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The resonance-absorption condition in the laser-nanoplasma interactions has been considered to follow the wavelength dependence of the critical plasma density. We experimentally demonstrate that this assumption fails in the middle-infrared spectral range, while it is valid for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. A thorough analysis supported by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations indicates that the observed transition in the resonance condition is caused by the reduction of the electron scattering rate and the associated increase of the cluster outer-ionization contribution. An expression for the nanoplasma resonance density is derived based on experimental results and MD simulations. The findings are important for a broad range of plasma experiments and applications, since the extension of the laser-plasma interaction studies to longer wavelengths has become increasingly topical.

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Multiorgan failure is among the most frequent reasons of death in critically ill patients. Based on extensive and long-term use of renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal organ support became available for other organ failures. Initially, most of these techniques (e.g. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, extracorporeal CO2 removal [ECCO2R] and extracorporeal liver support) were used as stand-alone single organ support systems. Considering multiple interactions between native organs ("crosstalk"), combined or integrated extracorporeal organ support (ECOS) devices are intriguing. The concept of multiple organ support therapy (MOST) providing simultaneous and combined support for different failing organs was described more than 15 years ago by Ronco and Bellomo. This concept also implicates overcoming the "compartmentalized" approach provided by different single organ specialized professionals by a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional strategy. The idea of MOST is supported by the failure of several recent studies on single organ support including liver and lung support. Improvement of outcome by ECOS necessarily depends on optimized patient selection, integrated organ support and limitation of its side effects. This implicates challenges for engineers, industry and healthcare professionals. From a technical viewpoint, modular combination of pre-existing technologies such as renal replacement, albumin-dialysis, ECCO2R and potentially cytokine elimination can be considered as a first step. While this allows for stepwise and individual combination of standard organ support facilities, it carries the disadvantage of large extracorporeal blood volume and surfaces as well as additive costs. The more intriguing next step is an integrated platform providing the capacity of multiple organ support within one device. (This article is freely available.).

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Here, we demonstrate the ability of solid lipid nanoparticle-based non-viral vectors to increase the α-galactosidase A levels of the IMFE1 cell line, an in vitro model for target cells in Fabry disease. For this purpose, vectors containing the pR-M10-αGal A plasmid, which encodes the α-galactosidase A enzyme, were prepared; the in vitro transfection efficacy was studied in IMFE1 cells, and the results were confirmed by RT-PCR. The cellular uptake of the vectors, intracellular disposition of the plasmid, and probable endocytosis pathways of the nanoparticles were also analyzed. The vectors used for the studies carried protamine (P-DNA-SLN), dextran and protamine (D-P-DNA-SLN), or hyaluronic acid of two different molecular weights and protamine (HA150-P-DNA-SLN or HA500-P-DNA-SLN). The new formulations, which presented a particle size in the range of nanometers (from 218 nm to 348 nm) and a positive superficial charge, were able to increase α-galactosidase A activity up to 4-fold in comparison to non treated IMFE1 cells. The most efficient vectors were those that included HA, and no differences due to changes in the molecular weight of HA were detected. The observed lack of colocalization with each of the four different Nile Red-labeled vectors and transferrin or cholera toxin appears to indicate that clathrin- and caveolae-independent pathways may be involved in their cellular uptake. Additionally, colocalization with LysoTracker indicated that the formulations were exposed to lysosomal activity, which may be responsible for the release of the plasmid from the vector. In conclusion, we reveal the potential of SLN-based vectors to efficiently transfect an immortalized Fabry patient cell line.

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Introducción: Presentamos un estudio retrospectivo sobre los resultados obtenidos por nuestro servicio en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo masculina con el sistema REMEEX®. Material y métodos: Entre febrero de 2007 y diciembre de 2009 se intervinieron con el sistema REMEEX® 14 pacientes varones diagnosticados de incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo moderada-severa. El origen de la incontinencia fue secundario a prostatectomía radical abierta (n=9), laparoscópica (n=4) y RTU prostática (n=1). Evaluamos las complicaciones obtenidas en tres grupos: intraoperatorias, precoces (menos de 1 mes) y tardías (más de 1 mes). Evaluamos el estado de los pacientes tras 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses de seguimiento. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue de 68,5 años (rango: 62–71). El tiempo mediano de seguimiento fue de 18,6 meses (rango: 10,1–35,2). La media de reajustes fue de 3,7 (rango: 1–6). Un total de 12 pacientes fue reajustado en el postoperatorio inmediato (24–72h tras la intervención). En tres ocasiones (21,4%) fue necesario retirar todo el sistema, uno por infección precoz y dos porque no deseaban más reajustes. La complicación intraoperatoria más frecuente fue la perforación vesical con 4 casos (28,5%). La complicación precoz más encontrada fueron 5 episodios de retención aguda de orina (35,7%). Al año, un 41,7% de los pacientes está totalmente continente (5/12) y un 33,3% presenta leves escapes (4/12). Conclusiones: El sistema REMEEX® para la incontinencia urinaria masculina, según nuestra experiencia, presenta un porcentaje de éxito al año (pacientes continentes o con mínimos escapes) del 75%, con una alta incidencia de complicaciones menores.Los reajustes, sobre todo durante los primeros seis meses, son frecuentes y es necesario un estrecho seguimiento. Necesitamos trabajos que evalúen la efectividad de este sistema a más largo plazo (AU)

Introduction: We evaluate the effectiveness of REMEEX® (readjustable sling) for the treatment of male urinary stress incontinence (SUI). Materials and method: Between February 2007 and December 2009, 14 male patients with mild to severe SUI were operated with the use of REMEEX® system. The origin of incontinence was radical open prostatectomy (n=9), laparoscopic prostatectomy (n=4) and TUR (n=1). We evaluate postoperatively complications in three groups: intraoperatively, early complications (before 1 month) and late complications (after 1 month). Follow up was done at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention. Results: The mean age was 68,5 years (range: 62–71). The average follow-up time was 18,6 months (range: 10,1–35,2). The mean of readjustment was 3,7 (range: 1–6). Twelve patients were readjusted during the early period (24–72h after intervention). The mesh was removed in 3 cases (21,4%) owing to infection in one and the others because patients didn't want more system readjustment. There were four (28,5%) intraoperative bladder perforations. The early complication more frequent was acute urinary retention with five cases (35,7%). To the year of follow-up 41,7% of the patients are totally continent (5/12) and 33,3% presents light urinary incontinence (4/12). Conclusions: The REMEEX® system for the treatment of male SUI presents (in our experience) a 75% of good results (continent patients or patients with light urinary incontinence) at the year of follow-up with a high rate of light complications. Readjustment are frequent at the first six months after intervention and it′s necessary an intense follow-up. We need more studies that evaluate the long-term efficiency of this system (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: We evaluate the effectiveness of REMEEX® (readjustable sling) for the treatment of male urinary stress incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHOD: Between February 2007 and December 2009, 14 male patients with mild to severe SUI were operated with the use of REMEEX® system. The origin of incontinence was radical open prostatectomy (n=9), laparoscopic prostatectomy (n=4) and TUR (n=1). We evaluate postoperatively complications in three groups: intraoperatively, early complications (before 1 month) and late complications (after 1 month). Follow up was done at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention. RESULTS: The mean age was 68,5 years (range: 62-71). The average follow-up time was 18,6 months (range: 10,1-35,2). The mean of readjustment was 3,7 (range: 1-6). Twelve patients were readjusted during the early period (24-72h after intervention). The mesh was removed in 3 cases (21,4%) owing to infection in one and the others because patients didn't want more system readjustment. There were four (28,5%) intraoperative bladder perforations. The early complication more frequent was acute urinary retention with five cases (35,7%). To the year of follow-up 41,7% of the patients are totally continent (5/12) and 33,3% presents light urinary incontinence (4/12). CONCLUSIONS: The REMEEX® system for the treatment of male SUI presents (in our experience) a 75% of good results (continent patients or patients with light urinary incontinence) at the year of follow-up with a high rate of light complications. Readjustment are frequent at the first six months after intervention and it's necessary an intense follow-up. We need more studies that evaluate the long-term efficiency of this system.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical technique of AMS MiniArc swing system for the treatment of female urinary incontinence, evaluate its results and complications. METHOD: We performed a retrospective study of surgery with AMS Miniarc swing system. From august 2007 to march 2009, 135 patients with urinary incontinence (UI) underwent AMS MiniArc swing system surgery in hammock way. 110 patients (81.5%) suffered from stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and 25 (18.5) from mixed (MUI). The average age was 55 years-old. All these procedures were performed wigh local anesthesia and in <>. We evaluate every patient a month later, between 3-6 months later, and a year after surgery. During the following up, clinical history was made in every women with ICIQ-SF questionnaire, that included a fourth question to evaluate the degree of satisfaction after surgery, as well as physical examination. We considered objective cure when negative stress test with full bladder. We use the SPSS program (V 14.0) for statistical analysis of the results (Student's t-test). RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 495 days (range from 181 to 777), early complications included: 2 bladder perforations during sling placement, inguinal pain in 4 patients and one obturator hematoma (resolved spontaneously). The long-term postoperative complications were: 4 tape exposures in vagina (2.9%), urethral obstruction in 3 patients (2.2%) that required urethrolysis and net section, and irritative symptoms of frequency and urgency reported in 9 patients (6.6%), 5 out of 9 were temporary (between 2 and 6 months) whereas the remaining 4 required anticholinergic agents due to persistent symptoms. When evaluating the success rates of anti-incontinence surgery, 91.9% of patients showed objective cure (88% with MUI and 92.7% with SUI) since we demonstrated no loss of urine by physical examination with full bladder. The ICIQ-SF score (fourth question included) decreased an average of 12.7 points. 90% of patients were very or fairly satisfied. CONCLUSION: The AMS Minarc swing system is an optim anti-incontinence procedure. Its main advantage might be the possibility of performing this procedure under local anesthesia, in order to test and adjust the sling's tension according to the person's needs. Despite its promising results, further studies are required in order to arrive at more precise conclusions, taking into account that the TVT remains the gold standard surgical technique of SUI.

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Objetivos: El objetivo de esta publicación es describir de forma retrospectiva la técnica quirúrgica y evaluar las complicaciones y los resultados de la colocación de la cinta AMS MiniArc® swing system para el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria. Material y método: Presentamos un estudio retrospectivo sobre la colocación de cinta AMS MiniArc® swing system. Entre agosto de 2007 y marzo de 2009 colocamos dicha cinta en hamaca a 135 pacientes, 110 (81,5%) tenían incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo y 25 (18,5%) incontinencia urinaria mixta con un edad mediana de 55 años (rango entre 27–82 años). Todos los procedimientos se realizaron con anestesia local y en régimen de cirugía mayor ambulatoria. Las pacientes fueron controladas en consultas externas al mes (control 1), entre los 3–6 meses (control 2) y al año (control 3). Se les realizó una historia clínica y el cuestionario ICIQ-SF, al que le añadimos una pregunta para cuantificar el grado de satisfacción, así como la exploración física. Consideramos como curación objetiva que la paciente en la exploración física realizada en la consulta con la vejiga llena presentara un test de esfuerzo negativo. Analizamos los resultados y el análisis descriptivo y de comparación de medias con la t de student mediante el programa informático SPSS (V14.0). Resultados: La mediana de seguimiento fue de 495 días (rango entre 181–777 días). En las 135 pacientes intervenidas registramos como complicaciones intraoperatorias 2 perforaciones vesicales. Como complicaciones precoces registramos 1 paciente con hematoma en la fosa obturatriz que evolucionó espontáneamente a curación y 4 pacientes (2,9%) con dolor leve a nivel inguinal no incapacitante. Como complicaciones tardías, 4 pacientes (2,9%) presentaron extrusión de la malla y 3 pacientes (2,2%) necesitaron corte unilateral de la cinta por presentar obstrucción. En 9 pacientes (6,6%) se presentó urgencia de novo, 5 de las cuales (3,7%) fueron temporales entre 2–6 meses, y 4 (2,96%) persistentes y tratadas mediante anticolinérgicos. Observamos que el 91,9 % de las pacientes estaban curadas al año. Si analizamos los resultados según el tipo de incontinencia que presentaban, las pacientes con incontinencia urinaria mixta estuvieron curadas en el 88% y las pacientes con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo en el 92,7%. Con el cuestionario ICIQ-SF y la pregunta de satisfacción, observamos un descenso medio en la puntuación de 12,7 puntos, con un 90% de las pacientes muy o bastante satisfechas. Conclusión: La colocación de esta minicinta AMS MiniArc® swing system es una herramienta más para el tratamiento quirúrgico de la incontinencia urinaria, y la ventaja fundamental respecto a sus predecesoras es la posibilidad de realizar la cirugía con anestesia local consiguiendo dar la tensión adecuada a la cinta in situ. Pero debe demostrar sus resultados a largo plazo teniendo como referencia al «gold standard» de la TVT (AU)

Method: We performed a retrospective study of surgery with AMS Miniarc swing system. From august 2007 to march 2009, 135 patients with urinary incontinence (UI) underwent AMS MiniArc swing system surgery in hammock way. 110 patients (81.5%) suffered from stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and 25 (18.5) from mixed (MUI). The average age was 55 years-old. All these procedures were performed wigh local anesthesia and in «Out patient Surgery». We evaluate every patient a month later, between 3–6 months later, and a year after surgery. During the following up, clinical history was made in every women with ICIQ-SF questionnare, that included a fourth question to evaluate the degree of satisfaction after surgery, as well as physical examination. We considered objective cure when negative stress test with full bladder. We use the SPSS program (V 14.0) for statistical analysis of the results (Student′s t-test). Results: With a mean follow-up of 495 days (range from 181 to 777), early complications included: 2 bladder perforations during sling placement, inguinal pain in 4 patients and one obturator hematoma (resolved spontaneously). The long-term postoperative complications were: 4 tape exposures in vagina (2.9%), urethral obstruction in 3 patients (2.2%) that required urethrolysis and net section, and irritative symptoms of frequency and urgency reported in 9 patients (6.6%), 5 out of 9 were temporary (between 2 and 6 months) whereas the remaining 4 required anticholinergic agents due to persistent symtoms. When evaluating the success rates of anti-incontinence surgery, 91.9% of patients showed objective cure (88% with MUI and 92.7% with SUI) since we demonstrated no loss of urine by physical examination with full bladder. The ICIQ-SF score (fourth question included) decreased an average of 12.7 points. 90% of patients were very or fairly satisfied. Conclusion: The AMS Minarc swing system is an optim anti-incontinence procedure. Its main advantage might be the possibility of performing this procedure under local anesthesia, in order to test and adjust the sling′s tension according to the person′s needs. Dispite its promising results, further studies are required in order to arrive at more precise conclusions, taking into account that the TVT remains the gold standard surgical technique of SUI (AU)

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BACKGROUND: The use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) has been irregular due to having to overcome barriers to their introduction. We describe our 8 years experience in using EHR to monitor quality control in the Urology Department of a tertiary Hospital. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the development and implementation of the EHR from 2001 to 2008 and the structural changes in the health care process and their results. Structural changes involved the introduction of computer terminals at all point where Health information is generated. In the Health care process a consensus was reached on coding diagnosis (221) and treatments (110), making it easier to gather information in the future. Health care registers have been simplified with pre-written texts in Anamnesis (6), Diagnosis and treatment (8), Interventions (11), and in-hospital treatments (15). Furthermore there are documents such as Informed Consents, (21) recommendations or information documents (10). A total of 5,571 discharge reports have been generated, 54,616 specialised surgery reports and 17,186 out-patient tests. Analysis of the EHR data enables us to study health care activity (extracorporeal lithotripsy, nosocomial infection, repetition of processes, etc.), specific problems (repeating prostate biopsies, increases in vesical surgery, etc.) or results of a technique (prostate biopsies, incontinence surgery, etc.). CONCLUSIONS: An EHR with multiple functions enables us to have accessible guides to clinical practice, a less variable clinical practice and better information on the patient. Being able to analyse data and to study the results of health activities, EHR is becoming an essential tool in improving health care.

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Objetivos: El objetivo de esta publicación es describir la técnica quirúrgica, evaluar las complicaciones y los resultados a corto plazo de las cintas TVT secur y MiniArc. Material y Método: entre Octubre de 2006 y Agosto 2007 se realizó corrección quirúrgica con TVT SecurTM, Women’s Health & Urology, Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson, colocando la cinta en forma de hamaca, a 51 pacientes, 38 de ellas con incontinencia de esfuerzo pura y 13 con incontinencia mixta y con una edad media de 57 años.Entre Septiembre 2007 y Febrero de 2008 se intervino con cinta AMS MiniarcTM swing system, colocada en hamaca, a 41 pacientes, 33 pacientes con incontinencia de esfuerzo pura y 8 con incontinencia mixta, con une dad media de 58 años. Todos los procedimientos se realizan con sedoanalgesia y en régimen de Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria. Las pacientes fueron controladas en consultas externas al mes, 3 meses y al año. Se les realizó historia clínica y cuestionario ICIQ- SF al que le añadimos una pregunta para cuantificar el grado de satisfacción, así como exploración física. Comparamos los resultados de ambas técnicas y realizamos estudio estadístico mediante test de Student. [Análisis con el programa informático SPSS (V14.0)]. Resultados: La mediana de seguimiento en el grupo TVT secur fue de 328 días (rango 163-522 días) y en el grupo MiniArc de 101 días (rango 41-209 días). De las 92 paciente intervenidas, 51 con TVT secur y 41 con MiniArc solo registramos una complicación quirúrgica con TVT secur que fue una perforación vesical. Considerando como curación objetiva que la paciente en la exploración física realizada en consulta con vejiga llena presente un test de esfuerzo negativo. En el grupo TVT secur el 80,4% de las pacientes están curadas y en el grupo de MiniArc el 90,2% no existiendo diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos ( p 0,095). Para evaluar la curación subjetiva utilizamos el test ICIQ-SF y la pregunta de satisfacción y observamos como, en el control al mes y tercer mes no existen diferencias significativas, estando el 90% de las pacientes satisfechas. En el control anual, sólo realizado en el grupo TVT secur, el 80 % de las pacientes se encuentran muy satisfechas. Conclusión: Estas nuevas cintas presentan un número menor de complicaciones permiten la posibilidad de colocación con anestesia local pero todavía son necesarios estudios aleatorizados con un mayor seguimiento (AU)

Background: The purpose of this publication is to describe the surgical technique, assess complications and short-term results of TVT secur and MiniArc tapes. Materials and Methods: From October 2006 to August 2007 it was carried out the surgical correction with TVT SecurTM, Women’s Health & Urology, Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson, placing the tape as a hammock, to 51 patients, 38 of them with pure stress incontinence and 13 with mixed incontinence and with an average age of 57 years. From September 2007 to February 2008 41 patients, 33 of them with pure stress incontinence and 8 with mixed incontinence, with an average of age of 58 years were operated with AMS MiniarcTM swing system tape, posted on hammock. All procedures were performed with sedoanalgesia and Ambulatory Surgery regime. Patients were monitored in outpatient visits one month, 3 months and one year after surgical procedure .Medical history and questionnaire and ICIQ-SF, to which we added a question to quantify the degree of satisfaction, as well as physical examination, were done. We compared the results of both technical procedures and statistical survey was conducted by Student test. [Analysis with SPSS software (V14.0)]. Results: The median follow-up in TVT secur group was 328 days (range 163-522 days) and 101 days (range 41-209 days) in the MiniArc group. We only had one (TVT secur group) surgical complication in all the series (92 patients) being a bladder perforation. Taking in to account that we read a negative test effort as an objective cure in the TVT secur group, 80.4% patients are cured and 90.2% in the MiniArc group without significant difference between both groups (p 0095). To assess the subjective healing we utilized the ICIQ-SF test and the satisfaction extra-question and we noted that there is no significant difference between the first and third month controls. (90%of patients satisfied). 80% of patients were completely satisfied in the first year control that was only performed to TVT secur group. Conclusion: These new tapes show fewer complications that the TVT-O and TOT tapes and allow the possibility of placement with local anesthesia but further studies are needed (AU)

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this publication is to describe the surgical technique, assess complications and short-term results of TVT secur and MiniArc tapes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2006 to August 2007 it was carried out the surgical correction with TVT Secur,Women's Health & Urology, Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson, placing the tape as a hammock, to 51 patients, 38 of them with pure stress incontinence and 13 with mixed incontinence and with an average age of 57 years. From September 2007 to February 2008 41 patients, 33 of them with pure stress incontinence and 8 with mixed incontinence, with an average of age of 58 years were operated with AMS Miniarc swing system tape, posted on hammock. All procedures were performed with sedoanalgesia and Ambulatory Surgery regime. Patients were monitored in outpatient visits one month, 3 months and one year after surgical procedure. Medical history and questionnaire and ICIQ-SF, to which we added a question to quantify the degree of satisfaction, as well as physical examination, were done. We compared the results of both technical procedures and statistical survey was conducted by Student test. [Analysis with SPSS software (V14.0)]. RESULTS: The median follow-up in TVT secur group was 328 days (range 163-522 days) and 101 days (range 41-209 days) inthe MiniArc group. We only had one (TVT secur group) surgical complication in all the series (92 patients) being a bladder perforation. Taking into account that we read a negative test effort as an objective cure in the TVT secur group, 80.4% patients are cured and 90.2% inthe MiniArc group without significant difference between both groups (p 0095). To assess the subjective healing we utilized the ICIQ-SF test and the satisfaction extra-question and we noted that there is no significant difference between the first and third month controls. (90% of patients satisfied). 80% of patients were completely satisfied in the first year control that was only performed to TVT secur group. CONCLUSION: These new tapes show fewer complications that the TVT-O and TOT tapes and allow the possibility of placement with local anesthesia but further studies are needed.

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OBJECTIVE: We present the outcome of urinary incontinence surgery after TVT more than five year of follow-up. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of complete cure of incontinence, complications, and patient satisfaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 369 female with genuine stress incontinence or mixed incontinence who had a TVT performed in our hospital between 1998-2003 were evaluated. Sample average age was 59.9 years. A total of 326 patients (85%) had genuine stress incontinence and 56 (15%) mixed incontinence. Preoperative evaluation was base on: clinical history and physical examination, stress test, flowmetry and post voided residual. Cistometry was indicated only in patients with previous surgery and mixed incontinence. Severity of incontinence was graded clinically. Primary outcome measure was complete cure of incontinence defined as lack of objective and subjective leakage. In addition a phone survey about patient satisfaction with the surgery was carried out. RESULTS: The average follow up was 35 months (6-67). A total of 317 were complete continent (86%). By contrast, 52 patients (14%) had leakages jet. The novo urgency rate was 7% and a 5.7% of patients were reoperated to cut the mesh because of obstruction. Nevertheless, the reoperation rate was low and only a patient showed a massive haematoma which needed to be evacuated. CONCLUSION: Bursch Technique through suprapubic route has been classically considered the gold standard procedure for stress urinary incontinence for the last decades, having been substituted nowadays by tension-free suburethral mesh sling whose most important advantages are: Simplicity of the method, lower cost and higher comfort for the patient due to the fact that we have chaged in-patient surgery program for ambulatory one with similar results in order to sanation. Anyway we will have to check if the preliminary good results and no complications persist in the follow-up.

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Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de eficacia de TVT a cinco años en términos de curación de incontinencia y complicaciones para el tratamiento de la IUE y de satisfacción personal con el resultado de la intervención. Material y métodos: Un total de 369 incontinentes con una edad media de 59,9 años fueron implantadas con el sistema TVT en nuestro hospital pacientes desde 1998 hasta 2003. De ellas, 326 pacientes (85%) presentaban IUE pura y 56 (15%) incontinencia mixta con predominio de esfuerzo. La evaluación preoperatorio se realizó mediante historia clínica, exploración física, prueba de esfuerzo, flujometría y medición residuo postmiccional. La cistomanometría sólo se indicó en pacientes con urgencia o antecedentes de cirugía previa. El grado de severidad de la incontinencia se catalogó clínicamente. Como criterio de curación completa se consideró la ausencia de pérdidas objetivas y subjetivas. Se realizó encuesta telefónica para estudiar el grado de satisfacción de la paciente. Resultados: El seguimiento medio fue de 35 meses con un rango entre 6 y 67 meses. Del total de pacientes, 317 presentaban continencia completa, lo que representa un 86%. Por el contrario, 52 pacientes (14%) presentaban escapes de orina. La tasa de urgencia de novo fue del 7% y la de corte de TVT por obstrucción de 5,7%. El porcentaje de reintervenciones, con sólo un caso de hematoma masivo. Conclusiones: Hasta ahora se ha considerado siempre como patrón oro de las intervenciones de incontinencia de la orina, la técnica suprapúbica de Bursch, quizás la más contrastada en el tiempo, pero en la actualidad está siendo sustituida por las técnicas de malla suburetral sin tensión, cuya principal ventaja, es la simplicidad del método, su menor costo económico y la mayor comodidad para la paciente, pues convertimos una cirugía con varios días de ingreso, en una cirugía ambulatoria, con unos resultados hasta el momento similares en tasa de curación, Pero habrá que comprobar que los resultados a largo plazo de las mallas, si se mantienen en el tiempo y no aparecen complicaciones derivadas de la malla

Objective: We present the outcome of urinary incontinence surgery after TVT more than five year of follow-up. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of complete cure of incontinence, complications, and patient satisfaction. Material y methods: A sample of 369 female with genuine stress incontinence or mixed incontinence who had a TVT performed in our hospital between 1998-2003 were evaluated. Sample average age was 59.9 years. A total of 326 patients (85%) had genuine stress incontinence and 56 (15%) mixed incontinence. Preoperative evaluation was base on: clinical history and physical examination, stress test, flowmetry and post voided residual. Cistometry was indicated only in patients with previous surgery and mixed incontinence. Severity of incontinence was graded clinically. Primary outcome measure was complete cure of incontinence defined as lack of objective and subjective leakage. In addition a phone survey about patient satisfaction with the surgery was carried out. Results: The average follow up was 35 months (6-67). A total of 317 were complete continent (86%). By contrast, 52 patients (14%) had leakages jet. The novo urgency rate was 7% and a 5,7% of patients were reoperated to cut the mesh because of obstruction. Nevertheless, the reoperation rate was low and only a patient showed a massive haematoma which needed to be evacuated. Conclusión: Bursch Technique through suprapubic route has been classically considered the gold standard procedure for stress urinary incontinence for the last decades, having been substituted nowadays by tension-free suburethral mesh sling whose most important advantages are: Simplicity of the method, lower cost and higher comfort for the patient due to the fact that we have chaged in-patient surgery program for ambulatory one with similar results in order to sanation. Anyway we will have to check if the preliminary good results and no complications persist in the follow-up

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FUNDAMENTALS: Valuation about clinical pathologyc facts of patients having undergone a radical prostatectomy due to a minimal prostate adenocarcinoma shown at the biopsy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients having undergone a radical prostatectomy due to a minimal prostate adenocarcinoma shown at the biopsy in front of the remaining radical prostatectomies. RESULTS: In 20 patients (7.6%) out of the 260 having undergone a radical prostatectomy between 1992 and 2004 the biopsy was informed as "minimal adenocarcinoma". These patients ranged 58 to 73 years with PSA levels from 5.2 to 17.1 ng/ml. Everyone except one were clinically T1c. At the definitive pathological study the Gleason was 6, 4, 3 and 2 in 3, 3, 8 and 4 patients respectively, with one having a minimal adenocarcinoma not graded and another one with a PIN ?. 3 showed only 1 focus with a tumoral volume less than 5% of the tissue (84.2% with significant tumor or multifocal). The final staging was 1 pT0 (PIN ?), 7 pT2a, 11 pT2b and 1 pT3a (62.5% bilaterals). Relating to the remaining patients under prostatectomy, patients with minimal adenocarcinoma presented significative differences in Gleason sum (p < 0.029) and staging (p = 0.02); no in PSA mean (p = 0.243). SUMMARY: Minimal adenocarcinomas of the prostate at the biopsy are significant but do present lower staging and grading in relation with the rest of patients.

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Micropapillary carcinoma is an uncommon pathologic variant of bladder carcinoma with aggressive behavior. Its usual presentation is like a high grade and high stage carcinoma and associated with other histologic types in different proportion. It doesn't differ clinically from normal transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Studies of molecular markers are still contradictories. Treatment should be early and aggresive, based on surgical therapy as radiotherapy and chemotherapy have shown limited results. We report a 72 year old man suffering from low urinary tract symptoms for years and recently presented gross hematuria. He was diagnosed as high stage micropapillary carcinoma. One year after radical cystectomy and subsequent chemotherapy based on carboplatin and gemcitabine, progression of the disease was shown on CT and the patient died 14 months after the diagnosis.

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Fundamento: Valoración de datos clínico-patológicos de pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical por mínimo adenocarcinoma prostático en la biopsia. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes intervenidos de prostatectomía radical por mínimo adenocarcinoma, frente al resto de prostatectomías radicales. Resultados: En 20 pacientes (7,6 %), de los 260 sometidos a prostatectomía radical entre 1992 y 2004, se definió la biopsia como 'mínimo adenocarcinoma'. Tenían edades entre 58 y 73 años y los PSA entre 5,2 y 17,1 ng/ml. Todos, excepto uno eran clínicamente T1c. En la anatomía-patológica definitiva el Gleason fue de 6, 4, 3 y 2, en 3, 3, 8 y 4 pacientes respectivamente, con uno con mínimo adenocarcinoma no graduado y sólo un PIN-III en otro. Tres presentaron un solo foco con un volumen tumoral inferior al 5% del tejido (el 84,2 % con tumor significativo). El estadio final fue 1 pT0 (PIN III), 7 pT2a, 11 pT2b y 1 pT3a (62,5% bilaterales). Con respecto al resto de pacientes prostatectomizados, los pacientes con mínimo adenocarcinoma presentaron diferencias significativas en los Gleason (p=0,029) y los estadios (p= 0,02); no en la media del PSA (p=0,243). CONCLUSIONES: Los adenocarcinomas de próstata mínimos en la biopsia son significativos, aunque presentan estadios y grados inferiores al resto (AU)

Fundamentals: Valuation about clinical pathologyc facts of patients having undergone a radical prostatectomy due to a minimal prostate adenocarcinoma shown at the biopsy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients having undergone a radical prostatectomy due to a minimal prostate adenocarcinoma shown at the biopsy in front of the remaining radical prostatectomies. Results: In 20 patients (7,6%) out of the 260 having undergone a radical prostatectomy between 1992 and 2004 the biopsy was informed as 'minimal adenocarcinoma'. These patients ranged 58 to 73 years with PSA levels from 5.2 to 17.1 ng./ml. Everyone except one were clinically T1c. At the definitive pathological study the Gleason was 6, 4, 3 and 2 in 3, 3, 8 and 4 patients respectively, with one having a minimal adenocarcinoma not graded and another one with a PIN III. 3 showed only 1 focus with a tumoral volume less than 5% of the tissue (84.2% with significant tumor or multifocal). The final staging was 1 pT0 (PIN III ), 7 pT2a, 11 pT2b and 1 pT3a (62.5% bilaterals). Relating to the remaining patients under prostatectomy, patients with minimal adenocarcinoma presented significative differences in Gleason sum (p < 0.029) and staging (p = 0.02); no in PSA mean (p =0,243). Summary: Minimal adenocarcinomas of the prostate at the biopsy are significant but do present lower staging and grading in relation with the rest of patients (AU)

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El carcinoma micropapilar (CMP) es una variante anatomopatológica infrecuente de carcinoma vesical de comportamiento agresivo. Se presenta habitualmente como carcinoma de alto grado, en estadios avanzados y asociado a otras formas histológicas en proporciones variables. No manifiesta signos clínicos diferenciales con el carcinoma vesical típico. Los estudios de marcadores moleculares son todavía contradictorios. El tratamiento debería ser precoz y agresivo, fundamentalmente quirúrgico, dado que la Radioterapia y la Quimioterapia han demostrado escasa eficacia hasta el momento. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 72 años con síntomas miccionales de larga evolución y hematuria macroscópica de reciente aparición que se diagnosticó de CMP en estadio avanzado. Al año dela cistectomía radical asociada a quimioterapia con carboplatino y gemcitabina se evidenció progresión rápida de la enfermedad y falleció a los 14 meses (AU)

Micropapillary carcinoma is an uncommon pathologic variant of bladder carcinoma with aggressive behavior. Its usual presentation is like a high grade and high stage carcinoma and associated with other histologic types in different proportion. It doesn´t differ clinically from normal transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Studies of molecular markers are still contradictories. Treatment should be early and aggresive, based on surgical therapy as radiotherapy and chemotherapy have shown limited results. We report a 72 years old man suffering from low urinary tract symptoms for years and recently presented gross hematuria. He was diagnosed as high stage micropapillary carcinoma. One year after radical cystectomy and subsequent chemotherapy based on carboplatin and gemcitabine , progression of the disease was shown on CT and the patient died 14 months after the diagnosis (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Since the description of the TVT technique as a therapy to stress urinary incontinence, in 1996, about 150000 subjects have undergone it. This technique was first used in our centre in november 1998. This article is aimed to contain our view of its evolution in the past three years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 142 patients of an average of 59 years old have been operated on. In 57% of the cases, we also focused on the solutions to anatomic pelvis disorders. RESULTS: After a follow-up of 17 months and a mean of 14 months, 93% of the cases succeeded. Failures arose during the first six months of therapy. We found the following complications: 4.8% of bladder perforations, 17% of postoperative retentions of no longer than 30 days, 2% of long-term retentions, 2.7% of postsurgical hematomas, and 9% of urge incontinence. Surgery was performed on 10 patients who had undergone surgery against bladder incontinence before, and all the cases proved success. CONCLUSIONS: This technique is simple and only requires a short surgical time, and it can be applied for major ambulatory surgery. Although it is possible to encounter complications, they rarely occur and results are still encouraging. However, it is now necessary to verify that our long-term studies match with the success rates of 84.7%.

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