RESUMEN
The review is devoted to the analysis of the literature on the possible association of Helicobacter pylori infection with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and its supposed mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/complicaciones , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Helicobacter/metabolismo , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Helicobacter pylori/patogenicidad , Helicobacter pylori/fisiología , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólico/complicaciones , Síndrome Metabólico/microbiologíaRESUMEN
There are considered special social and economic aspects of the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. These aspects acquired the particular importance for the last time due to the fact that the provision of the people with pure water has been becoming the focus of the attention of geopolitical and socio-economic interests in a number of countries. The availability ofpure drinking water serves a marker of the socio-economic state of the territory and the population living there. In Russia where different climatic conditions are deposited by considerable regional differences in the conditions of communal services caused both by various level of the socio-economic development of the territory, the supplementation with pure drinking water serves as the social determinant of the ecological conditions of the population's life. This particularly has impact on the unfeasible technical state of the water distribution systems, microorganism ecology of which can substantially affect public health. The performed by authors a specialized screening ofpresented at the official web site of the joint-stock company «Mosvodokanal¼ current data concerning the quality of drinking water consumed by 2500 Moscovites, tested for the Helicobacter pylori infection revealed no deviations from the sanitary standards in the water received by the consumers. Along with that, the comparison of the map documents of the distribution of the Helicobacter pylori infection in Moscow with the distribution of citizens' complaints of the decline of the quality of tap water has revealed a territorial fastening of the high values of the population infection rate of n^ylori and the urban sites with the greatest number of complaints. In the microbial ecology of water-distribution systems there are tightly aligned problems of their epidemiological safety, technical state and economic damage caused by corrosion as a result of microbiotic activity. In contrast to acute bacterial and viral infections which are deemed of the greatest importance when assessing the sanitary condition of water sources and water-distribution systems, the consequences of infection with H. pylori may not be manifestedfor a long time but some years later they may be manifested as serious chronic diseases (from gastritis to adenocarcinoma of the stomach and a wide range of extraintestinal pathologies), which causes great social and economic losses. Thus, the socio-economic aspect of the epidemiology of helicobacteriosis includes at least two components: the technic - the maintenance of the feasible technic and sanitary state of the water distribution systems and the medico-social - expenditures for screening and treatment of infected patients. In total they are an inseparable part of the prevention of socially-important diseases in the public health system.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Helicobacter , Tamizaje Masivo/economía , Salud Pública , Microbiología del Agua/normas , Abastecimiento de Agua , Conservación de los Recursos Hídricos/métodos , Conservación de los Recursos Hídricos/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por Helicobacter/economía , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/etiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/prevención & control , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Moscú/epidemiología , Evaluación de Necesidades , Salud Pública/métodos , Salud Pública/normas , Factores Socioeconómicos , Tiempo , Abastecimiento de Agua/métodos , Abastecimiento de Agua/normasRESUMEN
Magnetic fluid-loaded liposomes (MFLs) were fabricated using magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and natural phospholipids via the thin film hydration method followed by extrusion. The size distribution and composition of MFLs were studied using dynamic light scattering and spectrophotometry. The effective ranges of magnetite concentration in MNPs hydrosol and MFLs for contrasting at both T2 and T1 relaxation were determined. On T2 weighted images, the MFLs effectively increased the contrast if compared with MNPs hydrosol, while on T1 weighted images, MNPs hydrosol contrasting was more efficient than that of MFLs. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrasting properties of MFLs and their effects on tumor and normal tissues morphology, were investigated in rats with transplanted renal cell carcinoma upon intratumoral administration of MFLs. No significant morphological changes in rat internal organs upon intratumoral injection of MFLs were detected, suggesting that the liposomes are relatively safe and can be used as the potential contrasting agents for MRI.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Contraste/química , Liposomas/química , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Animales , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Riñón/patología , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Masculino , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Tamaño de la Partícula , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
AIM OF THE STUDY: On the available reports to assess the possibility of the infection with pyloric Helicobacter (H.pylori) from external sources--via contaminated food and water. BASIC CONCEPTS: H. pylori was established to be unable to multiply in dairy and other products, but under favorable conditions, can survive in the limited time. There are obtained epidemiological data about the feedback between the prevalence of H. pylori infection in the region and the availability of safe water. There was recorded ability of bacteria to survive for a short time in water in bacillary virulent form. In different water sources in different countries there was found H. pylori coccal form. CONCLUSION: H. pylori ability to survive in the commonly used product supports the hypothesis that contaminated food (tank-human) may serve as a conductor of infection. The literature data testify to the possibility and importance of the waterway for H. pylori infection transmission that changes the approaches to prophylaxis and the prevention of associated with it diseases.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Microbiología del Agua , Salud Global , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/transmisión , Humanos , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
In the article there are presented data on the high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in Russia and its consequences, including the development of gastric cancer. There is presented the evidence of possible transmission of H. pylori with water previously underestimated. There is substantiated the necessity of preventing infection, which should include the informing of the population, compliance with hygiene standards and widespread availability of safe water.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Helicobacter/prevención & control , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/métodos , Femenino , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Federación de Rusia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of review: analysis of the available in the literature data about the possible kinds and pathways of transmission of pyloric Helicobacter infection from person to person. Knowledge of these data is necessary for its prevention. Subjects--available literature, mainly English-language articles. There were separated two modes of transmission of Helicobacter pylori: vertical--the spread of infection from older to younger and horizontal--by contact between persons outside of the family. Basis statements. There is abundant evidence confirming the gastro-oral, oral-oral and fecal-oral transmission of H. pylori. To prevent the transmission of infection from person to person and the development of related diseases an essential measure is elibiotics.
Asunto(s)
Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Infecciones por Helicobacter , Higiene , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/transmisión , Humanos , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Numerous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a leading etiologic factor in the development of chronic atrophic gastritis, one gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Effective prevention of gastroduodenal pathology requires the right information about its prevalence in the population and risk factors. The most reliable information can be obtained during medical examination of the able-bodied population, which provides in-depth clinical examination of contingents with the identification of asymptomatic pathology, detection of risk groups, the substantiation ofprophylactic measures and tracking their efficacy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the clinical examination of the manufacturing contingents there was performed a study of the presence of infection Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in 2414 people aged 19 to 74 years. For more details on the presence of gastroduodenal pathology 991 people were examined with the use of clinical methods and interviews. The aggregation of information presented in the form of estimates for its geocoding and mapping has been made. Cluster analysis was performed. RESULTS: H. pylori infection was diagnosed in 2,182 people accounting for 90.4% out of 2414 examined cases. Infections occurred equally in males--91.7% and females--89.6%. The risk of development of gastroduodenal pathology in individuals infected with H. pylori is 4.4 times greater than the risk in seronegative individuals (95%, confidence interval 1.9-6.4). Cluster analysis revealed a statistically significant clusters for the strata with a prevalence of 100% (X2 = 45.5204) and below 50% of infection rate (X2 = 7.36). It is in prospect to analyze in more detail the data relating to these areas in order to identify the factors contributing to the different degree of infection rate of residents, including the assessment of drinking water.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Diagnóstico del Sistema Digestivo , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Industrias , Salud Laboral , Población Urbana , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moscú/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Assessment of health status of the population - the most important issue in preventive medicine. The objective of this work - to determine the possibility of nonendoscopic screening for gastroduodenal pathology, by the example of atrophic gastritis, in mass medical examinations of working residents in Moscow. Minimally invasive diagnostic test system GastroPanel ("Biohit", Finland) has been used. It allows with the ELISA method to determine both serum indicators of the function of the stomach -pepsinogen 1, gastrin 17 and the presence of H. pylori infection. 758 persons have been examined. The performed study confirms the possibility with the use of a set of mentioned indicators to identify individuals suspected for the presence of gastroduodenal disorders, especially atrophic gastritis, recognized as a precancerous condition. The use in preventive medicine complex diagnostic system, firstly, will make assessment of the health of the population more correct, increase the effectiveness of preventive measures and quality of life, and secondly, will contribute to the diagnosis of diseases of the stomach and duodenum in the early stages.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Duodenales/diagnóstico , Gastritis Atrófica/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Tamizaje Masivo/organización & administración , Prevención Primaria/organización & administración , Salud Pública/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedades Duodenales/sangre , Enfermedades Duodenales/microbiología , Enfermedades Duodenales/prevención & control , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Gastrinas/sangre , Gastritis Atrófica/sangre , Gastritis Atrófica/microbiología , Gastritis Atrófica/prevención & control , Infecciones por Helicobacter/sangre , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/prevención & control , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moscú , Pepsinógeno A/sangre , Prevención Primaria/métodos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The authors studied the prevalence and a number of epidemiological features of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in Moscow. A prophylactic medical examination revealed the infection in 863 working residents of the megapolis. A mini-invasive study was used. Enzyme immunoassay was carried out to determine serum IgG antibodies against Hp. The authors' questionnaire was used in 634 interviews. There was an extremely high incidence (88%) of Hp infection. The prevalence of the infection was found to be related to age, social status (social position, educational level), living conditions (shared or hostel habitation, no sewerage system), contact with waste waters. No association was found between the rate of the infection and the examinees' gender, the intake of raw Moscow tap drinking water, and the contact with domestic animals. Moscow was rated among the cities with a high prevalence of Hp infection. The study revealed a number of epidemiological features of the infection in the megapolis, a knowledge of which is required to elaborate measures for its prophylaxis and the prevention of its associated diseases.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Reservorios de Enfermedades , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Helicobacter pylori/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moscú/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The paper presents new screening capacities for the early detection of gastroduodenal diseases. The GastroPanel diagnostic system can determine the functional state and indirectly the mucosal structure of different segments of the stomach from blood tests using the enzyme immunoassay. The system permits Helicobacter pylori infection to be detected. Helicobacter pylori is well-known to be the principal cause of the most common gastroduodenal diseases, such as chronic gastritis, including atrophic gastritis regarded as precancer, as well as ulcerative disease of the stomach and duodenum, and distal gastric cancer. The GastroPanel test system is informative, low-informative, and acceptable for the stomach to be evaluated during population-based surveys. It enables gastroduodenal disease to be suspected at the preclinical stage. The GastroPanel test system opens up possibilities for investigating the chronic exposure of the stomach to poor environmental factors over time.
Asunto(s)
Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Gastritis Atrófica/microbiología , Gastritis Atrófica/patología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/complicaciones , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Úlcera Péptica/microbiología , Úlcera Péptica/patología , Gastritis Atrófica/epidemiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Humanos , Úlcera Péptica/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The specific features of itch in various systemic diseases are presented. A great variety of its possible mechanisms are shown in some systemic diseases. The basic principles of determination of the causes of itch and its treatment are given.
Asunto(s)
Prurito/etiología , Adulto , Anciano , Colestasis/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/complicaciones , Femenino , Enfermedades Hematológicas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicaciones , Humanos , Infecciones/complicaciones , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/complicaciones , Enfermedades Parasitarias/complicaciones , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Prurito/inducido químicamente , Prurito/diagnóstico , Prurito/psicología , Prurito/terapia , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/diagnóstico , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/etiología , Insuficiencia Renal/complicacionesAsunto(s)
Prurito/etiología , Prurito/fisiopatología , Acetilcolina/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Citocinas/fisiología , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/complicaciones , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Enfermedades Hematológicas/complicaciones , Humanos , Mediadores de Inflamación/fisiología , Enfermedades Renales/complicaciones , Hepatopatías/complicaciones , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/complicaciones , Enfermedades Parasitarias/complicaciones , Embarazo , Pronóstico , Prurito/diagnóstico , Prurito/psicología , Enfermedades Reumáticas/complicacionesRESUMEN
Amylin belongs to the calcitonin peptide family. Amylin is a peptide synthesized not only in the beta cells of pancreatic islets, but in small quantities also in other organs like in the intestinal and gastric mucosa, lungs and central nervous system. It is located in the same secretory granules as insulin. Amylin participates in the maintenance of glucose and calcium homeostasis. It also inhibits food intake and decreases body weight. Furthermore, amylin inhibits gastric acid secretion. It protects the gastric mucosa in ulcer models like stress, vagal stimulation, ethanol, acetic acid, reserpine and serotonine administration and pylorus ligation. This protective antiulcer is seen not only at pharmacological but also at near-physiological doses-0.5mkg/kg. Moreover amylin also exerts curative properties in the acetic acid and indomethacin ulcer models. Amylin decreases the aggressive factors like acid-pepsin secretion, increases mast cell stability and increases protective mechanisms like bicarbonate gastric secretion, dilates blood vessels, and it increases lymphatic mesenteric activity. Amylin seems to be a powerful protector of gastric mucosa in animals by increasing the stability of gastric mucosa. Further research remains, however, to be done.
RESUMEN
Basic anatomophysiological evidence underlying sense of taste, main causes of taste disorders, guides for practitioners how to detect these disorders and differentiate them with physicians of allied specialities, make prognosis and design policy of the disease treatment are reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Gusto/etiología , Enfermedades de los Nervios Craneales/complicaciones , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/complicaciones , Humanos , Papilas Gustativas/anatomía & histología , Papilas Gustativas/fisiología , Trastornos del Gusto/clasificación , Trastornos del Gusto/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Gusto/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
The paper presents experimental findings of some possible mechanisms of protective antiulcerous action of amyline. Amyline is the second beta-cell pancreatic hormone, which has been just recently discovered. The authors have studied the effects of amyline on gastric secretion, mast cell functions, mesenteric lymphatic microvascular contractility, i.e. on individual aggressive and protective factors of the gastric mucosa. Amyline has been found to inhibit basal acid gastric secretion and the secretion stimulated by vagal irritation. The peptide reduces the secretory activities of mast cells. Amyline given to animals increases the heparin saturation index of mast cells and decreases the degranulation index. Amyline-induced stabilization of mast cells appears to followed by the decreased release of histamine and other damaging substances. The stimulating effect of amyline on the contractile activity of mesenteric lymphatic vessels was recorded in rats. Amyline increases both the frequency and amplitude of their contractions. The increased lymph flow that is closely associated with microcirculation promotes the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Therefore, the protective antiulcerous properties of amyline reduce the action of aggressive agents on the gastric mucosa and stimulate protective ones.
Asunto(s)
Amiloide/fisiología , Jugo Gástrico/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/fisiología , Animales , Degranulación de la Célula/fisiología , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Liberación de Histamina/fisiología , Polipéptido Amiloide de los Islotes Pancreáticos , Masculino , Mastocitos/fisiología , RatasRESUMEN
Water-immersion restraint stress increased secretory activity of mast cells and led to the formation of erosive lesions in the gastric mucosa. Intraperitoneal administration of amylin in a dose of 0.5 microg/kg 1 h before stress suppressed degranulation of mast cells and decreased the severity of gastric mucosa damages. In in vitro experiments amylin abolished the activating effects of acetylcholine and bradykinin on mast cell degranulation. Amylin-induced stabilization of activated mast cells probably underlies its protective effects during ulceration.
Asunto(s)
Amiloide/farmacología , Mucosa Gástrica/efectos de los fármacos , Mastocitos/metabolismo , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Animales , Bradiquinina/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Polipéptido Amiloide de los Islotes Pancreáticos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Úlcera/patología , Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
Amylin (10(-10)M) induced relaxation of norepinephrine-precontracted rat aortic rings by more than 50%. This effect was preserved after blockade of NO-synthase and even after denudation of the vessel. Thus amylin-induced vasodilation is an endothelium-independent process not mediated by NO.
Asunto(s)
Amiloide/farmacología , Acetilcolina/farmacología , Animales , Aorta/patología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Polipéptido Amiloide de los Islotes Pancreáticos , Masculino , Músculo Liso/citología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , RatasRESUMEN
The effects of the pancreatic polypeptide amyline on ulceration and acid gastric secretion were studied in rat experiments. Pyloric ligation was used as a model of ulceration. Amyline administration caused significantly less gastric mucosal damage in response to pyloric ligation. The severity of gastric mucosal damage averaged 47 +/- 13 mm2 in the control group and 25 +/- 11 mm2 (p < 0.005). The rate of acid gastric secretion in the animals whose pylorus had been ligated as judged by the pH of gastric content was significantly higher than that in the controls (2.87 +/- 0.22 and 2.34 +/- 0.17 (p = 0.05). It is concluded that amyline has a noticeable effect on the gastric mucosa. It is suggested that suppressed acid gastric secretion, i.e. reduced influence of aggressive agents on the gastric mucosa, is a mechanism of antiulcerative action of the peptide.