RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (METS) increases significantly after the menopause. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of the METS and its components in postmenopausal women. Factors relating to each of the composing items of the METS were also analyzed. METHODS: Natural postmenopausal women (40-65 years) were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study in order to assess the presence of the METS using modified Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) criteria. Participants were also requested to fill out a general socio-demographic questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 204 women were surveyed with a median age of 56 years. A 52.9% presented the METS according to modified ATP-III criteria, with 37.3% presenting hyperglycemia, 51.5% hypertension, 58.3% abdominal obesity, 45.6% high triglyceride levels and 56.4% low HDL-C levels. Women with the METS presented a higher rate of dyslipidemia (high triglyceride and low HDL-C levels), hyperglycemia, hypertension and abdominal obesity than those without the syndrome. Those with abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia significantly displayed higher rates of low HDL-C levels (bivariate analysis). Multiple linear regression analysis found a positive correlation between glucose and triglyceride levels. Systolic blood pressure significantly and positively correlated to age and abdominal circumference. Abdominal circumference displayed an inverse correlation with educational level. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of the METS in this postmenopausal female sample was high and associated to metabolic and lipid derangements. As abdominal obesity was significantly associated to lower education, there is an urgent need of implementing educational programs directed to high-risk populations in order to increase awareness of the problem.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Síndrome Metabólico/etiología , Posmenopausia , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/sangre , Hiperglucemia/epidemiología , Hipertensión/sangre , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Hipertrigliceridemia/sangre , Hipertrigliceridemia/epidemiología , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/complicaciones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/epidemiología , Posmenopausia/sangre , Posmenopausia/metabolismo , Posmenopausia/fisiología , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To measure plasma nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and VEGF gene polymorphisms in fetal circulation in severe preeclampsia. METHODS: Cord vessels of singleton gestations complicated with severe preeclampsia 36 weeks or more (n = 31) and controls were sampled upon delivery for analyte measuring. Additionally, DNA was extracted from umbilical vein whole blood to determine the frequency of VEGF gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): -2578 A/C, -1498 C/T, -1154 A/G, -634 C/G and +936 C/T. Coefficient correlations between analyte levels and placental and neonatal weight were calculated. RESULTS: NO plasma levels in umbilical vessels (artery and vein) were significantly higher in preeclampsia cases as compared to controls (4.67 ± 3.0 vs. 0.82 ± 0.90; 4.46 ± 3.0 vs. 0.82 ± 0.99 mmol/L, respectively, p = 0.0001 both). ADMA levels displayed a similar increased trend in both fetal vessels, but this did not reach statistical significance (2.57 ± 1.03 vs. 2.34 ± 0.57; 2.74 ± 0.94 vs. 2.42 ± 0.59 mmol/L, respectively, p > 0.05). VEGF was significantly lower in artery but not in vein in preeclampsia cases (200.48 ± 225.62 vs. 338.61 ± 287.03 pg/mL, p = 0.04). A significant positive correlation was found between NO and ADMA levels (artery and vein) among preeclampsia cases. Overall, the frequency of the studied VEGF gene SNPs did not differ among pre-eclamptic cases and controls; nevertheless, a significant trend toward lower umbilical vein VEGF levels was observed in pre-eclampsia cases in the presence of -2578 CC and -1154 AG genotypes. CONCLUSION: Near term gestations complicated with severe preeclampsia presented higher NO levels in fetal circulation, which correlated to ADMA and lower artery VEGF values. More research is warranted to confirm that selected VEGF SNPs may be associated with lower umbilical vein VEGF.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/análogos & derivados , Óxido Nítrico/análisis , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Preeclampsia/genética , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/sangre , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Arginina/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Sangre Fetal/química , Sangre Fetal/metabolismo , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Proyectos Piloto , Placenta/irrigación sanguínea , Placenta/química , Placenta/metabolismo , Circulación Placentaria/fisiología , Preeclampsia/sangre , Embarazo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Venas Umbilicales/química , Venas Umbilicales/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/análisis , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are common during female mid-life. Nevertheless, there is limited available information linking sleep characteristics to the menopause and the metabolic syndrome (METS). OBJECTIVE: To assess insomnia prevalence and related risk factors in postmenopausal women screened for the METS. METHODS: In this cross sectional study 204 natural postmenopausal women participating in a METS screening program filled out the Athens insomnia scale (AIS), the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and a general socio-demographic questionnaire. Criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) were used to define the METS. RESULTS: Median age of the whole sample was 56 years. A 50.5% of women had the METS, 57.4% hot flushes, 58.3% were abdominally obese, 51.5% hypertension, 25.0% hyperglycemia, 15.7% depressed mood and 29.9% anxiety. A 33.8% presented insomnia according to the AIS (scores 6 or more). The AIS displayed a high internal consistency as computed Cronbach's alpha was determined to be 0.86. Multiple linear regression analysis determined that male premature ejaculation, female psychotropic drug use, hot flush intensity, mood morbidity (higher total HADS scores) and higher parity positively and significantly correlated to higher AIS scores (more insomnia). CONCLUSION: In this postmenopausal sample insomnia was not related to the METS or its components yet to other psycho-somatic female and partner issues.