RESUMEN
Bone metabolism requires tightly coupled activities exhibited by two unique cell populations, the bone-resorbing osteoclasts and the bone-forming osteoblasts. Imbalance in the function of these two cell types can result in osteoporosis, a condition characterized by loss in bone integrity and of bone mass. We developed a human bone cell culture model that allows the in vitro study of bone formation and osteoclastogenesis and employed this bone model for the screening and pharmacological analyses of protein and small molecule therapeutics. The cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), play an intricate role in osteoclastogenesis in this system. Neutralizing antibodies to IL-6 and GM-CSF decreased the formation of osteoclast-like cells. SP500263, an early lead compound from a novel class of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), was more efficacious than estrogen and comparable to raloxifene in blocking cytokine production and formation of osteoclast-like cells. Our research demonstrates the usefulness of the in vitro co-culture model in the dissection of molecular events relevant to bone metabolism and provides greater insight into a potential novel role for cytokines in bone resorption. Furthermore, representatives of the SP500263 family of SERMs may be effective as therapeutics for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Asunto(s)
Huesos/efectos de los fármacos , Cumarinas/farmacología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/efectos de los fármacos , Piperidinas/farmacología , Moduladores Selectivos de los Receptores de Estrógeno/farmacología , Biomarcadores , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Citocinas/efectos de los fármacos , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-6/inmunología , FenotipoRESUMEN
Several analogues of ethyl 2-[(3-methyl-2,5-dioxo(3-pyrrolinyl))amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1) were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of AP-1 and NF-kappaB mediated transcriptional activation in Jurkat T cells. From our SAR work, ethyl 2-[(3-methyl-2,5-dioxo(3-pyrrolinyl))-N-methylamino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidine-5-carboxylate was identified as a novel and potent inhibitor.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirroles/farmacología , Factor de Transcripción AP-1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Células Jurkat , FN-kappa B/fisiología , Pirimidinas/química , Pirroles/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Factor de Transcripción AP-1/fisiologíaRESUMEN
We have compared the antitumor activities of SP500263, a novel next-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen, and raloxifene side-by-side in in vitro and in vivo MCF-7 breast cancer models. In vitro, SP500263 acted as an antiestrogen and potently inhibited estrogen-dependent MCF-7 proliferation with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. SP500263 also strongly inhibited MCF-7 proliferation in the absence of estrogen at all of the concentrations tested. To investigate the antitumor activity of SP500263 in animals, athymic nude mice were implanted with MCF-7 tumor in the presence of a tumor growth-supporting sustained release estrogen pellet. Treatment was initiated after tumors were established. SP500263, administered for 28 days through daily i.p. dosing, effectively reduced estrogen-stimulated tumor growth at 3 and 30 mg/kg. SP500263 was as efficacious as tamoxifen and superior to raloxifene at the corresponding doses. Maximum efficacy was reached with the 30 mg/kg dose. The observed effects were highly significant. SP500263 represents a member of a novel series of SERMs that is structurally unrelated to SERMs currently on the market or in clinical development. The experiments described herein demonstrate that SP500263 is efficacious in the MCF-7 proliferation assay and in a murine model of breast cancer.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Cumarinas/farmacología , Moduladores de los Receptores de Estrógeno/farmacología , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Piperidinas/farmacología , Moduladores Selectivos de los Receptores de Estrógeno/farmacología , Animales , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Trasplante Heterólogo , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
We determined the differential response of a novel SERM, SP500263, on estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and the more recently cloned ER-beta. Because of the high homology of amino acid residues in the ligand-binding domain of ER-alpha and ER-beta, we were not surprised to find that SP500263 binds to both ERs equally well. In contrast, SP500263 acts as a strong estrogen agonist in a strictly ER-alpha-specific manner in U2OS osteosarcoma cell lines blocking the production of interleukin (IL) 6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. SP500263 also blocked IL-6 production in primary bone cells. The mechanism of this inhibition is different from the classic estrogen stimulation involving an estrogen response element (ERE). SP500263 does not activate gene expression through an ERE. In contrast to the results observed in U2OS cells, SP500263 acts as a strong estrogen antagonist in an MCF-7 breast cancer proliferation assay. Therefore, SP500263 is a member of a series of next-generation SERMs with functional selectivity toward ER-alpha and a mixed agonist/antagonist profile in a bone cell assay versus a breast cancer assay. The panel of assays described herein allow for the development of receptor-specific ligands that may be further developed into novel pharmaceuticals with an improved profile for the treatments of osteoporosis and breast cancer.