RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association between protein and arginine from meat intake and oxidative stress in a general population. METHODS: Data came from the Health Survey for Sao Paulo (ISA-Capital), a cross-sectional population-based study in Brazil (N = 549 adults). Food intake was estimated by a 24-h dietary recall. Oxidative stress was estimated by malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plasma. Analyses were performed using general linear regression models adjusted for some genetic, lifestyle, and biochemical confounders. RESULTS: MDA levels were associated with meat intake (P for linear trend = 0.031), protein from meat (P for linear trend = 0.006), and arginine from meat (P for linear trend = 0.044) after adjustments for confounders: age, sex, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, intake of fruit and vegetables, energy and heterocyclic amines, C-reactive protein levels, and polymorphisms in GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase Mu 1) and GSTT1 (glutathione S-transferase theta 1) genes. Results were not significant for total protein and protein from vegetable intake (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High protein and arginine from meat intake were associated with oxidative stress independently of genetic, lifestyle, and biochemical confounders in a population-based study. Our results suggested a novel link between high protein/arginine intake and oxidative stress, which is a major cause of age-related diseases.

Asunto(s)

Arginina/envenenamiento , Enfermedad Crónica , Dieta/efectos adversos , Proteínas en la Dieta/efectos adversos , Carne/efectos adversos , Estrés Oxidativo , Salud Urbana , Arginina/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangre , Brasil/epidemiología , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Enfermedad Crónica/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica/etnología , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/etnología , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Humanos , Malondialdehído/sangre , Encuestas Nutricionales , Proteínas de Vegetales Comestibles/administración & dosificación , Proteínas de Vegetales Comestibles/efectos adversos , Proteínas de Vegetales Comestibles/metabolismo , Salud Urbana/etnología

RESUMEN

Non-mechanised sugarcane harvesting preceded by burning exposes workers and the people of neighbouring towns to high concentrations of pollutants. This study was aimed to evaluate the respiratory symptoms, lung function and oxidative stress markers in sugarcane workers and the residents of Mendonça, an agricultural town in Brazil, during the non-harvesting and harvesting periods and to assess the population and individual exposures to fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)). Sugarcane workers and healthy volunteers were evaluated with two respiratory symptom questionnaires, spirometry, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels, and the measurement of antioxidant enzymes and plasma malonaldehyde during the non-harvesting and harvesting periods. The environmental assessment was determined from PM(2.5) concentration. PM(2.5) level increased from 8 µg/m³ during the non-harvesting period to 23.5 µg/m³ in the town and 61 µg/m³ on the plantations during the harvesting period. Wheezing, coughing, sneezing, and breathlessness increased significantly in both groups during the harvesting period, but more markedly in workers. A decrease in lung function and antioxidant enzyme activity was observed in both populations during harvesting; this decrease was greater among the sugarcane workers. The urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels only increased in the sugarcane workers during the harvesting period. The malonaldehyde levels were elevated in both groups, with a higher increase observed in the workers. This research demonstrates the exposure of sugarcane workers and the inhabitants of a neighbouring town to high PM(2.5) concentrations during the sugarcane harvest period. This exposure was higher among the sugarcane workers, as illustrated by both higher PM(2.5) concentrations in the sugarcane fields and higher urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in the volunteers in this group. The higher incidence of respiratory symptoms, greater decrease in lung function and more marked elevation of oxidative stress markers among the sugarcane workers during the harvest confirms the greater effect magnitude in this population and a dose-dependent relationship between pollution and the observed effects.

Asunto(s)

Pulmón/fisiopatología , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Pirenos/orina , Saccharum , Adulto , Agricultura/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Ocupacionales del Aire/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/estadística & datos numéricos , Enzimas/sangre , Humanos , Incidencia , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Malondialdehído/sangre , Exposición Profesional/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Prevalencia , Ruidos Respiratorios/fisiopatología , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to investigate the potential interaction between dietary factors and polymorphisms in phase II metabolic enzymes GSTM1 and GSTT1, associated with head and neck cancer risk. The study included 103 histologically confirmed incident cases and 101 controls. Food intake was estimated with a validated food frequency questionnaire. The gene polymorphisms were evaluated by PCR. Increased risk was observed in the highest tertile of beef consumption in the presence of the GSTM1 (OR = 10.79; 95%CI: 2.17-53.64) and GSTT1 null alleles (OR = 3.41; 95%CI: 0.43-27.21). Assessment of dietary intake considering the ratio between animal product and vegetable consumption showed OR = 2.35 (95%CI: 0.27-19.85) in the intermediate tertile and OR = 3.36 (95%CI: 0.41-27.03) in the highest tertile. The results suggest a possible interaction between meat intake and GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphisms in modulating the risk of head and neck cancer, influenced by vegetable consumption.

Asunto(s)

Dieta , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/etiología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Genotipo , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Carne , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo Genético , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar/efectos adversos , Verduras

RESUMEN

O objetivo foi investigar a interação entre fatores dietéticos e polimorfismos de enzimas de metabolização de xenobióticos (GSTM1 e GSTT1) associadas ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço em um estudo caso controle de base hospitalar, no Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Participaram 103 casos incidentes, histologicamente confirmados, e 101 controles. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por um questionário de frequência alimentar validado. Os polimorfismos GSTM1 e GSTT1 foram avaliados pelo método PCR. Observou-se aumento de risco no mais alto tercil de consumo de carne bovina na presença do alelo nulo da GSTM1 (OR = 10,79; IC95 por cento: 2,17-53,64) e GSTT1 (OR = 3,41; IC95 por cento: 0,43-27,21). Considerando-se a razão entre alimentos de origem animal e vegetal, verificou-se para o tercil intermediário a OR = 2,02 (IC95 por cento: 0,24-16,0) e no tercil superior OR = 3,23 (IC95 por cento: 0,40-25,92). Os resultados apontam para uma possível interação entre o consumo de carne e variantes polimórficas dos genes GSTM1 e GSTT1 na modulação do risco para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, influenciados pelo consumo de alimentos de origem vegetal.

---

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to investigate the potential interaction between dietary factors and polymorphisms in phase II metabolic enzymes GSTM1 and GSTT1, associated with head and neck cancer risk. The study included 103 histologically confirmed incident cases and 101 controls. Food intake was estimated with a validated food frequency questionnaire. The gene polymorphisms were evaluated by PCR. Increased risk was observed in the highest tertile of beef consumption in the presence of the GSTM1 (OR = 10.79; 95 percentCI: 2.17-53.64) and GSTT1 null alleles (OR = 3.41; 95 percentCI: 0.43-27.21). Assessment of dietary intake considering the ratio between animal product and vegetable consumption showed OR = 2.35 (95 percentCI: 0.27-19.85) in the intermediate tertile and OR = 3.36 (95 percentCI: 0.41-27.03) in the highest tertile. The results suggest a possible interaction between meat intake and GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphisms in modulating the risk of head and neck cancer, influenced by vegetable consumption.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dieta , Glutatión Transferasa , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Conducta Alimentaria , Genotipo , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Carne , Polimorfismo Genético , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar/efectos adversos , Verduras

RESUMEN

AIMS: The incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) in Brazil has increased substantially in recent years. This increase is likely to be strongly associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption, but genetic susceptibility also should be investigated in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in genes of alcohol metabolism enzymes and the risk of HNC. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil. We here investigated ADH1C Ile(350)Val, ADH1B Arg(48)His, ADH1B Arg(370)Cys and CYP2E1*5A PstI polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in 207 histopathologically confirmed HNC cases (184 males and 23 females) and 244 cancer-free controls (225 males and 19 females) admitted as in-patients in the same hospital. RESULTS: Chronic alcohol intake increased approximately four times the risk of HNC. The mutant genotype ADH1B Arg(48)His was more frequent in controls (12.7%) than HNC patients (5.8%) conferring protection for the disease (odds ratio (OR) = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI ), 0.21-0.85). Similar results were observed for individuals with ADH1B*2 (OR = 0.41; 95% CI , 0.20-0.82) or ADH1B*2/ADH1C*1 (OR = 0.32; 95% CI , 0.13-0.79) mutated haplotypes. Multiple regression analyses showed that individuals with the mutant genotype ADH1B Arg(48)His who consume alcohol >30 g/L/day have more than four times the risk for HNC (OR = 4.42; 95% CI, 1.21-16.11). CONCLUSIONS: The fast alcohol metabolizing genotypes may prevent HNC when the amount of alcohol intake is <30.655 g/L/day.

Asunto(s)

Alcohol Deshidrogenasa/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/genética , Brasil , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar/genética

RESUMEN

Bladder cancer (BC) is the fourth most common cancer in the USA. In Brazil, BC represents 3% of the total existing carcinomas in the population and represents the second highest incidence among urological tumors. The majority of bladder cancer cell lines available were derived from Caucasians and established in the seventies or eighties. Thus, neoplasia development in these cells likely occurred in environment conditions vastly different than today. In the present study, we report the establishment and characterization of three Brazilian bladder cancer cell lines (BexBra1, BexBra2, and BexBra4). These cell lines may be helpful for dissecting the genetic and epigenetic aspects that trigger the progression of BC. Moreover, the development of a Brazilian representative of the disease will allow us to investigate the potential inter-racial differences of malignancy-associated phenotypes in bladder cancer.

Asunto(s)

Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Animales , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Criopreservación , Genes p53 , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Cariotipificación , Ratones , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa

RESUMEN

One of the main obstacles for understanding biological events involved in cancer is the lack of experimental models for in vitro studies especially for prostate cancer (PC). There are a limited number of PC cell lines being the majority originated from metastatic tumors mostly acquired from American Tissue Cell Culture which demands importation an expensive and bureaucratic process. Also it is well known that there are ethnic differences between populations concerning the behavior of tumors and the research based on cell lines derived from Brazilians should be interesting. Our aim was to develop tumor cell lines from primary PC.

Asunto(s)

Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Andrógenos/fisiología , Animales , Criopreservación , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Cariotipificación , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The scientific production of institutions of higher education, as well as the dissemination and use of this published work by peer institutions, can be assessed by means of quantitative and qualitative measurements. This type of analysis can also serve as the basis of further academic actions. Variables such as the type of evaluation, the number of faculty members and the decision to include or exclude researchers who are not professors are difficult to measure when comparing different schools and institutions. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the scientific production of tenured faculty from the Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina performed from 2001 to 2006. METHODS: Medline/PubMed database was considered and the Impact factors (IFs--Journal Citation Report, 2006) and the number of generated citations (Web of Science/ISI Thomson) were also evaluated. RESULTS: The analysis of the scientific production of 66 full professors (level MS-6) revealed 1,960 scientific articles published in 630 scientific journals, of which 31.3% were Brazilian and 68.7% were from international sources. Among these, 47% of the articles were published in 62.9% of the journals with IFs above 10, although 16.4% of the journals did not have assigned IF values. We verified that 45% of the published articles received 9,335 citations (average of 11 + 17), with the majority of these (8,968 citations) appearing in international scientific journals. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that it is possible to analyze the scientific production of a learning institution by the number of papers published by full professors, taking into account not only their academic position and influence, but also the fact that publication is an opportunity to stimulate joint projects with other members of the same institution.

Asunto(s)

Bibliometría , Investigación Biomédica/estadística & datos numéricos , Docentes Médicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Facultades de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Femenino , Humanos , MEDLINE , Masculino

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The scientific production of institutions of higher education, as well as the dissemination and use of this published work by peer institutions, can be assessed by means of quantitative and qualitative measurements. This type of analysis can also serve as the basis of further academic actions. Variables such as the type of evaluation, the number of faculty members and the decision to include or exclude researchers who are not professors are difficult to measure when comparing different schools and institutions. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the scientific production of tenured faculty from the Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina performed from 2001 to 2006. METHODS: Medline/PubMed database was considered and the Impact factors (IFs - Journal Citation Report, 2006) and the number of generated citations (Web of Science/ISI Thomson) were also evaluated. RESULTS: The analysis of the scientific production of 66 full professors (level MS-6) revealed 1,960 scientific articles published in 630 scientific journals, of which 31.3 percent were Brazilian and 68.7 percent were from international sources. Among these, 47 percent of the articles were published in 62.9 percent of the journals with IFs above 10, although 16.4 percent of the journals did not have assigned IF values. We verified that 45 percent of the published articles received 9,335 citations (average of 11 + 17), with the majority of these (8,968 citations) appearing in international scientific journals. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that it is possible to analyze the scientific production of a learning institution by the number of papers published by full professors, taking into account not only their academic position and influence, but also the fact that publication is an opportunity to stimulate joint projects with other members of the same institution.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Bibliometría , Investigación Biomédica/estadística & datos numéricos , Docentes Médicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Facultades de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , MEDLINE

RESUMEN

Allele frequencies for 15 STR markers included in the AmpFISTR Identifiler kit (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, and FGA) were obtained from a sample of 561 unrelated individuals from São Paulo, Brazil.

Asunto(s)

Genética de Población , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Alelos , Brasil , ADN/genética , ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Dermatoglifia del ADN/métodos , Femenino , Filtración , Genética Forense , Frecuencia de los Genes , Marcadores Genéticos , Genotipo , Geografía , Humanos , Masculino , Papel , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Control de Calidad

RESUMEN

The incidence of rape has increased, especially in metropolitan areas, such as the city of São Paulo. In Brazil, studies about it have shown that the majority of this type of crime is committed by the relatives and persons close to the victim. This has made the crime more difficult to be denounced, as only 10% of the cases are reported to competent police authorities. Usually, cytological exams are carried out in sex crime investigations. The difficulty in showing the presence of spermatozoa is frequent, but it does not exclude the presence of male DNA. The absence of spermatozoa in material collected from rape victims can be due to several factors, including the fact that the agressor suffers from azoospermia. This condition can be the result of a successful vasectomy. As the majority of DNA in the ejaculation sample is from spermatozoa, there is much less DNA to be analyzed. This study presents the application of Y-STRs (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) in DNA analysis of sperm samples from 105 vasectomized men. The study demonstrated a great variation in DNA concentration. DNA extraction and amplification was possible in all sperm samples even in the absence of spermatozoa. The same profile was observed, for each individual, from DNA extracted from blood, pre- and postvasectomy semen samples. The use of markers specific for Y chromosome in sex crime cases, especially in the absence of spermatozoa, is very important, mainly because in most situations there is a small quantity of the agressor's DNA in the medium and a large quantity of the victim's DNA.

Asunto(s)

Azoospermia/metabolismo , Cromosomas Humanos Y , ADN/análisis , Semen/metabolismo , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem , Vasectomía , Electroforesis Capilar , Marcadores Genéticos , Haplotipos , Humanos , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Violación

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Alcohol intake and tobacco smoke, in addition to other environmental and genetic factors, have been associated with head and neck cancer. We evaluated the role of metabolic enzyme polymorphisms on the risk of head and neck cancer in a hospital-based case-control study. METHODS: CYP1A1MspI, CYP2E1PstI, GSTM1, and GSTT1polymorphisms were evaluated in 103 histologically confirmed head and neck cancer cases and 102 controls by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. RESULTS: GSTM1null increased the risk of head and neck cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.24-3.79), oral cancer (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.28-5.98), and pharyngeal cancer (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.08-4.63). CYP2E1PstI polymorphism indicated a risk for oral cancer (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.29-11.56). The joint effect of GSTM1 null and CYP1A1 polymorphism increased the risk of head and neck cancer (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.13-5.10). CONCLUSIONS: GSTM1 null alone or associated with CYP1A1 increased the risk of head and neck cancer; the CYP2E1PstI mutated allele increased the risk for only oral cancer.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo Genético

RESUMEN

Os autores discutem o impacto do progresso das ciências e de novas metodologias que incluem DNA recombinante, clonagem terapêutica, e transplante de órgãos ou células, entre outros, em valores morais ou éticos de nossa sociedade. Na discussão de novas metodologias nas ciências da saúde ocorre fatalmente a confrontação e reflexão sobre as questões relativas à vida. Posicionamentos éticos precisam ser discutidos face às novas possibilidades de se gerar vida como a fertilização humana extracorpórea ou mesmo dar continuidade à vida dos transplantes de órgãos ou células. Entretanto, mais recentemente a sociedade se colocou frente a um novo dilema que se constitui em não permitir o desenvolvimento de um embrião gerado artificialmente, para que as mesmas células possam gerar tecidos ou órgãos específicos através da clonagem terapêutica. Existe uma preocupação social, com um grande matiz religioso e uma ansiedade científica com o testemunhar de uma evolução dos conhecimentos com um proveito social. Todavia, com os cuidados a serem tomados não há porque o mundo não possa desfrutar desse saber

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Bioética , Trasplante de Células/ética

RESUMEN

Em 1978, com o nascimento do primeiro bebê de proveta, implicações sociais foram levantadas e Schützer e Meira traduziram essas preocupações reconhecendo a possibilidade de serem identificados o pai social, o de direito e o biológico, assim como a mãe social, a de direito e a biológica – esta ultima genética e/ou gestante. Atualmente, o mundo está surpreendido pela possibilidade da clonagem entre seres humanos. O clone tem um só ancestral genético. É necessário que o ovo seja inserido em uma mulher para que ocorra a gestação. Haverá um pai genético e uma mãe gestante, ou uma genética e gestante ou uma genética e outra gestante. Ao lado do aspecto biológico, pode ocorrer a duplicidade de pais e mães socialmente acreditados ou juridicamente presumidos. Com a mesma bagagem genética do clonado é possível se levantar a hipótese de que o clone é irmão do clonado.

Asunto(s)

Bioética , Clonación de Organismos , Experimentación Humana , Fertilización In Vitro , Madres Sustitutas , Paternidad

RESUMEN

O artigo discute o impacto dos avanços da genética e da biologia molecular sobre a prática em saúde ocupacional. O conhecimento atual sobre o genoma humano permite, em certas circunstâncias, identificar fatores individuais de suscetibilidade a doenças em situações de exposição a substâncias químicas ou físicas, ou ainda, a doenças genéticas de manifestação tardia. Estudos epidemiológicos incorporando elementos da genética e da biologia molecular têm sido desenhados para avaliar a interação de variantes metabólicas e exposições ambientais no risco de ocorrência de diferentes doenças. Apesar desta perspectiva, considera-se que as pesquisas nesta área são ainda incipientes. A estratégia para a redução dos danos causados à saúde do trabalhador deve continuar a ter como base, prioritariamente, a modificação e a adequação dos ambientes de trabalho e não a especificação genética da força de trabalho. Introduzir a discussão sobre a necessidade de definir princípios de responsabilidade social no uso de informações genéticas e que possam reger ações éticas em saúde do trabalhador é uma das propostas principais deste artigo.

Asunto(s)

Biología Molecular , Ética , Salud Laboral

RESUMEN

Foram estudados esfregaços cervicovaginais corados pelo Papanicolaou de mulheres assintomáticas submetidas a exame ginecológico de rotina, com o objetivo de se identificar micronúcleos nesse material e correlacionar os achados com os de esfregaços das mesmas pacientes corados pelo método de Feulgen-Fast-green. Os resultados demonstraram que o método de Papapicolaou, embora com sensibilidade menor que a de Feulgen-Fast-green na detecçäo de micronúcleos, mostrou-se útil para estudos retrospectivos de séries previamente coradas, sobretudo as que apresentam lesöes epiteliais correlacionadas com condiçöes mutagênicas

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Cuello del Útero/citología , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/métodos , Frotis Vaginal , Cuello del Útero/patología

RESUMEN

A pesquisa da cromatina Y, que corresponde à porçäo distal do cromossomo Y presente nos núcleos interfásicos de indivíduos normais do sexo masculino, constitui método de extrema importância para determinaçäo do sexo em líquidos orgânicos, na prática forense. Em um primeiro experimento (dois meses e, em um segundo experimento (10 homens e 10 mulheres), foi pesquisada a cromatina Y durante 10 meses de exposiçäo das crostas à temperatura ambiente. Com a metodologia empregada foi possível a determinaçäo do sexo em crostas de sangue envelhecidas por um período de seis meses

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Cromosoma Y , Medicina Legal , Análisis para Determinación del Sexo , Manchas de Sangre , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Interfase