, COVID-19 communication should be rapid and accurate, while building credibility and trust and showcasing empathy-all with a unified voice.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Comunicación , Difusión de la Información , Información de Salud al Consumidor , Humanos , Salud Pública , SARS-CoV-2 , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: While India has made substantial progress in introducing new vaccines and scaling up immunization coverage, inequities persist sub-nationally. This study was performed to investigate the risk of under-immunization based on class membership and to identify heterogeneous classes based on sociodemographic characteristics in pediatric and maternal populations in India through latent class analysis. METHODS: Data from the most recent National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015-2016 were used. Latent class analysis was used to model immunization coverage in children aged 12-23 months and mothers, and to identify subgroups to characterize those at risk of not being immunized. RESULTS: Patterns of sociodemographic characteristics were found to contribute to non-immunization or under-immunization among pediatric and maternal populations in India. Individuals who fit into one of three categories were identified in both populations: those at high, medium, and lower risk of not being immunized. Lower socioeconomic status, lack of antenatal care, and lower maternal education put individuals at higher risk of not being immunized with routine childhood vaccines and maternal tetanus toxoid. CONCLUSIONS: Predisposing risk factors can persistently impact immunization status despite improvements in immunization access in India. Tailored programmatic interventions should be developed to improve immunization coverage among those children and mothers who are at highest risk of being under-immunized or not immunized.