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Blood gas analysis reflects the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. This test provides important information, since the relationship between these gases has a direct impact on the acid-basic balance in the body. Given the significance of blood gas analysis in Brazilian reptiles, this study set out to establish temperature-corrected and uncorrected reference intervals for venous blood gas measurements in Chelonoidis carbonarius, and to compare values between females and males. In this study, 19 animals were used, 8 males and 11 females. Blood samples were collected from the dorsal coccygeal vein, and the analyses were performed immediately after blood sample collection. The following parameters were measured: pH, PO2, HCO3-, TCO2, BEecf, Na, K, ICa, and Glu, and were compared between females and males. Additionally, pH, pCO2, and pO2 values were compared with and without temperature correction. Oxygen saturation and Na levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in males. Furthermore, it was possible to infer that the lower the body temperature relative to the environmental temperature, the larger the difference in pH following temperature correction.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the glucose metabolism of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in pretreatment and sustained viral response (SVR) periods. Materials and methods: This was an intervention pre-post study of 273 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with DAAs from March 2018 to December 2019. Glycidic metabolism was evaluated through homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) - insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA-β indices and assessments of insulinemia and HbA1c levels. These parameters were analyzed with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables and Wilcoxon's test paired for the median; in the variables with an abnormal distribution, the Z score was generated for the mean in both the pretreatment and SVR periods. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Among 273 participants, 125 (45.8%) had prediabetes, and 50 (18.3%) had diabetes. In SVR, there was a significant increase in platelets, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and triglycerides and a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma GT and bilirubin. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indices increased in SVR from 1.95 to 2.29 (p = 0.087) and 71.20 to 82.60 (p = 0.001), respectively. Insulinemia increased from 7.60 μU/mL to 8.90 μU/mL (p = 0.011). HbA1c decreased from 5.6 to 5.4 (p < 0.001). Among patients with prediabetes and those with diabetes, the reduction in HbA1c values was significant (p = 0.006 and p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: SVR significantly impacts and leads to improvement in glucose metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease induced by hepatitis C virus.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study, carried out at the university hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande, was to assess whether the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals and the sustained virological response will affect the metabolic influences of the hepatitis C virus and whether these effects will vary according to genotypes and virus load. METHODS: This is an intervention pre-post study, carried out from March 2018 to December 2019, evaluating 273 hepatitis C virus patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. Inclusion criteria included being monoinfected with hepatitis C virus and achieving sustained virological response . Exclusion criteria included the presence of decompensated cirrhosis or co-infected with hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Genotypes, genotype 1 subtypes, and hepatitis C virus viral load were analyzed. Glucose metabolism was evaluated by the Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance indices: Homeostasis Model Assessment-ß, TyG, and HbA1c, measured at the beginning of treatment and in sustained virological response. Statistical analysis with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables in the pretreatment and in the sustained virological response. RESULTS: Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance analysis: there were no significant differences between pretreatment and sustained virological response. Homeostasis Model Assessment-ß analysis: significant increase in genotype 1 patients (p<0.028). TyG index analysis: significant increase in genotype 1b (p<0.017), genotype 3 (p<0.024), and genotype non-1 with low viral load (p<0.039). HbA1c analysis: significant decrease in genotype 3 (p<0.001) and genotype non-1 patients with low viral load (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: We detected significant metabolic influences after sustained virological response: impairment in lipid profile and improvements in the glucose metabolism. We found significant differences in genotype dependence, genotype 1 subtypes, and viral load.

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Objective: To compare the glucose metabolism of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in pretreatment and sustained viral response (SVR) periods. Materials and methods: This was an intervention pre-post study of 273 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with DAAs from March 2018 to December 2019. Glycidic metabolism was evaluated through homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) - insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA-ß indices and assessments of insulinemia and HbA1c levels. These parameters were analyzed with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables and Wilcoxon's test paired for the median; in the variables with an abnormal distribution, the Z score was generated for the mean in both the pretreatment and SVR periods. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Among 273 participants, 125 (45.8%) had prediabetes, and 50 (18.3%) had diabetes. In SVR, there was a significant increase in platelets, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and triglycerides and a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma GT and bilirubin. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß indices increased in SVR from 1.95 to 2.29 (p = 0.087) and 71.20 to 82.60 (p = 0.001), respectively. Insulinemia increased from 7.60 µU/mL to 8.90 µU/mL (p = 0.011). HbA1c decreased from 5.6 to 5.4 (p < 0.001). Among patients with prediabetes and those with diabetes, the reduction in HbA1c values was significant (p = 0.006 and p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: SVR significantly impacts and leads to improvement in glucose metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease induced by hepatitis C virus.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study, carried out at the university hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande, was to assess whether the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals and the sustained virological response will affect the metabolic influences of the hepatitis C virus and whether these effects will vary according to genotypes and virus load. METHODS: This is an intervention pre-post study, carried out from March 2018 to December 2019, evaluating 273 hepatitis C virus patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. Inclusion criteria included being monoinfected with hepatitis C virus and achieving sustained virological response . Exclusion criteria included the presence of decompensated cirrhosis or co-infected with hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Genotypes, genotype 1 subtypes, and hepatitis C virus viral load were analyzed. Glucose metabolism was evaluated by the Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance indices: Homeostasis Model Assessment-β, TyG, and HbA1c, measured at the beginning of treatment and in sustained virological response. Statistical analysis with a T test by paired comparison of the means of the variables in the pretreatment and in the sustained virological response. RESULTS: Homeostasis Model Assessment-insulin resistance analysis: there were no significant differences between pretreatment and sustained virological response. Homeostasis Model Assessment-β analysis: significant increase in genotype 1 patients (p<0.028). TyG index analysis: significant increase in genotype 1b (p<0.017), genotype 3 (p<0.024), and genotype non-1 with low viral load (p<0.039). HbA1c analysis: significant decrease in genotype 3 (p<0.001) and genotype non-1 patients with low viral load (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: We detected significant metabolic influences after sustained virological response: impairment in lipid profile and improvements in the glucose metabolism. We found significant differences in genotype dependence, genotype 1 subtypes, and viral load.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Urgent blood component transfusions may be life-saving for patients in hemorrhagic shock. Measures to reduce the time taken to provide these transfusions, such as uncrossmatched transfusion or abbreviated testing, are available. However, transport time is still an additional delay and the use of a pneumatic tube system (PTS) may be an alternative to shorten the transport time of blood components. Objectives: To assess pneumatic tube system transportation of blood components based on a validation protocol. Methods: Pre- and post-transport quality control laboratory parameters, visual appearance, transport time and temperature of the packed red blood cells (RBCs), thawed fresh plasma (TFP), cryoprecipitate (CR), and platelet concentrate (PC) were evaluated. Parameters were compared between transport via pneumatic tube and courier. Results: A total of 23 units of RBCs, 50 units of TFP, 30 units of CR and ten units of PC were evaluated. No statistically significant differences were found between pre- and post-transport laboratory results. There was also no difference in laboratory parameters between transport modalities (PTS versus courier). All blood components transported matched regulatory requirements for quality criteria. The temperature during transport remained stable and the transport time via PTS was significantly shorter than the courier's transport time (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The PTS was considered a fast, safe and reliable means of transportation for blood components, also securing quality prerequisites.

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INTRODUCTION: Urgent blood component transfusions may be life-saving for patients in hemorrhagic shock. Measures to reduce the time taken to provide these transfusions, such as uncrossmatched transfusion or abbreviated testing, are available. However, transport time is still an additional delay and the use of a pneumatic tube system (PTS) may be an alternative to shorten the transport time of blood components. OBJECTIVES: To assess pneumatic tube system transportation of blood components based on a validation protocol. METHODS: Pre- and post-transport quality control laboratory parameters, visual appearance, transport time and temperature of the packed red blood cells (RBCs), thawed fresh plasma (TFP), cryoprecipitate (CR), and platelet concentrate (PC) were evaluated. Parameters were compared between transport via pneumatic tube and courier. RESULTS: A total of 23 units of RBCs, 50 units of TFP, 30 units of CR and ten units of PC were evaluated. No statistically significant differences were found between pre- and post-transport laboratory results. There was also no difference in laboratory parameters between transport modalities (PTS versus courier). All blood components transported matched regulatory requirements for quality criteria. The temperature during transport remained stable and the transport time via PTS was significantly shorter than the courier's transport time (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The PTS was considered a fast, safe and reliable means of transportation for blood components, also securing quality prerequisites.

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This study aimed to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and the effects of Amazonian pulp fruits consumption, such as araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata), abiu grande (Pouteria caimito), araticum (Annona crassiflora), biri-biri (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), and yellow mangosteen (Garcinia xanthochymus), on hematologic, metabolic, renal, and hepatic function parameters in Wistar rats (n = 10 rats/group). The pulp of abiu had the highest levels of soluble solids, sugars, and pH. Biri-biri pulp had the highest levels of ascorbic acid and total titratable acidity, and a low pH. The araticum pulp had higher (p ≤ 0.05) ash content, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity than the pulp of other analyzed fruits. No significant increase in hematocrit, nor reduction of blood glucose, plasma cholesterol, and serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (TGP), creatinine, and urea was observed in experimental groups relative to the control group of rats after the consumption of fruits pulp. The intake of abiu and araticum pulps promoted a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in total leukocytes of the experimental groups as compared to the control group and only the intake of araticum significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) triglyceride blood levels in rats (99.50 mg/dL). The regular consumption of biri-biri pulp for 30 days significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (TGO) levels in rats (116.83 U/L) compared to the control group (98.00 U/L). More researches are needed to generate knowledge about these promising Amazonian fruits, supporting the native fruit production, in addition to promoting health in the population and sustainability in the Amazon region.

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Background: Obstructive urolithiasis is a rare but potentially serious condition in equids. In the reviewed literature, there are several case reports of urolithiasis in horses and donkeys, but the only mention of this condition in mules occurred as incidental findings at a slaughterhouse. Therefore, this work aims to describe the first report and successful treatment of obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). Case: A 10-year-old castrated male mule weighing 380 kg was referred for hospital care. Tachycardia (64 beats per min), mild dehydration (7%), increased capillary filling time (3 s), slightly congested mucous membranes, and dysuria were observed. During its attempts to urinate, the mule was able to expose the penis, resulting in only dribbling of urine with reddish coloration. Urethral catheterization failed to reach the urinary bladder and revealed an obstruction at the ischial arch (7 x 4 cm), as confirmed by palpation and ultrasonography. Additionally, rectal ultrasound examination showed urine sedimentation and a single 2.36 mm vesical calculus. After sedation, local anesthesia, and surgical preparation, urethrotomy in the standing position was performed over the urethral obstruction at the ischial arch, reaching the urethrolith that fragmented during removal. Urethral catheterization from the urethrotomy site to flush the urinary bladder and urethra were performed, but the remaining vesical calculus was not retrieved. Considering the presence of a vesical calculus, severe urethral damage caused by the spiculated calculus and catheterization attempts, permanent perineal urethrostomy was performed. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable hematological parameters, while serum biochemistry showed increased creatinine level. Urinalysis revealed cloudiness, amber appearance, countless red blood cells and bacteria, and calcium carbonate crystals. The urethrolith composition included ammonia, carbonate, and oxalate. Twelve months after surgery, the mule was healthy, the urethrostomy was viable, and no complications were recorded during this period. Discussion: Although uncommon, there are reports describing calculi of different sizes and weighing up to 803 g, causing mild to severe clinical signs according to the degree of obstruction in horses and donkeys. In the mule described here, the urethrolith did not completely obstruct the urethra, but the spiculated calculus caused dysuria and hematuria. In fact, most animals are usually referred for acute abdominal signs or hematuria and pollakiuria, but other unusual signs, such as rectal prolapse, may also be present. In the present report, the diagnosis of obstructive urethrolithiasis was established based on clinical signs and transcutaneous ultrasound of the subischial area, allowing visualization of the urethrolith. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive urethrolithiasis affecting a mule in Brazil. We reiterate that this condition must be included in the differential diagnosis of mules and hinnies with hematuria and dysuria, especially when associated with abdominal pain. Additionally, urethrostomy associated with urethrotomy performed on this mule in the standing position was a low-cost procedure with good results. Due to the lack of specificity regarding the food management of the mule on the previous farm, an assessment cannot be made regarding the effects of its food on urolith composition.(AU)

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AIMS: To evaluate the levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium in individuals with spinal cord injury and to identify related factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included men with spinal cord injury, living in the South Region of Brazil. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate socioeconomic data, life habits and health. The time elapsed since the spinal cord injury was considered. Vitamin D was evaluated in plasma via liquid chromatography; calcium and PTH were measured in serum by a colorimetric method and electrochemiluminescence respectively. For data analysis, linear regression and chi-square test were utilized. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The study included 39 paraplegic or tetraplegic men with spinal cord injury. The mean age was 35.52±9.78 years, and the mean time since injury was 6.09±5.55 years. The mean biochemical levels were: 19.0 ±6.98 ng/mL for vitamin D; 9.54±0.52 mg/dL for total calcium; and 34.81±10.84 pg/mL for parathyroid hormone. Individuals with sun exposure for more than two hours daily had higher vitamin D levels than those exposed up to one hour per day (p=0.001). Linear regression identified an inverse relationship between lesion time and vitamin D levels (regression coefficient: -0.424; p=0.029), while the other parameters did not show significant differences regarding the time elapsed since the lesion. Subjects with income above four minimum wages had higher vitamin D values (mean 25.67±5.45 ng/mL) when compared to those with income up to four minimum wages (mean 18.43±6.79 ng/mL) (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Levels of vitamin D were inversely correlated to the time elapsed since the spinal cord injury, probably due to insufficient sun exposure resulting from prolonged limitation of mobility. In addition, lower levels of vitamin D were associated to lower income. These factors may aggravate bone loss associated with decreased mobility resulting from spinal cord injury.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os níveis de vitamina D, hormônio paratireoide e cálcio em indivíduos com lesão medular e identificar fatores relacionados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluiu homens com lesão da medula espinhal, vivendo na Região Sul do Brasil. Foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar dados socioeconômicos, hábitos de vida e saúde. Foi investigado o tempo transcorrido após a lesão medular. A vitamina D foi avaliada no plasma por meio de cromatografia líquida; o cálcio e o hormônio paratireoideo foram dosados no soro por um método colorimétrico e eletroquimioluminescência respectivamente. Para a análise de dados, foram utilizadas regressão linear e teste do qui-quadrado. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 39 homens paraplégicos ou tetraplégicos com lesão da medula espinhal. A média de idade foi de 35,52±9,78 anos e o tempo médio de lesão foi de 6,09±5,55 anos. As médias dos níveis bioquímicos foram: 19,0±6,98 ng/mL para vitamina D, 9,54±0,52 mg/dL para cálcio total e 34,81±10,84 pg/mL para hormônio paratireoideo. Indivíduos com exposição ao sol por mais de duas horas por dia apresentaram maiores níveis de vitamina D do que os expostos até uma hora por dia (p=0,001). A regressão linear identificou uma relação inversa entre o tempo de lesão e os níveis de vitamina D (coeficiente de regressão: -0,424; p=0,029), enquanto os outros parâmetros não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao tempo decorrido desde a lesão. Os indivíduos com renda acima de quatro salários mínimos apresentaram maiores valores de vitamina D (média de 25,67±5,45 ng/mL) quando comparados com aqueles com renda até quatro salários mínimos (média 18,43±6,79 ng/mL) (p=0,021). CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de vitamina D foram inversamente correlacionados com o tempo decorrido desde a lesão da medula espinhal, provavelmente devido à exposição insuficiente ao sol resultante da limitação prolongada da mobilidade. Níveis mais baixos de vitamina D foram associados a menor renda. Estes fatores podem agravar a perda óssea associada à diminuição da mobilidade resultante da lesão da medula espinhal.

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A fenda palatina (palatosquise) é uma afecção congênita incomum em equinos jovens. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e caracteriza-se por falha na fusão do processo palatino lateral ocorrido no 47º dia de gestação. A principal sintomatologia é disfagia com descarga nasal alimentar bilateral pós-prandial e o diagnóstico definitivo dá-se por endoscopia das vias aéreas superiores. O prognóstico é melhor em cirurgia de correção da fenda palatina no palato mole quando comparada com a cirurgia no palato duro, mas o objetivo da correção é o mesmo: eliminar o refluxo nasal de alimentos e reduzir o risco de aspiração do conteúdo alimentar. O objetivo do relato de caso é disponibilizar aos profissionais de clínica e cirurgia de equinos informações sobre a incidência, tratamento e complicações dos animais acometidos pela afecção congênita fenda palatina. Um potro, Quarto-de-Milha de 30 dias, apresentando disfagia e leite nas narinas após mamar foi encaminhado ao serviço de cirurgia de grandes animais do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP (HOVET - FMVZ/USP). Mediante endoscopia das vias aéreas superiores, diagnosticou-se fenda palatina. Para correção da palatosquise, optou-se pela técnica cirúrgica faringotomia, que consiste na incisão do osso base-hioide envolvendo o terço caudal do palato mole. Os neonatos apresentam maior incidência de efeitos adversos e alta mortalidade anestésica, portanto a anestesia para correção desta afecção consiste em complicações inerentes aos pacientes dessa idade como maior predisposição à hipoglicemia, hipoxemia e hipoventilação. No dia seguinte ao procedimento, houve desconforto abdominal e encaminhamento à laparotomia exploratória. O animal apresentou diversas complicações e no 11º dia de internação foi realizada a eutanásia. [...]

The cleft palate (palatoschisis) is an uncommon congenital condition in young horses. Its etiology is unknown and is characterized by failure of the fusion of the lateral palatine process occurred on the 47th gestational day. The main symptomatology is dysphagia with bilateral postprandial alimentary nasal discharge and the diagnosis is by upper airways endoscopy. The prognosis is better in soft palate cleft surgery compared to hard palate surgery, but the goal of correction is the same: eliminate nasal reflux of food and reduce aspiration risk of food content. This case report is to provide clinicians and equine surgery professionals information on the incidence, treatment and complications of animals affected the congenital cleft palate. A 30 day old foal,presenting dysphagia and milk in the nostrils after nurse was attended at Large Animals Surgical Service of Veterinary Hospital in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of USP (HOVET - FMVZ/USP). Upper airways endoscopy revealed a cleft palate. For correction of palatoschisis, the surgeons opted for the surgical technique pharyngotomy, which consists in incision in the base-hyoid bone involving the soft palate ' s caudal third. Neonates are higher incidents of adverse effects and high anesthetic mortality, therefore, anesthesia in this case shows greater predisposition to hypoglycemia, hypoxemia and hypoventilation. One day after soft palate surgery, foal had an abdominal discomfort and referral to exploratory laparotomy. The animal had several complications and on 11th day of hospitalization it was performed in euthanasia. [...]

El paladar hendido (palatosquisis) es una afección congénita poco común en equinos jóvenes. Su etiología es desconocida y se caracteriza por una falia en la fusión del proceso palatino lateral ocurrido en el 470 día de gestación. La principal sintomatología es disfagia con descarga nasal alimentar bilateral post prandial y el diagnóstico definitivo se da por endoscopia de las vías aéreas superiores. El pronóstico es mejor en cirugía de corrección de la hendidura palatina en el paladar blando cuando comparada con la cirugía en el paladar duro, pero el objetivo de la corrección es el mismo: eliminar el reflujo nasal del alimento y reducir los riesgos de aspiración del contenido alimentar. El objetivo del relato del caso es ofrecer a los profesionales de clínica y cirugía de equinos información sobre la incidencia, tratamiento y complicaciones de los animales acometidos por la afección congénita del paladar hendido. Un potro, cuarto de milla de 30 días, presentando disfagia y leche en los orificios nasales después de mamar fue encaminado al servicio de cirugía de grandes animales del Hospital Veterinario de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la USP (HOVET - FMVZlUSP). Mediante endoscopia de las vías aéreas superiores, se diagnosticó paladar hendido. Para corregir la palatosquisis, fue elegida la técnica quirúrgica de la faringotomía, que consiste en la incisión del hueso base hioides envolviendo el tercio caudal del paladar blando. Los neonatos presentan mayor incidencia de efectos adversos y alta mortalidad anestésica, por 10 tanto, la anestesia para corrección de esta afección consiste en complicaciones inherentes a los pacientes de esa edad como mayor predisposición a la hipoglucemia, hipoxemia e hipoventilación. Al día siguiente del procedimiento, hubo malestar abdominal y fue encaminado a una laparotomía exploratoria. El animal presentó diversas complicaciones y en el 11 o día de la internación, fue realizada la eutanasia. [...]

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A fenda palatina (palatosquise) é uma afecção congênita incomum em equinos jovens. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e caracteriza-se por falha na fusão do processo palatino lateral ocorrido no 47º dia de gestação. A principal sintomatologia é disfagia com descarga nasal alimentar bilateral pós-prandial e o diagnóstico definitivo dá-se por endoscopia das vias aéreas superiores. O prognóstico é melhor em cirurgia de correção da fenda palatina no palato mole quando comparada com a cirurgia no palato duro, mas o objetivo da correção é o mesmo: eliminar o refluxo nasal de alimentos e reduzir o risco de aspiração do conteúdo alimentar. O objetivo do relato de caso é disponibilizar aos profissionais de clínica e cirurgia de equinos informações sobre a incidência, tratamento e complicações dos animais acometidos pela afecção congênita fenda palatina. Um potro, Quarto-de-Milha de 30 dias, apresentando disfagia e leite nas narinas após mamar foi encaminhado ao serviço de cirurgia de grandes animais do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP (HOVET - FMVZ/USP). Mediante endoscopia das vias aéreas superiores, diagnosticou-se fenda palatina. Para correção da palatosquise, optou-se pela técnica cirúrgica faringotomia, que consiste na incisão do osso base-hioide envolvendo o terço caudal do palato mole. Os neonatos apresentam maior incidência de efeitos adversos e alta mortalidade anestésica, portanto a anestesia para correção desta afecção consiste em complicações inerentes aos pacientes dessa idade como maior predisposição à hipoglicemia, hipoxemia e hipoventilação. No dia seguinte ao procedimento, houve desconforto abdominal e encaminhamento à laparotomia exploratória. O animal apresentou diversas complicações e no 11º dia de internação foi realizada a eutanásia. [...](AU)

The cleft palate (palatoschisis) is an uncommon congenital condition in young horses. Its etiology is unknown and is characterized by failure of the fusion of the lateral palatine process occurred on the 47th gestational day. The main symptomatology is dysphagia with bilateral postprandial alimentary nasal discharge and the diagnosis is by upper airways endoscopy. The prognosis is better in soft palate cleft surgery compared to hard palate surgery, but the goal of correction is the same: eliminate nasal reflux of food and reduce aspiration risk of food content. This case report is to provide clinicians and equine surgery professionals information on the incidence, treatment and complications of animals affected the congenital cleft palate. A 30 day old foal,presenting dysphagia and milk in the nostrils after nurse was attended at Large Animals Surgical Service of Veterinary Hospital in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of USP (HOVET - FMVZ/USP). Upper airways endoscopy revealed a cleft palate. For correction of palatoschisis, the surgeons opted for the surgical technique pharyngotomy, which consists in incision in the base-hyoid bone involving the soft palate ' s caudal third. Neonates are higher incidents of adverse effects and high anesthetic mortality, therefore, anesthesia in this case shows greater predisposition to hypoglycemia, hypoxemia and hypoventilation. One day after soft palate surgery, foal had an abdominal discomfort and referral to exploratory laparotomy. The animal had several complications and on 11th day of hospitalization it was performed in euthanasia. [...](AU)

El paladar hendido (palatosquisis) es una afección congénita poco común en equinos jóvenes. Su etiología es desconocida y se caracteriza por una falia en la fusión del proceso palatino lateral ocurrido en el 470 día de gestación. La principal sintomatología es disfagia con descarga nasal alimentar bilateral post prandial y el diagnóstico definitivo se da por endoscopia de las vías aéreas superiores. El pronóstico es mejor en cirugía de corrección de la hendidura palatina en el paladar blando cuando comparada con la cirugía en el paladar duro, pero el objetivo de la corrección es el mismo: eliminar el reflujo nasal del alimento y reducir los riesgos de aspiración del contenido alimentar. El objetivo del relato del caso es ofrecer a los profesionales de clínica y cirugía de equinos información sobre la incidencia, tratamiento y complicaciones de los animales acometidos por la afección congénita del paladar hendido. Un potro, cuarto de milla de 30 días, presentando disfagia y leche en los orificios nasales después de mamar fue encaminado al servicio de cirugía de grandes animales del Hospital Veterinario de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la USP (HOVET - FMVZlUSP). Mediante endoscopia de las vías aéreas superiores, se diagnosticó paladar hendido. Para corregir la palatosquisis, fue elegida la técnica quirúrgica de la faringotomía, que consiste en la incisión del hueso base hioides envolviendo el tercio caudal del paladar blando. Los neonatos presentan mayor incidencia de efectos adversos y alta mortalidad anestésica, por 10 tanto, la anestesia para corrección de esta afección consiste en complicaciones inherentes a los pacientes de esa edad como mayor predisposición a la hipoglucemia, hipoxemia e hipoventilación. Al día siguiente del procedimiento, hubo malestar abdominal y fue encaminado a una laparotomía exploratoria. El animal presentó diversas complicaciones y en el 11 o día de la internación, fue realizada la eutanasia. [...](AU)

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O sistema respiratório do cavalo é responsável por satisfazer as elevadas necessidades de oxigênio (02)das células musculares durante a atividade esportiva. Durante o exercício a trote e ao passo ocorre um aumento da ventilação devido à elevação mais marcada da frequência respiratória. No galope a ventilação sofre um acréscimo principalmente por aumento do volume corrente. O cavalo é um respirador nasal obrigatório, já que o palato mole está firmemente oposto à base da laringe. A disfunção palatal inclui duas síndromes, instabilidade palatal (IP) e deslocamento dorsal do palato mole (DDPM). A Instabilidade Palatal causa um movimento "ondulante" do palato rostral e caudal sem deslocamento efetivo da borda caudal do palato mole dorsal para a epiglote, provocando obstrução nasofaríngea inspiratória e ruído respiratório. Atualmente equinos atletas podem ser avaliados sob condições naturais, graças à disponibilidade de videoendoscopia em exercício ou videoendoscopia dinâmica. O presente relato descreve o caso de um equino Puro Sangue Inglês, que foi encaminhado por apresentar histórico de intolerância ao exercício e diminuição do desempenho na corrida. Optou-se por realizar o exame de endoscopia dinâmica como ferramenta diagnóstica,verificando-se IP com obstrução de toda rima glottis e cartilagens aritenoides durante o galope. Técnicas de imagem são de grande importância no diagnóstico para detecção de afecções relacionadas às vias aéreas anteriores de equinos.

The horse breathing system is responsible for feed its high necessity of oxygen (02) over the muscle cellsduring a sportive activity. During the exercise for trot and footstep there is an increase of ventilation due to its breathing frequency lifting. On lope, the raise on ventilation occurs mainly because of the increase in tidal volume. The horse is anobligatory nasal breather since the soft palate is firmly opposed to the base of the larynx. The palate dysfunction includes syndromes, palatal instability (PI) and dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP). The palate instability causes a "rippling"motion of rostral and caudal palate without an effective displacement of caudal edge of soft dorsal palate to epiglottis, causing inspiratory nasopharyngeal obstruction and breathing noise. Currently equine athletes can be evaluated undernatural conditions due to the availability of videoendoscopy in exercise or a dynamic endoscopy. The report describesthe case of an English Thorough bred horse which was sent to Veterinary Clinic Equine Center by presenting a history of exerci se intolerance and decreased on performance on racing. It was decided to use the dynamic videoendoscopyexam as a diagnostic tool finding palatal instability with obstruction of the entire glottis rhyme and arytenoid cartilages during the gallop. Therefore, video exam techniques are of great importance in the diagnosis for the detection of diseasesrelated to higher breathing system of horses.

El sistema respiratorio del caballo se encarga de satisfacer Ias necesidades de alta de oxígeno (02) de Ias células dei músculo durante Ia actividad deportiva. Durante el ejercicio dei trote ocurre un aumento de Ia ventilación debido a una elevación más marcada de Ia frecuencia respiratoria. En el galope Ia ventilación sufre un incremento,principalmente por el aumento dei volumen corriente. EI caballo es un respirador nasal obligatorio, ya que el paladar blando se opone firmemente a Ia base de Ia laringe. La disfunción dei paladar incluye dos síndromes, inestabilidad del paladar (IP) y el desplazamiento dorsal dei paladar blando (DDPB). La inestabilidad del paladar provoca un movimientode "balanceo" dei paladar rostral y caudal sin desplazamiento efectivo dei borde caudal dei paladar blando dorsal a Iaepiglotis, que causa obstrucción de Ia nasofaringe y el ruido respiratorio. Actualmente atletas equinos pueden sereval uados en condiciones naturales, gracias a Ia disponibilidad de Ia endoscopia en ejercicio dinámica o videoendoscopia. Este informe describe el caso de un caballo puro sangre inglés, que fue remitido a Ia Clínica Veterinaria Equine Center presentando intolerancia histórica a Ia actividad física y una disminución del rendimiento en Ias carreras. Se ha eligido el examen de endoscopia dinámica como una herramienta de diagnóstico, encontrando IP con obstrucciónde toda rima glotis y cartílagos aritenoides durante el galope. Se concluye que Ias técnicas de imagen son de gran importancia en el diagnóstico para Ia detección de enfermedades relacionadas con el sistema superior respirtatório delos caballos.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O sistema respiratório do cavalo é responsável por satisfazer as elevadas necessidades de oxigênio (02)das células musculares durante a atividade esportiva. Durante o exercício a trote e ao passo ocorre um aumento da ventilação devido à elevação mais marcada da frequência respiratória. No galope a ventilação sofre um acréscimo principalmente por aumento do volume corrente. O cavalo é um respirador nasal obrigatório, já que o palato mole está firmemente oposto à base da laringe. A disfunção palatal inclui duas síndromes, instabilidade palatal (IP) e deslocamento dorsal do palato mole (DDPM). A Instabilidade Palatal causa um movimento "ondulante" do palato rostral e caudal sem deslocamento efetivo da borda caudal do palato mole dorsal para a epiglote, provocando obstrução nasofaríngea inspiratória e ruído respiratório. Atualmente equinos atletas podem ser avaliados sob condições naturais, graças à disponibilidade de videoendoscopia em exercício ou videoendoscopia dinâmica. O presente relato descreve o caso de um equino Puro Sangue Inglês, que foi encaminhado por apresentar histórico de intolerância ao exercício e diminuição do desempenho na corrida. Optou-se por realizar o exame de endoscopia dinâmica como ferramenta diagnóstica,verificando-se IP com obstrução de toda rima glottis e cartilagens aritenoides durante o galope. Técnicas de imagem são de grande importância no diagnóstico para detecção de afecções relacionadas às vias aéreas anteriores de equinos.(AU)

The horse breathing system is responsible for feed its high necessity of oxygen (02) over the muscle cellsduring a sportive activity. During the exercise for trot and footstep there is an increase of ventilation due to its breathing frequency lifting. On lope, the raise on ventilation occurs mainly because of the increase in tidal volume. The horse is anobligatory nasal breather since the soft palate is firmly opposed to the base of the larynx. The palate dysfunction includes syndromes, palatal instability (PI) and dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP). The palate instability causes a "rippling"motion of rostral and caudal palate without an effective displacement of caudal edge of soft dorsal palate to epiglottis, causing inspiratory nasopharyngeal obstruction and breathing noise. Currently equine athletes can be evaluated undernatural conditions due to the availability of videoendoscopy in exercise or a dynamic endoscopy. The report describesthe case of an English Thorough bred horse which was sent to Veterinary Clinic Equine Center by presenting a history of exerci se intolerance and decreased on performance on racing. It was decided to use the dynamic videoendoscopyexam as a diagnostic tool finding palatal instability with obstruction of the entire glottis rhyme and arytenoid cartilages during the gallop. Therefore, video exam techniques are of great importance in the diagnosis for the detection of diseasesrelated to higher breathing system of horses.(AU)

El sistema respiratorio del caballo se encarga de satisfacer Ias necesidades de alta de oxígeno (02) de Ias células dei músculo durante Ia actividad deportiva. Durante el ejercicio dei trote ocurre un aumento de Ia ventilación debido a una elevación más marcada de Ia frecuencia respiratoria. En el galope Ia ventilación sufre un incremento,principalmente por el aumento dei volumen corriente. EI caballo es un respirador nasal obligatorio, ya que el paladar blando se opone firmemente a Ia base de Ia laringe. La disfunción dei paladar incluye dos síndromes, inestabilidad del paladar (IP) y el desplazamiento dorsal dei paladar blando (DDPB). La inestabilidad del paladar provoca un movimientode "balanceo" dei paladar rostral y caudal sin desplazamiento efectivo dei borde caudal dei paladar blando dorsal a Iaepiglotis, que causa obstrucción de Ia nasofaringe y el ruido respiratorio. Actualmente atletas equinos pueden sereval uados en condiciones naturales, gracias a Ia disponibilidad de Ia endoscopia en ejercicio dinámica o videoendoscopia. Este informe describe el caso de un caballo puro sangre inglés, que fue remitido a Ia Clínica Veterinaria Equine Center presentando intolerancia histórica a Ia actividad física y una disminución del rendimiento en Ias carreras. Se ha eligido el examen de endoscopia dinámica como una herramienta de diagnóstico, encontrando IP con obstrucciónde toda rima glotis y cartílagos aritenoides durante el galope. Se concluye que Ias técnicas de imagen son de gran importancia en el diagnóstico para Ia detección de enfermedades relacionadas con el sistema superior respirtatório delos caballos.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The phenomenon of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) has been studied since the observation of a higher kidney allograft survival in patients who had received a higher number of transfusions. Conversely, it has been suggested as one of the possible causes related to the development of infections in patients with multiple blood transfusions and/or after a major surgery, and has been also associated with a decreased function of natural killer cells (NK) and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), reduced cell-mediated immunity, and increased regulatory T cells (Tregs). This review aimed to conceptualize TRIM and discuss some aspects related to its mechanisms and the prevention of immunomodulatory events.

Asunto(s)