RESUMEN
Parallel trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca are discussed, based on the catalogue of chromosomal numbers and genetic systems of scale insects by Gavrilov (2007) and the new catalogue for aphids provided in the present paper. To date chromosome numbers have been reported for 482 species of scale insects and for 1039 species of aphids, thus respectively comprising about 6% and 24% of the total number of species. Such characters as low modal numbers of chromosomes, heterochromatinization of part of chromosomes, production of only two sperm instead of four from each primary spermatocyte, physiological sex determination, "larval" meiosis, wide distribution of parthenogenesis and chromosomal races are considered as a result of homologous parallel changes of the initial genotype of Aphidococca ancestors. From a cytogenetic point of view, these characters separate Aphidococca from all other groups of Paraneoptera insects and in this sense can be considered as additional taxonomic characters. In contrast to available paleontological data the authors doubt that Coccinea with their very diverse (and partly primitive) genetic systems may have originated later then Aphidinea with their very specialised and unified genetic system.
RESUMEN
The present article describes the synthesis of new 4H-1,4-benzothiazines via condensation and oxidative cyclization of substituted 2-aminobenzenethiols with ß-diketones/ß-ketoesters in dimethyl sulfoxide. The oxidation of these synthesized 4H-1,4-benzothiazines with 30% hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid yielded 4H-1,4-benzothiazine sulfones and the reaction of these synthesized benzothiazines with sugar (ß-D-ribofuranose-1-acetate-2,3,5-tribenzoate) afforded the new ribofuranosides. These compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (using broth microdilution method). The structural assignments of the synthesized compounds were made on the basis of elemental analyses and spectroscopic data.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Ribosa/análogos & derivados , Sulfonas/química , Tiazinas/química , Antiinfecciosos/síntesis química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/síntesis química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , Radicales Libres/química , Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Micosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Picratos/química , Ribosa/síntesis química , Ribosa/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonas/síntesis química , Sulfonas/farmacología , Tiazinas/síntesis química , Tiazinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The present article describes the synthesis of new 10H-phenothiazines using the Smiles rearrangement. These synthesized phenothiazines on oxidation with 30% hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid yield sulfones, and when treated with sugar give ribofuranosides. These compounds are evaluated for their anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities. The structural assignment of the synthesized compounds is made on the basis of elemental analysis and spectroscopic data.
Asunto(s)
Fenotiazinas/química , Fenotiazinas/farmacología , Ribosa/análogos & derivados , Sulfonas/química , Antihelmínticos/química , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Parasitaria , Fenotiazinas/síntesis químicaRESUMEN
This article describes the synthesis of new substituted 10 H-phenothiazines by Smiles rearrangement. These compounds are then used as a base to form ribofuranosides by treating them with a sugar (1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-ribofuranose). On oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid, these phenothiazines yield their sulfones. These compounds are screened for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and their structure has been established by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Furanos/farmacología , Fenotiazinas/síntesis química , Fenotiazinas/farmacología , Sulfonas/farmacología , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/química , Antioxidantes/síntesis química , Antioxidantes/química , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Furanos/síntesis química , Furanos/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Fenotiazinas/química , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Estereoisomerismo , Sulfonas/síntesis química , Sulfonas/química , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
This article deals with the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a series of novel substituted 10H-phenothiazines, their ribofuranosides, and sulfone derivatives. 10H-Phenothiazines were prepared by Smiles rearrangement. These prepared phenothiazines were used as the base to prepare ribofuranosides by treatment with sugar (1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoylribofuranose). Sulfone derivatives were prepared by the oxidation of 10H-phenothiazines. The structure of the synthesized compounds was established by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data.
Asunto(s)
Furanos/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Nucleósidos/síntesis química , Fenotiazinas/síntesis química , Ribosa/síntesis química , Sulfonas/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Aspergillus flavus/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus niger/efectos de los fármacos , Furanos/química , Furanos/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Nucleósidos/química , Nucleósidos/farmacología , Fenotiazinas/química , Fenotiazinas/farmacología , Pseudomonas/efectos de los fármacos , Ribosa/química , Ribosa/farmacología , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfonas/química , Sulfonas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In many parts of Asia measles virus (MV) continues to be endemic. However, little is known about the genetic characteristics of viruses circulating on this continent. This study reports the molecular epidemiological analysis based on the entire nucleocapsid (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of the first isolates from Nepal and Taiwan, as well as of recent MV strains from India, Indonesia, and China. Four isolates collected in various regions in Nepal during 1999 belonged to a new genotype, tentatively called D8. Another Nepalese isolate and one from India belonged to genotype D4. The diversity of the Nepalese strains indicated that measles continues to be endemic in this country. The isolate from Taiwan grouped with D3 viruses and one Chinese strain isolated in The Netherlands was assigned to the previously described clade H, known to be endemic in Mainland China. Molecular characterization emerges as an important tool for monitoring virus endemicity and vaccination efforts.
Asunto(s)
Virus del Sarampión/clasificación , Virus del Sarampión/genética , Sarampión/virología , China , Genotipo , Hemaglutininas Virales/genética , Humanos , India , Indonesia , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nepal , Países Bajos , Nucleocápside/genética , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , TaiwánRESUMEN
We have previously described the development of cloning vectors for the production of OprI-based outer membrane fusion proteins in E. coli (Cornelis et al., 1996) and now describe the construction of a new vector, containing a lacI(q) gene, resulting in tight repression of the promotor and allowing its use in other Gram (-) bacteria. The new pVUB3 expression vector encodes a truncated but active LacI(q)(341) repressor which binds to the single operator in the vector. A high repression of the trc promotor was observed, resulting in a very low basal leakage of expression and very high production levels of OprI or derivatives after IPTG induction in E. coli. Bacterial viability was not affected under uninduced conditions, but the number of viable cell counts decreased after production of large amounts of the outer membrane-bound OprI lipoprotein and its derivatives, both in E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. This highly repressible system allows us to extend the use of OprI vectors in other Gram (-) bacteria, resulting in the production of outer membrane-bound lipid-modified molecules, opening the possibility for its application in the design of potential live Salmonella-based subunit vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas de la Cápside , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Bacterias Gramnegativas/genética , Lipoproteínas/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias , Vacunas Sintéticas , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Antígenos de Protozoos/genética , Antígenos de Superficie/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Secuencia de Bases , Transporte Biológico , Cápside/genética , Cápside/inmunología , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Clonación Molecular , Escherichia coli/citología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Vectores Genéticos/efectos de los fármacos , Vectores Genéticos/inmunología , Isopropil Tiogalactósido/farmacología , Represoras Lac , Leishmania major/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fragmentos de Péptidos/genética , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Plásmidos/efectos de los fármacos , Plásmidos/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Proteínas Represoras/química , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Genotoxic effects of dithane M-45 were studied on the bone marrow cells of male albino mice (Lacca strain) in vivo. Different doses (30 mg, 40 mg and 300 mg/kg b.wt) of dithane M-45 were injected intraperitoneally and their effects were investigated after time intervals of 1, 2, 5 and 10 days. The chromosomal aberrations observed in the bone marrow cells of male mice after treatment with dithane M-45 were fragments, rings, dicentric chromosomes, terminal chromatid deletions, chromatid gaps and breaks. In addition to these chromosomal aberrations, physiological effects such as uneven stretching of chromatin material, end-to-end chromosomal associations, exchange configurations, clumping, stickiness and centromeric associations were also observed.