RESUMEN
Since emerging in Brazil in 1985, wheat blast has spread throughout South America and recently appeared in Bangladesh and Zambia. Here we show that two wheat resistance genes, Rwt3 and Rwt4, acting as host-specificity barriers against non-Triticum blast pathotypes encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptor and a tandem kinase, respectively. Molecular isolation of these genes will enable study of the molecular interaction between pathogen effector and host resistance genes.
Asunto(s)
Magnaporthe , Triticum , Triticum/genética , Triticum/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Brasil , BangladeshRESUMEN
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly infectious disease of all cloven-footed animals. The RNA genome of the virus continuously evolves, leading to the generation of new strains; this necessitates the selection of new vaccine strains to ensure complete protection. Infection with one FMDV serotype does not provide cross-protection against the other FMDV serotypes. Many of the recovered animals may become carriers of the FMDV, but they still remain susceptible to the other serotypes. Coinfection with multiple FMDV serotypes has been reported and studied to understand the virus evolution. Isolation and characterization of all the involved serotypes in the mixed infection case is essential to understand the molecular evolution of the virus. In this study, two cases of coinfection were studied by selective isolation of each of the FMDV serotypes under the cross-serotype-specific immune pressure. It was estimated that the virus present in a minimum of 10-0.92 TCID50 could be isolated from the mixed population containing other serotypes in infective doses of 100.25 TCID50 or less. All involved serotypes present in the mixed infection cases were isolated, without any cross-contamination. Virus characterization revealed that genotype 2 was of serotype A virus from a sample collected in 1995, which was last reported in 1986, indicating a possible subdued prevalence of the genetic group even after vanishing from the field.
Asunto(s)
Coinfección , Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa , Fiebre Aftosa , Animales , Fiebre Aftosa/virología , Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa/genética , Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , SerogrupoRESUMEN
A novel assay technique that involves quantification of lysozyme (Lys) through machine learning is put forward here. This article reports the tendency of the well- documented Ellington group anti-Lys aptamer, to produce aggregates when exposed to Lys. This property of apta-aggregation has been exploited here to develop an assay that quantifies the Lys using texture and area parameters from a photograph of the elliptical aggregate mass through machine learning. Two assay sets were made for the experimental procedure: one with high Lys concentration between 25-100 mM and another with low concentration between 1-20 mM. The high concentration set had a sample volume of 10 µl while the low concentration set had a higher sample volume of 100 µl, in order to obtain the statistical texture values reliably from the aggregate mass. The platform exhibited an experimental limit of detection of 1 mM and a response time of less than 10 seconds. Further, two potential operating modes for the aptamer were hypothesized for this aggregation property and the more accurate mode among the two was ascertained through bioinformatics studies.
Asunto(s)
Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Proteínas Aviares/análisis , Aprendizaje Automático , Muramidasa/análisis , Agregado de Proteínas , Animales , PollosRESUMEN
ABSTRACT A novel, accurate, precise and economical stability indicating Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method, was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of ubidecarenone (UDC) in bulk drug, UDC marketed formulation and UDC loaded cubosomes (CBMs) nanocarriers through Response surface methodology (RSM) design with three factors and three levels was performed to optimize the chromatographic variables followed by forced degradation studies of UDC were performed to detect degradation peak. RP-HPLC separation was achieved using mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile:Tetrahydrofuran:Deionised water in the ratio 55:42:3 and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was optimized with a standard retention time (Rt) of 2.15 min, through experiment. The method was found linear in the concentration range of 5-100 µg/mL with a regression coefficient of 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 3.04 µg/mL and 9.11 µg/mL, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Ubiquinona/análisis , Cromatografía de Fase Inversa/métodos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is an important part of the disease's morbidity, mortality, and progression, and is associated with increasing utilization of health care resources. The concept of integrated care based on a chronic care model is relatively new to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but has proved successful in improving clinical outcomes and probably in decreasing health care utilization in other chronic conditions. A comprehensive approach is needed to target a change in behavioral patterns in patients, increase physician's awareness and adherence to evidence-based recommendations, and address system related issues. This article discusses the evidence for various facets of nonpharmacological management of AECOPD and proposes a model of care that might be the missing link for reducing hospital readmissions for AECOPD. This model may decrease the morbidity, slow disease progression, and curb the increasing health care resource utilization without compromising patient care.