RESUMEN
Plerocerci of the trypanorhynch cestode Progrillotia dasyatidis Beveridge, Neifar & Euzet, (Progrillotiidae) were isolated from the gallbladder of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus from a small freshwater marsh in the Lake Atanasovsko Wetlands, a coastal area adjacent to the Black Sea coast, Bulgaria. The parasite was recorded in five out of 134 fish individuals studied (prevalence 3.73%, intensity 1-7, mean intensity 2.40 ± 1.17 and mean abundance 0.09 ± 0.06). A description of the plerocerci is presented, expanding data on intraspecific variation. The present report is the first record of P. dasyatidis from G. aculeatus (new host record) and from Bulgaria (new geographical record). Recording only plerocerci with evaginated scoleces in the sticklebacks is consistent with the hypothesis that teleosts are paratenic hosts and not intermediate hosts of P. dasyatidis.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos , Infecciones por Cestodos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Parásitos , Smegmamorpha , Animales , Bulgaria/epidemiología , Infecciones por Cestodos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Lagos , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Smegmamorpha/parasitología , HumedalesRESUMEN
The aim of the study is to test a hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among mammalian hymenolepidid tapeworms, based on partial (D1-D3) nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, by estimating new molecular phylogenies for the group based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and nuclear 18S rRNA genes, as well as a combined analysis using all three genes. New sequences of COI and 18S rRNA genes were obtained for Coronacanthus integrus, C. magnihamatus, C. omissus, C. vassilevi, Ditestolepis diaphana, Lineolepis scutigera, Spasskylepis ovaluteri, Staphylocystis tiara, S. furcata, S. uncinata, Vaucherilepis trichophorus and Neoskrjabinolepis sp. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the major clades identified by Haukisalmi et al. (Zoologica Scripta 39: 631-641, 2010): Ditestolepis clade, Hymenolepis clade, Rodentolepis clade and Arostrilepis clade. While the Ditestolepis clade is associated with soricids, the structure of the other three clades suggests multiple evolutionary events of host switching between shrews and rodents. Two of the present analyses (18S rRNA and COI genes) show that the basal relationships of the four mammalian clades are branching at the same polytomy with several hymenolepidids from birds (both terrestrial and aquatic). This may indicate a rapid radiation of the group, with multiple events of colonizations of mammalian hosts by avian parasites.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos , Mamíferos/parasitología , Filogenia , Animales , Cestodos/clasificación , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , ARN Ribosómico 28S/genéticaRESUMEN
Artemia franciscana is an invasive crustacean expanding its range in hypersaline wetlands in the Mediterranean region and replacing native Artemia parthenogenetica and Artemia salina. Native brine shrimps are known as intermediate hosts of cestodes; infected individuals exhibit changes in their behaviour and appearance, thus facilitating the parasite transmission to the avian hosts by predation. To assess whether invasive brine shrimps participate in the cestode life cycles to the same extent as the native species, we examined the natural infections in seven populations of Artemia spp. along the southern coast of Spain and Portugal: three populations of each A. franciscana and A. parthenogenetica and one population of A. salina. Ten cestode species were found in A. parthenogenetica, while only six were recorded in each of A. salina and A. franciscana. The overall infection was consistently higher in native than in invasive populations. For a particular cestode species, the prevalence or abundance was significantly higher in a native population for 54 pairwise comparisons and only higher for an invasive population for 4 pairwise comparisons. These results suggest that cestodes may influence competitive interactions between native and invasive brine shrimps, thus partly explaining the invasive success of A. franciscana.
Asunto(s)
Artemia/fisiología , Artemia/parasitología , Cestodos/patogenicidad , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/clasificación , Cestodos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Femenino , Masculino , Mar Mediterráneo , Portugal , Prevalencia , España , Factores de Tiempo , Infecciones por Trematodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Trematodos/veterinariaRESUMEN
The brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) is intermediate host for several cestode species whose final hosts are waterbirds. Previous field studies have shown that brine shrimps infected with cestodes have a bright red colour and are spatially segregated in the water column. However, the ethological mechanisms explaining such field observations are unknown. Changes in appearance and behaviour induced by trophically transmitted parasites have been shown to increase the risk of predation by the final host. In this experimental study, we compared the behaviour of uninfected Artemia and those infected by avian cestodes. We found that parasitised individuals behave differently from unparasitised ones in several ways. In contrast to uninfected individuals, infected brine shrimps were photophilous and showed increased surface-swimming behaviour. These observations suggest that the modified behaviour (in addition to the bright red colour of the majority of the infected individuals) results in infected brine shrimps becoming more vulnerable to avian final hosts, which facilitates parasite transmission. We discuss our results in terms of the adaptive nature of behavioural changes and their potential implications for the hypersaline ecosystem.
Asunto(s)
Artemia/parasitología , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Cestodos/fisiología , Infecciones por Cestodos/transmisión , Conducta Espacial/fisiología , Animales , Artemia/fisiología , Conducta Animal/efectos de la radiación , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves/transmisión , Cestodos/clasificación , Vectores de Enfermedades , Sensación de Gravedad/fisiología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Luz , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Actividad Motora/efectos de la radiación , Pigmentación/fisiología , Natación/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Although the red colour of brine shrimps has previously been supposed to be associated with cestode parasitism, no evidence has been provided that red and transparent brine shrimps differ in their role for cestode circulation. We compared the cestode infections in 100 red and 100 transparent Artemia parthenogenetica collected from the Odiel salt pans in Spain. Seven cestode species were recorded in red, and only four of them were recorded in transparent brine shrimps. The red brine shrimps were more infected with cysticercoids than transparent individuals (prevalence, 87 vs 21%; mean intensity, 1.56 vs 1.00; mean abundance, 1.35 vs 0.21). Three cestode species (Flamingolepis liguloides, Anomotaenia tringae and Confluaria podicipina) had significantly higher prevalence and mean abundance in red brine shrimps. These results suggest that red brine shrimps have a more important role for the circulation of avian cestodes than transparent individuals of the same population.
Asunto(s)
Artemia/parasitología , Cestodos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Cestodos/clasificación , Cestodos/genética , Infecciones por Cestodos/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Redescriptions are presented of the type-materials of Parvirostrum reticulatum Fuhrmann, 1908 (type-species of Parvirostrum Fuhrmann, 1908) from Lepidocolaptes albolineatus (Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae) and of P. synallaxis (Mahon, 1957) n. comb. (syn. Deltokeras synallaxis Mahon, 1957) from Synallaxis rutilans (Passeriformes: Furnariidae), both from Brazil. P. linusi n. sp. is described from Dendrocolaptes platyrostris (Dendrocolaptidae) from Paraguay. It is characterised by a strobila up to 29 mm long, 50-56 triangular rostellar hooks (13-15 microm long) in two regular rows, irregularly-alternating genital pores, the variable position of the genital ducts relative to the osmoregulatory canals, 11-17 testes, a cirrus-sac 104-129 microm long, a cirrus armed with minute spines, elongate gravid proglottides and a uterine development which initially passes through a sac-like stage, followed by a sac-like stage with diverticula and finally through a reticulate stage. An incomplete description of Parvirostrum sp., based on contracted specimens from Lepidocolaptes angustirostris from Paraguay, is presented. The diagnosis of Parvirostrum is amended.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/clasificación , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Pájaros Cantores/parasitología , Animales , Cestodos/anatomía & histología , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Redescriptions are provided of Confluaria podicipina (Szymanski, 1905) (specimens from Podiceps nigricollis and Tachybaptus ruficollis from Bulgaria) and C. furcifera (Krabbe, 1869) (syntypes from P. grisegena from Denmark and specimens from P. grisegena, P. nigricollis and T. ruficollis from Bulgaria). C. pseudofurcifera n. sp. is described from P. cristatus from Switzerland and Bulgaria. The previous records of C. furcifera from P. cristatus in Switzerland (Joyeux & Baer, 1950), Poland (Jarecka, 1958; Korpaczewska, 1960), Czech Republic (Rysavy & Sitko, 1995) and Baltic Coast (Galkin, 1986) are recognised as belonging to C. pseudofurcifera. Confluaria Ablasov in Spasskaya, 1966 is recognised as a valid genus and Dimorphocanthus Maksimova, 1989 is confirmed as its synonym. A key to the Palaearctic species of Confluaria is presented.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/clasificación , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Animales , Aves , Bulgaria , Cestodos/anatomía & histología , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Intestino Delgado/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Chimaerula bonai sp. n. is described from the small intestine of Phimosus infuscatus (Lichtenstein) in Paraguay. The new species differs from the other two species of Chimaerula Bona, 1994, i.e., Chinmaerula woodlandi (Prudhoe, 1960) and Chinmaerula leonovi (Belogurov et Zueva, 1968), mainly by the intermediate number of rostellar hooks (30-34 compared to 42-46 in the former and 20-22 in the latter), longer rostellar hooks (31-34 microm versus 26 microm and 19-21 microm, respectively), shorter cirrus sac (58-82 microm versus 158-201 microm and 134-183 microm, respectively) and the absence of rosethorn spines in the cirrus armament. Modifications in the generic diagnosis of Chimaerula are proposed in order to conform it with some peculiarities of the new species (i.e., the relatively small and thin cirrus, the absence of rosethorn spines in its armament and the small cirrus sac).
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/clasificación , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Animales , Cestodos/anatomía & histología , Intestino Delgado/parasitología , ParaguayRESUMEN
The types of Confluaria capillaris (Rudolphi, 1810) from Podiceps auritus in (?) Germany and the types of C. capillaroides (Fuhrmann, 1906) from Podiceps dominicus in Brazil are redescribed. C. capillaroides is recognised as a junior synonym of C. capillaris (new synonymy). Data on specimens of the same species from P. cristatus and P. grisegena in Bulgaria are also presented. The previous records of the two nominal species are critically analysed in view of the present redescriptions. The host range of C. capillaris includes only grebes of the genus Podiceps, i.e. P. auritus, P. cristatus, P. grisegena, P. dominicus and P. nigricollis; the records in other hosts (Gaviiformes, Charadriiformes and Passeriformes) are considered erroneous or doubtful. The geographical range includes Europe, Central Asia and northern South America.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/clasificación , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Animales , Asia , Aves , Bulgaria , Cestodos/anatomía & histología , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Femenino , Hymenolepis/anatomía & histología , Hymenolepis/clasificación , Masculino , América del Sur , Taenia/anatomía & histología , Taenia/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Cestode communities in Podiceps cristatus, P. grisegena, P. nigricollis and Tachybaptus ruficollis during their migrations and overwintering are studied at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The infracommunities exhibit high richness, abundance and dominance, and low diversity and similarity. The component communities have a similar taxonomic structure at the levels higher than species, a small number of core species and a high portion of grebe specialists in the richness and abundance. The comparison with cestode communities in grebes from Canada (Stock & Holmes, 1987) reveals several differences and similarities. The higher richness and abundance of the infracommunities in Canada are explained by the constant conditions of breeding habitats enhancing higher transmission rates. At the component community level, there is a significant difference between the two species lists. The degree of parasite exchange among the grebe species in Bulgaria is lower. Several characters of cestode component communities in grebes do not depend on either historical factors or different habitats. These are the similar patterns of the taxonomic structure at the levels higher than species, almost the same list of generalists, the participation of specialists of anatids, and the leading role of grebe specialists in the structure.
Asunto(s)
Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Bulgaria , CanadáRESUMEN
Confluaria multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) is redescribed on the basis of specimens from Tachybaptus ruficollis from the material of Rudolphi and Dollfus and new specimens from the same host species from Bulgaria. The types of C. japonica (Yamaguti, 1935) from T. ruficollis are also redescribed and figured. A single specimen from the collection of Krabbe, described as Taenia multistriata, is re-examined and recognised as belonging to a different species of Confluaria, the status of which remains to be established. Criteria for distinguishing the three species are proposed. In view of the present results, some of the previous records of C. multistriata and C. japonica are re-evaluated. The synonymy of the genera Colymbilepis Spasskaya, 1966 and Confluaria Ablasov in Spasskaya, 1966 is confirmed.
Asunto(s)
Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/clasificación , Animales , Bulgaria , Cestodos/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Intestinos/parasitología , Masculino , Taenia/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The syntypes of Deltokeras ornitheios Meggitt, 1927 (the type-species of Deltokeras Meggitt, 1927), a parasite of Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Passeriformes, Corvidae) in South Asia, are redescribed. Deltokeras is considered a monotypic genus. An amended generic diagnosis is presented.
Asunto(s)
Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/anatomía & histología , Animales , Cestodos/clasificación , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Burhinotaenia colombiana n. sp. (Dilepididae) is described from the small intestine of the double-striped stone curlew Burhinus bistriatus (Burhinidae) captured at Carimagua, Colombia. The new species is distinguished from the most similar Burhinotaenia delachauxi (Baer, 1925), a parasite of the Old World Burhinus spp., by the longer cirrus-sac (375-590, avg. 514 microns vs. 322-393, avg. 354 microns) and longer rostellar hooks (412-451, avg. 440 microns vs. 358-367, avg. 364 microns). The validity of the genus Burhinotaenia Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1965 and its generic diagnosis as proposed by Bona (1994) are confirmed. This is the first record of a species of Burhinotaenia in the New World.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Cestodos/clasificación , Infecciones por Cestodos/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Animales , Aves , Cestodos/anatomía & histología , Infecciones por Cestodos/parasitología , Colombia , Femenino , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Intestino Delgado/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The spermiogenesis of Tetrabothrius erostris is characterized by the following events: formation of a differentiation zone containing 2 basal bodies and a pair of rootlets; one of the basal bodies gives rise to a free flagellum, the other induces formation of a flagellar bud; rotation at 90 degrees of the flagellum prior to its fusion with the middle cytoplasmic process of the differentiation zone and partial rotation of the flagellar bud; penetration of the nucleus between the rootlets and appearance of a spur-like protrusion in the differentiation zone; elongation and twisting of the differentiation zone, resulting in twisting of the peripheral microtubules and migration of the nucleus; formation of a crested body; proximal densification of the spermatozoon prior to its detachment from the spermatid rosette. The mature spermatozoon has a single axoneme of 9+"1" type and twisted peripheral microtubules. It consists of 3 portions: a proximal part with a crested body, a middle region rich in beta-glycogen, and a distal part containing the nucleus. The pattern of spermiogenesis resembles most closely that in phyllobothriid tetraphyllideans, and probably reflects a relationship of the family Tetrabothriidae with this group.