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Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) consists of involuntary leakage of urine during the storage phase of urination. Methods: An anonymous survey was given to Spanish and Italian veterinarians about canine UI treated cases, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and professional interest. Results and discussion: Most veterinarians treated ≤3 cases/quarter, resulting in the percentage of incontinence males being lower than that of females (1-4% vs 0-24%). The percentage of spayed incontinent females was lower in Spain (0-24%) than in Italy (75-100%). Most diagnoses were based on a diagnostic algorithm (Spain: 88.7%; Italy: 65.3%); patient report and history, blood work, urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound. Urethral/bladder pressure measurement was unusual (Spain: 0.2%; Italy: 2.4%). In Spain, radiology with contrast medium and CT urography (26.3% and 34.4%, respectively) were more frequent than in Italy (11.6% and 22.7%, respectively). When suspecting urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence pharmacological trial (Spain: 93.2%; Italy: 78.9%). The first-choice medical treatment was Phenylpropanolamine, followed by Ephedrine and Deslorelin. When pharmacotherapy failed, the most frequent option was drug change, followed by increased drug dosage/frequency of administration, surgical therapy and colposuspension. A review was completed after the first week of treatment followed by periodic reviews. Most of the respondents participated in continuing education only if UI occurred in their everyday practice (Spain: 63.0%; Italy: 55.4%) and about 30% responders did it regardless of the number of UI cases treated (Spain: 30.5%; Italy: 37.4%). Conclusion: Some recommendations in clinical practice were made. UI can be underestimated by owners; therefore, a complete history should be obtained by veterinarians. Veterinarians should carefully evaluate if spaying is advisable considering it could increase UI risk. A step-by-step approach is recommended and a specific diagnostic-therapeutic algorithm for UI in dogs is provided. Conservative approaches (regular exercise, weight loss in overweight dogs and observing an "incontinence diary" to identify abnormal patterns of urination) are advisable.

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Many metallurgical processes produce characteristic dislocation accumulation, with heterogeneous spatial and orientation distributions and further development of microstructures after heat treatment. Recovery and recrystallisation behaviours are direct consequences of those uneven dislocation distributions. The Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique can be used for the characterisation of such microstructural features, including: Density of Geometrically Necessary Dislocations (GND), Kernel Average Misorientations (KAM), Grain Orientation Spread (GOS), Grain Average Misorientation (GAM), Grain Reference Orientation Deviation (GROD - Angle) and GOS/D, where D is an assumed characteristic grain length. Production of Fe3%Si alloys with a Goss texture, essential step in the manufacture of electrical transformers, requires several different processing stages, including the one called primary recrystallisation, a key process preceding abnormal grain growth. The structure of grains and different microstructural aspects of the recrystallisation stage will provide the conditions for development of the Goss orientation during abnormal grain growth. In the present work we use GOS, GAM, GROD, GOS/D, GND and KAM, calculated from EBSD scans performed on cold rolled Fe3%Si alloys subject to increasing heat treatment times, to characterise the kinetics of recovery and primary recrystallisation in an Fe3%Si alloy. Difficulties in the interpretation of these results may arise from the interactive competition between various microstructural features. Hardness measurements were also performed in order to validate recovery and recrystallisation evolution by classical methods. It was found that the global GOS (i.e. including grains of all orientations) shows changes which can be related to those observed in the hardness for high annealing temperatures but it is not sensitive to microstructure evolution occurring at low temperatures. Meanwhile, GND undergoes changes at all annealing temperatures and, remarkably, it responds to the recovery that GOS cannot detect at low temperatures. The GAM parameter seems to follow better the microhardness results. When grains belonging to different texture components are analysed, gamma fibre grains are the first to recrystallise and alpha fibre grains the last. LAY DESCRIPTION: Many metallurgical processes produce characteristic dislocation accumulation, with heterogeneous spatial and orientation distributions. Further development of such microstructures occurs with subsequent heat treatments. Recovery and recrystallisation behaviours are directly affected by consequences of those uneven dislocation distributions. The Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique can be used for the characterisation of such microstructural features using different magnitudes that describe locally or globally misorientations between various locations in the material. In search of the best parameters [among them: Density of Geometrically Necessary Dislocations (GND), Kernel Average Misorientations (KAM), Grain Orientation Spread (GOS), Grain Average Misorientation (GAM), Grain Reference Orientation Deviation (GROD - Angle) and GOS/D, where D is an assumed characteristic grain length], we characterised the kinetics of the recovery during the 1st recrystallisation in an Fe3%Si alloy. It was found that the global GOS (i.e. including grains of all orientations) shows changes that can be related to the advance of recrystallisation on the other hand, the GND (KAM, GAM etc.) parameter seems to better follow the progress of recovery phenomenon. When grains belonging to different texture components are analysed, gamma fibre grains are the first to recrystallise and alpha fibre grains the last.

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The continuous increasing of overweight and obesity, among children and adolescents, constitutes an important public health problem. It is necessary to know and quantify this problem in order to delimit its magnitude and to identify the main risk groups. The enKid study (1998-2000) has estimated an obesity prevalence in Spain of 13,9% within the population group aged 2-22 years. Up to now, there was no data available about the city of Ceuta. In this study, it has been estimated an obesity prevalence of 8,75% among the Ceuta population group aged 6-13 years.

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La urolitiasis constituye una patología frecuente comprometiendo en series extranjeras, entre un 5 a 10 por ciento de la población. Su incidencia se desconoce en nuestro país, sin embargo, se espera que aumente al incrementar el ingreso per capita en Chile. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar la contribución de los distintos exámenes de imagen utilizados en el estudio diagnóstico de los pacientes que ingresan a nuestro hospital por cólico renal. Estudio retrospectivo de todos los pacientes que ingresan por el servicio de urgencia del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica con el diagnóstico de cólico renal, entre octubre 1998 y julio 1999. Se evaluaron los distintos estudios de imagen que llevaron al diagnóstico y que determinan la conducta definitiva, considerando el tiempo necesario para su estudio. La serie se compone de 124 pacientes consecutivos, 67 por ciento son varones con una edad promedio de 35,3 años (16 a 67 años). Se encuentra en 87 casos (70,2 por ciento) alteraciones secundarias a urolitiasis, constatándose el cálculo en 80 de ellos (64,5 por ciento) siendo la ubicación más frecuente en uréter distal (65 por ciento). El estudio de imagen inicial fue la Pielografía en 91 casos (73,4 por ciento), entregando el diagnóstico como primer estudio en 81 (65,3 por ciento) con un tiempo promedio de diagnóstico de 1,9 días. La Ecotomografía se empleó en un total de 21 casos, utilizándose en un 17 por ciento de las mujeres y en 8,4 por ciento de los hombres como primer examen. Pielo TAC se solicitó en un total de 9 casos en 7, como primer examen. En total se realizaron 121 Pielografía sin registrarse morbilidad en esta serie. La Pielografía constituye el examen que con mayor frecuencia entregó el diagnóstico, permitiendo indicar un tratamiento en un tiempo breve y sin morbilidad

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