RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the ability of 0.8% neem leaf extract (NLE) to treat diabetes mellitus by assessing its effects on blood glucose, insulin levels and islet morphology in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in two to three-day old rat pups by STZ intraperitoneally (60 mg/kg), followed by a further 40 mg/kg dose 12-23 weeks later. The diabetic treated (DT) rats received 0.8% w/v NLE in tap water while diabetic control (DC) and normal control (NC) rats received water ad libitum. Body weight, water and chow consumption, and blood glucose were evaluated weekly. Blood and pancreas were collected at the end of the study to evaluate serum insulin and islet histology, respectively. RESULTS: Neem leaf extract (0.8%) improved weight gain and beta cell regeneration but did not reduce blood glucose. Serum insulin increased slightly in the treated group and three-fold in the DC group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that NLE has beta cell regenerating potential.
RESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the spectrum of hepatic arterial variants in unselected patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen at the main regional referral centre in the northern Anglophone Caribbean. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two radiologists independently reviewed 309 CT angiographic studies performed over 2 years between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2012 at a regional hepatobiliary referral centre for the Northern Caribbean. The anatomical variations were described according to a conventional classification proposed by Michels et al. RESULTS: In this Caribbean population, the majority of patients had conventional Michels' type 1 vascular anatomy (63.4%). However, a statistically significantly greater incidence of Michels' type 2 variations (20.4%) were found than that reported in the international literature and a lower incidence of type 3 (5.2%), type 6 (0.6%), and type 9 (0) patterns than previously reported. One case with variations not previously described in this classification was also encountered. CONCLUSION: Although 63.4% of persons in a Caribbean population have conventional vascular anatomy, the distribution of anatomical variants is quite different to that seen in North American and European centres. Interventional radiologists and hepatobiliary surgeons practicing in the Caribbean must be cognizant of these differences in order to minimize morbidity and mortality during invasive procedures.
Asunto(s)
Arteria Hepática/anomalías , Arteria Hepática/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Región del Caribe , Femenino , Humanos , Jamaica , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
In this paper, we formulate a mathematical model for the evaluation of parameters responsible for the retardation and eventual acceleration of bone regeneration on the contralateral side of the mandible of experimental animals, following the discovery of a new mechanism of bone regeneration called the osteobstruction mechanism (a negative mechanism of bone regeneration as opposed to the well established and extensively documented positive mechanisms such as osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction). This osteobstructive mechanism was demonstrated by episodes of overtaking and re-overtaking on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) following evaluation of osteoblastic activities in a sequential animal experiment to validate both the Ogunsalu sandwich technique (a double guided tissue technique; D-GTR) and the interceed membrane technique (a single guided tissue regeneration technique; S-GTR) utilizing SPECT, histological and histomorphometric evaluation. This work is now given special attention in terms of mathematical analysis because of limited experimental observations since experiments cannot be observed infinitely. Mathematical modelling is as such essential to generalize the results of this osteobstructive mechanism in bone regeneration. We utilize the Fisher's equation to describe bone cell mobilization during bone regeneration by two different techniques: the Ogunsalu sandwich bone regeneration technique (D-GTR) and the S-GTR.
En este trabajo se formula un modelo matemático para la evaluación de los parámetros responsables del retardo y la posterior aceleración de la regeneración del hueso en el lado contralateral de la mandíbula de animales experimentales, tras el descubrimiento de un nuevo mecanismo de regeneración del hueso, denominado mecanismo de osteobstrucción de la regeneración del hueso (un mecanismo negativo de regeneración del hueso, el cual contrasta con mecanismos positivos bien establecidos y ampliamente documentados, tales como la osteogénesis, la osteoinducción y la osteoconducción). Este mecanismo osteobstructivo fue demostrado mediante una serie de fenómenos consecutivos en la tomografía computarizada por Emisión de Fotones Individuales (SPECT), tras la evaluación actividades osteoblásticas en experimentos secuenciales con animales, para validar tanto la técnica de sandwich de Ogunsalu (técnica de regeneración de tejidos guiada doble; RTG-D) como la técnica de membrana con interceed (técnica de regeneración de tejidos guiada simple; RTG-S) utilizando SPECT así como evaluaciones histológicas e histomorfométricas. Este trabajo recibe aquí especial atención en términos de análisis matemático, ya que en los experimentos las observaciones no puede realizarse infinitamente. Los modelos matemáticos son pues esenciales para generalizar los resultados de este mecanismo del osteobstructivo de la regeneración ósea. Se utiliza la ecuación de Fisher para describir la movilización de las células óseas durante la regeneración del hueso por dos técnicas diferentes: la técnica de Ogunsalu para la regeneración ósea por "sandwich" (D-GTR) y la técnica S-GTR.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Regeneración Ósea/fisiología , Modelos Teóricos , Osteoblastos/citología , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Mandíbula/fisiología , Mandíbula , Conceptos Matemáticos , Porcinos , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón ÚnicoRESUMEN
In this paper, we formulate a mathematical model for the evaluation of parameters responsible for the retardation and eventual acceleration of bone regeneration on the contralateral side of the mandible of experimental animals, following the discovery of a new mechanism of bone regeneration called the osteobstruction mechanism (a negative mechanism of bone regeneration as opposed to the well established and extensively documented positive mechanisms such as osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction). This osteobstructive mechanism was demonstrated by episodes of overtaking and reovertaking on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) following evaluation of osteoblastic activities in a sequential animal experiment to validate both the Ogunsalu sandwich technique (a double guided tissue technique; D-GTR) and the interceed membrane technique (a single guided tissue regeneration technique; S-GTR) utilizing SPECT, histological and histomorphometric evaluation. This work is now given special attention in terms of mathematical analysis because of limited experimental observations since experiments cannot be observed infinitely. Mathematical modelling is as such essential to generalize the results of this osteobstructive mechanism in bone regeneration. We utilize the Fisher's equation to describe bone cell mobilization during bone regeneration by two different techniques: the Ogunsalu sandwich bone regeneration technique (D-GTR) and the S-GTR.
Asunto(s)
Regeneración Ósea/fisiología , Modelos Teóricos , Osteoblastos/citología , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Animales , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Mandíbula/fisiología , Conceptos Matemáticos , Porcinos , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón ÚnicoRESUMEN
Fitzroya cupressoides (alerce, Cupressaceae) is a large and exceptionally long-lived conifer, endemic to a restricted area of southern Chile and neighbouring areas of Argentina. As a result of its high economic value, the species has been severely exploited for timber, and remnant populations are fragmented and often highly disturbed. The species is thought to have undergone a major range contraction during the last glaciation. In order to assess the extent of genetic variation using DNA markers within and between populations of this species, samples were obtained from throughout the natural range and analysed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation. Eight 10-mer and three 15-mer primers were used to produce a total of 54 polymorphic bands. Shannon's diversity estimates were calculated to provide an estimate of the degree of variation within each population. Values varied from 0.343 to 0.636 with only the lowest value differing significantly from the others (Spop = 0.547). This indicated that there is a significant degree of variation within each population, and did not provide evidence for genetic 'bottle-neck' effects within the species. A pairwise distance measure calculated from the RAPD data was used as an input for principal coordinate (PCO) and AMOVA analyses. The first three principal coordinates of RAPD distances described 8.3, 5.9 and 5.4% of the total variance, respectively, and a degree of clustering of samples according to their geographical origin was detectable. AMOVA analysis indicated that although most of the variation (85.6%) was found within populations, a significant proportion (P < 0.002) was attributable to differences between populations. An UPGMA dendrogram constructed using phi ST values derived from AMOVA produced a pattern broadly similar to that produced by the PCO, highlighting differences between three main groups of populations within Chile: those from the northern Coastal Range, the southern Coastal Range and Central Depression, and the Andes. Populations from Argentina also emerged as significantly different from those in Chile. These results are interpreted in the context of the postglacial history of the species, and their implications for the development of conservation strategies for Fitzroya are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Variación Genética , Árboles/genética , ADN de Plantas/química , ADN de Plantas/genética , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , América del SurRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Improving pregnancy outcomes for minorities is a major goal of health providers and policy makers. Since most strategies involve an intervention during pregnancy, it is important to know where minority women with various characteristics receive prenatal care and why. Our purpose was to evaluate services of prenatal care for white, African-American, Mexican-American, and Puerto Rican women. METHODS: The National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (1988) was used to ascertain age, income, marital status, education level, and source of funding of the study population of 21,000 women, who were assigned to an ethnic group based on self-indentification in the survey. The sources of prenatal care were classified as private (private physician, nurse-midwife, health maintenance organization) or public (state or local health department, community health center, hospital-based clinic). RESULTS: When categorized by ethnic group alone, 78 percent of white women received private care compared with 51 percent of Mexican-American women, 44 percent of African-American women, and 37 percent of Puerto Rican women. Private health insurance was held by 78 percent of white, 50 percent of African-American, 49 percent of Mexican-American, and 47 percent of Puerto Rican women. Of those with private insurance, 86, 62, 69, and 59 percent, respectively, received private care. Of white women with Medicaid funding, 52 percent received private care as opposed to a range of 20 to 42 percent for minority women. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial differences in sources of prenatal care exist between white and minority women and between different minority groups, suggesting that policy makers and health caregivers should tailor prenatal care intervention to the needs of specific minority populations.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Hispánicos o Latinos , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/etnología , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca , Adulto , Femenino , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Seguro de Salud , México/etnología , Embarazo , Puerto Rico/etnología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous neem extract on serum testosterone and other blood constituents was studied in the male Wistar rats for 10 weeks. The neem treatment resulted in significant decreases (p < 0.01) in total testosterone, total bilirubin and K+ in serum. There were also increases (p < 0.05) in packed cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell, white blood cell and lymphocyte counts without showing any cytotoxic effects in the body.
Asunto(s)
Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales , Testosterona/sangre , Administración Oral , Animales , Bilirrubina/sangre , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Potasio/sangre , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The cases of seven children treated from 1980 through 1991 with blunt renal artery injuries were reviewed to determine (1) if computed tomography alone could eliminate the need for intravenous pyelography (IVP) or arteriography (ART); and (2) the causes of management delays. The diagnosis of arterial occlusion was suggested by the lack of renal contrast enhancement in six patients with CT scans and in two patients with IVP. In three patients ART was merely confirmatory. The diagnosis was suggested by IVP or CT scan within a mean of 4.7 hours of injury, but ART added an additional mean 2.3 hours to the diagnostic workup. There was an additional 3.9-hour average delay in the operating room before revascularization. Six patients underwent revascularization. Four had minimal function by postoperative renal scans. Renal artery occlusion is rapidly detected by contrast-enhanced CT scanning without IVP or ART. The time period from diagnosis to revascularization must be expedited to improve renal outcome.
Asunto(s)
Riñón/lesiones , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/diagnóstico por imagen , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/cirugía , Reperfusión/métodos , Estudios de Tiempo y Movimiento , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Heridas no Penetrantes/complicaciones , Angiografía , Niño , Preescolar , Protocolos Clínicos , Eficiencia Organizacional , Femenino , Hospitales Pediátricos , Humanos , Masculino , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Pennsylvania , Intensificación de Imagen Radiográfica , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal/etiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Traumatología , UrografíaRESUMEN
Subacute intraperitoneal administration of the lipid portion of the unripe ackee arillus, referred to as "ackee oil", resulted in marked neutropenia (p less than 0.001) and increase in platelets (p less than 0.01) without anaemia, in rats. Blood urea, sodium and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly decreased but glucose and bilirubin levels were similar to those of controls. The lungs showed areas of petechial haemorrhages and a dose-related perivascular and peribronchial mononuclear cell infiltration. The pulmonary toxicity may be interpreted as a hypersensitive reaction to ackee oil. Further research is in progress on the neutropenic effects of ackee oil.
Asunto(s)
Aceites de Plantas/toxicidad , Animales , Jamaica , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Neutropenia/inducido químicamente , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Aceites de Plantas/metabolismo , Recuento de Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
Subacute intraperitoneal administration of the lipid portion of the unripe ackee arillus, referred to as "ackee oil", resulted in marked neutropenia (p<0.001) and increase in platelets (p<0.01) without anaemia, in rats. Blood urea, sodium amd aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly decreased but glucose and bilirubin levels were similar to those of controls. The lungs showed areas of petechial haemorrhaghes and a dose-related perivascular and peribronchial mononuclear cell infiltration. The pulmonary toxicity may be interpreted as a hypersensitive reaction to ackee oil. Further research is in progress on the neutropenic effects of ackee oil.
Asunto(s)
Plantas Comestibles/análisis , Neutropenia/inducido químicamenteRESUMEN
A commitment to the maintenance of a comprehensive trauma registry can provide numerous benefits, both administrative and clinical. Uses of the information collected can vary in nature and scope based on the needs of the facility and the requirements of external regulatory bodies. Ultimately, the choice of data applications rests with the facility collecting the information. As the facility grows and evolves, so can--and must--its registry.
Asunto(s)
Sistema de Registros , Centros Traumatológicos , Heridas y Lesiones/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Hospitales con 100 a 299 Camas , Hospitales Pediátricos/organización & administración , Humanos , Pennsylvania/epidemiología , Estadística como AsuntoRESUMEN
This monograph seeks to provide overall information on the role of the blood-brain barrier particularly in relation to entry of various drugs into the Central Nervous System.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Barrera HematoencefálicaRESUMEN
This monograph seeks to provide overall information on the role of the blood-brain barrier particularly in relation to entry of various drugs into the Central Nervous System. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Barrera Hematoencefálica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
During a 29-month period, we studied enteric infection in 70 families from a pediatric practice in suburban Washington, D.C. Fecal adenoviruses were detected in stools of 18 patients by tissue culture and electron microscopic procedures. From 6 through 11 months of age, the incidence of fecal adenoviruses associated with enteritis was seven per 100, and of confirmed enteric adenoviruses (EAds), three per 100 individuals per year. All EAds belonged to subgenus G (type 41). All three patients with EAds had diarrhea; two had vomiting and one had fever, but none required hospitalization. Ten of the 15 patients with non-EAds were younger than 2 years, and 60% had diarrhea, 40% had vomiting, and 20% had fever. Combined gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms occurred more often in those who shed non-EAds (three of 11) than in matched controls (two of 48, P = 0.04). An adenovirus was detected in approximately 6% of gastroenteritis episodes, and confirmed EAds were present in approximately 2% of episodes of gastroenteritis in children younger than 2 years of age. None of the contacts of patients with non-EAds shed such virus in their stools. None of nine family contacts of those with EAd appeared to shed adenovirus in stool. In contrast, rotavirus spread readily to exposed adults (25% of 65) and children (56% of 62) when a child in similar families had rotavirus infection.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Adenoviridae/epidemiología , Adenoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Heces/microbiología , Gastroenteritis/etiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Diarrea Infantil/epidemiología , Diarrea Infantil/etiología , District of Columbia , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Estudios Longitudinales , Maryland , Técnicas Microbiológicas , VirginiaAsunto(s)
Atrofia Muscular/complicaciones , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/complicaciones , Células del Asta Anterior/patología , Atrofia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Hipotonía Muscular/diagnóstico , Atrofia Muscular/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/patología , SíndromeAsunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños , Herpes Genital/transmisión , Adulto , Niño , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Humanos , Incesto , MasculinoRESUMEN
La atrofia espinal infantil progresiva o enfermedad de Werdnig-Hoffmann (EWH) es un desorden hereditario que afecta nucleos motores del asta anterior de la medula; se distinguen tres tipos clinicos con comportamiento especifico. Sin embargo los ninos con este padecimiento son frecuentemente diagnosticados como portadores de miopatias congenitas o paralisis cerebral infantil. Hasta ahora no existen metodos especificos de diagnostico, pues las alteraciones que se detectan son compartidas por diversas enfermedades.En la observacion de nuestros casos y por lo referido en la literatura medica, es fundamental el juicio clinico para considerar esta entidad. A la fecha, no existen perspectivas de tratamiento y los pacientes llegan inexorablemente a la muerte. El tiempo de sobrevida depende tanto del tipo clinico como de las medidas de sosten para prolongar la existencia
Asunto(s)
Lactante , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal , Neuronas Motoras , Atrofia Muscular , ParálisisRESUMEN
We performed a case-control study of nasopharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma to identify risk factors associated with the disease. Interviews with 156 patients and 267 controls revealed that increased risk was significantly associated with a prior history of ear, nose or throat disease (relative risk = 1.8, P = 0.006) and occupational exposure to fumes (relative risk = 2.0, P = 0.006), smoke (relative risk = 3.0, P = 0.008) and chemicals (relative risk = 2.4, P = 0.006). Among Chinese, other Asians and Mexican-Americans, increased risk was also associated with foreign birthplace (relative risk = 2.1, P = 0.04), probably reflecting childhood exposure to carcinogens in inhaled smoke. In Chinese patients the risk associated with foreign birthplace and occupational exposure increased among those with HLA-A2 and less than two antigens at the B locus, suggesting a genetic variation in susceptibility.