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INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant disease that occurs worldwide and poses serious health burden. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of BC burden in the Western Pacific region (WPR) from 1990 to 2019, and to predict trends from 2020 to 2044. To analyze the driving factors and put forward the region-oriented improvement. METHODS: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, BC cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) cases, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and age-standardized DALYs rate in WPR from 1990 to 2019 was obtained and analysed. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to analyze age, period, and cohort effects in BC, and Bayesian APC (BAPC) was used to predict trends over the next 25 years. RESULTS: In conclusion, BC incidence and deaths in the WPR have increased rapidly over the past 30 years and are expected to continue to increase between 2020 and 2044. Among behavioral and metabolic factors, high body-mass index was the main risk factor for BC mortality in middle-income countries, whereas alcohol use was the main risk factor in Japan. Age is a key factor in the development of BC, with 40 years being the critical point. Incidence trends coincide with the course of economic development. CONCLUSIONS: The BC burden remains an essential public health issue in the WPR and will increase substantially in the future. More efforts should be made in middle-income countries to prompt the health behavior and minimize the burden of BC because these nations accounts for the majority of BC burden in the WPR.

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BACKGROUND: Light at night (LAN) is a physiological environmental factor related to thyroid cancer (TC). The spatial relationship between the number of TC incident cases, LAN, air pollution and other macro social factors and stationarity needs to be further examined to provide evidence for regional control of TC. METHODS: Spatial econometrics methods for spatial nonstationarity were used to explore the impacts of LAN, air pollutants, economic factors, and population size on the number of TC incident cases in 182 Chinese prefecture-level cities and the local coefficients were further tested for nonstationarity. Temporally weighted regression (TWR), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) were compared in this study for model selection. RESULTS: Based on the ordinary least squares (OLS), LAN, air pollutants, and urbanization all significantly affected the number of TC incident cases. GWR had the best goodness of fit, and the coefficients of all the variables passed the nonstationarity test. The strong positive impact of LAN was mainly concentrated in North China, air pollutants in Central China and neighboring regions, and urbanization in the eastern coast of China. CONCLUSIONS: The locational factors of the prefecture-level city influence the spatial pattern of the number of TC incident cases. Governments should pay attention to this influence, adhere to the Health in All Policies principle, and formulate region-specific policies based on regional characteristics, which this study provides updated evidence for.

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Stress shielding and the need for secondary surgery are the two major challenges faced by permanent metallic implants, and the emerging Ca-Mg-Zn calcium-based bulk amorphous alloys, with Young's modulus comparable to that of human bone, good biocompatibility, and in vivo degradation, are highly promising materials for bioimplants. Few studies have been reported on the glass formation ability (GFA) and corrosion degradation behavior of Ca-Mg-Zn amorphous alloys in the human body. In this work, we discuss a study on Ca53+x Mg20Zn27-x (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) alloys, focusing on changes in Zn content near eutectic points and their impact on microstructure and biological corrosion behavior. A copper mold spray casting method has been developed to prepare amorphous bar alloys and amorphous crystalline composite bar alloys with a diameter of 3 mm, which has been verified by X-ray diffraction, electrochemical treatment, and immersion tests. The experimental results demonstrated that the Ca3Zn and CaZn2 phases were precipitated in the 3 mm bar material Ca53+x Mg20Zn27-x (x = 0, 2, 4), and Ca53+x Mg20Zn27-x (x = 6, 8, 10) was completely amorphous. The Ca63Mg20Zn17 alloy showed the best glass-forming ability, while the Ca59Mg20Zn21 alloy exhibited superior corrosion resistance. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that Ca-Mg-Zn alloys have good biocompatibility and can be used as biomedical materials.

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Background: There are huge differences in female breast cancer mortality between urban and rural China. In order to better prevent breast cancer equally in urban and rural areas, it is critical to trace the root causes of past inequities and predict how future differences will change. Moreover, carcinogenic factors from micro-individual to macro-environment also need to be analyzed in detail. However, there is no systematic research covering these two aspects in the current literature. Methods: Breast cancer mortality data in urban and rural China from 1994 to 2019 are collected, which from China Health Statistical Yearbook. The Age-Period-Cohort model is used to examine the effects of different age groups, periods, and birth cohorts on breast cancer mortality. Nordpred project is used to predict breast cancer mortality from 2020 to 2039. Results: The age effect gradually increases and changes from negative to positive at the age of 40-44. The period effect fluctuates very little and shows the largest difference between urban and rural areas in 2019. The birth cohort effect gradually decreases with urban-rural effects alternating between strong and weak. In the predicted results, the urban-rural mortality gap becomes first narrow and then wide and shows a trend of younger death. Conclusions: From the perspective of a temporal system, the changing trend of breast cancer mortality is highly consistent with the history of social and economic structural changes in China. From the perspective of the theory of social determinants of health, individuals, families, institutions and governments need to participate in the prevention of breast cancer.

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Background: Currently, breast cancer (BC) is ranked among the top malignant tumors in the world, and has attracted widespread attention. Compared with the traditional analysis on biological determinants of BC, this study focused on macro factors, including light at night (LAN), PM2.5, per capita consumption expenditure, economic density, population density, and number of medical beds, to provide targets for the government to implement BC interventions. Methods: A total of 182 prefecture-level cities in China from 2013 to 2016 were selected as the sample of the study. The geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model was adopted to describe the spatiotemporal correlation between the scale of BC and macro factors. Results: The results showed that the GTWR model can better reveal the spatiotemporal variation. In the temporal dimension, the fluctuations of the regression coefficients of each variable were significant. In the spatial dimension, the positive impacts of LAN, per capita consumption expenditure, population density and number of medical beds gradually increased from west to east, and the positive coefficient of PM2.5 gradually increased from north to south. The negative impact of economic density gradually increased from west to east. Conclusion: The fact that the degree of effect of each variable fluctuates over time reminds the government to pay continuous attention to BC prevention. The spatial heterogeneity features also urge the government to focus on different macro indicators in eastern and western China or southern and northern China. In other words, our research helps drive the government to center on key regions and take targeted measures to curb the rapid growth of BC.

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Developing novel oil sorbents with both superhydrophobicity and flame resistance reveals an enticing prospect for oil/water separation. In this study, superhydrophobic foam with superior flame retardancy and sorption capability is reported through a simple one-step fabrication route in alkaline water/ethanol system containing dopamine, fly ash (FA) and dodecanethiol (DT). The introduction of FA endows the foam with excellent flame retardancy, and the as-prepared foam reveals improved flame resistance compared with original and polydopamine (PDA) coated foams, The obtained foams can quickly absorb various types of oils up to 34-47 times of their own weight, and the absorbed oils can be repeatedly recovered by a simple vacuum filtration process. The foams can also maintain their high hydrophobicity after long term immersion in different corrosive solutions and oils, and are able to be used for removing the oils from corrosive high-temperature water. More importantly, the foams with FA coating can effectively separate a broad range of oil-in-water emulsions with high efficiency (>93.0%). The outstanding separation property of the as-prepared foams and their eco-friendly, low-energy, and inexpensive fabrication process imply the great potential for oily wastewater treatment and oil spill cleanup.

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The fabrication of the materials with special wettability being capable of removing oil layer on water surface and oil droplets in oil-in-water emulsion is an important issue for water pollution. So far, it still remains challenging to explore a simple, facile, environmentally friendly approach for achieving this goal. Herein, inspired by the adhesion of marine mussels, the polydopamine (PDA) coating with hierarchical structure was directly fabricated onto the surface of melamine (MF) sponge by facile self-polymerization in dopamine solution. Then, a superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sponge was successfully obtained after the modification by dodecanethiol (DDT) at ambient temperature. The as-prepared sponge can selectively separate a series of oil droplets in oil-in-water emulsion with high efficiency (transparency: 76.6-93.8%) and absorb various oils or organic solvents up to 45.2-98.6 times of its own weight. Moreover, in conjunction with a vacuum system, great amounts of oils up to 20 times its own weight can be effectively separated from water surface within 1s by the sponge. Due to low cost, simple process, and easy accessibility, the as-prepared sponge has potential applications in oil-in-water emulsion separation and oil spill cleanup.

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BACKGROUND: Fe80B20 amorphous alloys exhibit excellent soft magnetic properties, high abrasive resistance and outstanding corrosion resistance. In this work, Fe80B20 amorphous micro-fibers with HC of 3.33 Oe were firstly fabricated and the effects of annealing temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of the fibers were investigated. METHODS: In this study, Fe80B20 amorphous fibers were prepared by the single roller melt-spinning method. The structures of as-spun and annealed fibers were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (PANalytical X,Pert Power) using Cu Kα radiation. The morphology of the fibers was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (HITACHI-S4800). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the fibers were performed on Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC1 device under N2 protection. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Versalab) was used to examine the magnetic properties of the fibers. The resonance behavior of the fibers was characterized by an impedance analyzer (Agilent 4294A) with a home-made copper coil. RESULTS: The X-ray diffusion (XRD) patterns show that the fibers remain amorphous structure until the annealing temperature reaches 500°C. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that the crystallization temperature of the fibers is 449°C. The crystallization activation energy is calculated to be 221 kJ/mol using Kissinger formula. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that a few dendrites appear at the fiber surface after annealing. The result indicates that the coercivity HC (//) and HC (⊥) slightly increases with increasing annealing temperature until 400°C, and then dramatically increases with further increasing annealing temperature which is due to significant increase in magneto-crystalline anisotropy and magneto-elastic anisotropy. The Q value firstly increases slightly when the annealing temperature rises from room temperature (RT) to 300°C, then decreases until 400°C. Eventually, the value of Q increases to ~2000 at annealing temperature of 500°C. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, Fe80B20 amorphous fibers with the diameter of 60 µm were prepared by the single roller melt-spinning method and annealed at 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C, respectively. XRD results indicate that the fiber structure remains amorphous when the annealing temperature is below 400°C. α-Fe phase and Fe3B phase appear when the annealing temperature rises to 500°C, which is above the crystallization temperature of 449°C. The recrystallization activation energy is calculated to be 221 kJ/mol. The coercivity increases with increasing annealing temperature, which attributes to the increase of total anisotropy. All the as-spun and annealed fibers exhibit good resonance behavior for magnetostrictive sensors.

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Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic material was successfully prepared by the coating of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) onto the surface of cotton textile and subsequent hydrophobic modification. The formation of PVA with rough structure and hydrophobicity was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and investigation of the wetting behavior of water on the textile. The coated textile is water repellant and can be used as a material for separating various oil/water mixture with a high separation efficiency up to 91%. Due to its simple fabrication process, low cost, excellent recyclability and durability, and high separation efficiency, the as-prepared textile can be considered as promising material for practical oil/water separation.

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Inspired by the adhesion of marine mussels, a kind of superhydrophobic oil sorbent was successfully fabricated by robustly immobilizing the micro/nanostructure layer onto the sponge skeleton. The as-prepared sponges possess excellent hydrophobicity with the water contact angle of 154°, which enables the sponge to selectively absorb various oils floating on water surface. The oil sorption capacities of as-prepared sponge for a series of oils can reach 18.3-46.8g/g. The absorbed oil can be recovered by mechanical squeezing and the resulting sponge can be recycled more than 70 cycles while still keeping high oil sorption capability. More importantly, the obtained sponge has excellent affinity to the high viscosity oils. Therefore, the as-prepared sponge might find practical applications in the large-scale removal of oils especially high viscosity oils from water surface.

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