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Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In this study we compared the effects of oral treatment with red pepper ethereal extracts or simvastatin on dyslipidemia, left ventricle remodeling, and atherosclerotic lesions of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-) fed a hyperlipidic diet. Forty 3-month-old male mice were distributed into four groups: control (C; animals fed a standard diet), HL (ani-mals fed a hyperlipidic diet), and HL+P or HL+S (animals fed a hyperlipidic diet plus red pepper ethereal extracts or simvastatin, respectively). After 60 days, treatment with both red pepper ethereal extracts and simvastatin prevented dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic lesion progression, and left ventricle hypertrophy. Our results suggest a cardioprotective effect of red pepper ethereal extracts in LDLr-/- mice, which is comparable to the well-known effects of simvastatin.
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The addition of strawberry pulp to ketchup sauces may be an alternative to attend the consumers' demand for innovative products with functional appeal. Sauces were made using different tomato/strawberry pulp ratios (100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; 0:100) and characterized for the physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and consumers' acceptance. The strawberry-enriched ketchup sauces presented higher phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and increased fluidity, and lower browning index, hue angle, chroma, pH, and Bostwick consistency. The antioxidant activities (ABTS and DPPH) were positively correlated with phenolics (r = 0.96 and 0.91) and flavonoids (r = 0.92 and 0.89) contents, respectively. The replacement of up to 50% tomato pulp by strawberry pulp did not change the acidity, flavor, and overall acceptance of the samples. The strawberry pulp has proven to be an effective alternative to increase the concentrations of bioactive compounds while reducing the amount of sugar used in traditional ketchup formulations.
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Antioxidantes/química , Alimentos , Fragaria/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Flavonoides/análisis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenoles/análisis , Gusto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of grape juice (Vitis labrusca L.) on dyslipidemia, resistance to insulin, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in mice homozygous for the absence of the LDL receptor gene (LDLr -/-) under a hyperlipidemic diet. METHODOLOGY: We divided 30 male mice (3 months old) into three groups (n = 10); the HL group was fed a high-fat diet, the HLU group received a high-fat diet and 2 g/kg/day of grape juice, and the HLS group was fed a high-fat diet and simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day). We assessed the blood pressure profile of the mice. We also determined the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profile, glycemic and insulinemic profiles, and calculated the HOMA-IR. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial collagen deposit, and the expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) and metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were assessed immunohistologically. RESULTS: After 60 days, the mice treated with grape juice showed similar results as those of the group treated with simvastatin. The use of grape fruit attenuated dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and significantly increased the levels of high cholesterol density lipoproteins (HDLc). The antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds associated with the increase in HDLc levels in the mice of the HLU group prevented the development of LVH and arterial hypertension since it inhibited the inflammatory response induced by the CD40 pathway and its ligand CD40L. Consequently, there was a lower expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and lower serum levels of CRP. CONCLUSION: Grape juice has a hypolipidemic and cardiac protective potential, presenting a similar effect as that of simvastatin through a direct antioxidant action of phenolic compounds, or indirectly, via antioxidant action and anti-inflammatory activity of the HDLc. These results suggest that grape juice is a functional food possessing a high potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Dislipidemias/patología , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/prevención & control , Vitis/química , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Ligando de CD40/genética , Ligando de CD40/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Dislipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/análisis , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/patología , Masculino , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Receptores de LDL/deficiencia , Receptores de LDL/genética , Simvastatina/uso terapéutico , Vitis/metabolismoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT The control of dyslipidemia by using herbal products is an important subject for studies. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dry Passiflora incarnata L. extract over dyslipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hepatic oxidative stress of LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-). Forty 4-month old male LDLr-/- mice were distributed into four groups: Group standard diet; Group standard diet and 200 mg/kg of body weight of Passiflora incarnata L. leaf dry extract; Group high-fat diet; Group high-fat diet and 200 mg/kg of body weight of Passiflora incarnata L. leaf dry extract. After 30 days, Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract reduced the effects of the high-fat diet, with a decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and increase of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), as well as a reduction of C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase and insulin. There was no effect on glucose, Homa index and enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. However, the prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy occurred, as well as lipid peroxidation and the production of carbonyl proteins, which are both oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract acts in the prevention of dyslipidemia, consequently, hindering the occurrence of hepatic oxidative stress and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy by the increase of serum HDL, in mice that had the effects of a high-fat diet.
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Hypercholesterolemia is associated with deterioration of bone tissue. Trough Raman spectroscopy, the present study aimed to assess the molecular changes in terms of mineral and organic bone-tissue remodeling in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene knockout mice (LDLr-/-) submitted to treadmill aerobic training. In order to evaluate alterations in trabecular bone and cartilage surface, neck and head femoral were assessed into four groups: (CON, n=7), the 1) animals did not perform any physical activity and had hypercholesterolemia (CON, n=7); The trained groups where animals underwent a protocols of low, moderate and high training for 8weeks and 4 times per week on a treadmill with progressive intensities: running speed (8-13m/min) and time of exercise (20-60min). These progressive intensities were needed to adjust the working load for the physical training to 2) 30-49% (LOW, n=7), 3) 50-79% (MOD, n=7), and 4) 80-100% (HIGH, n=7) of the maximum running speed. Each group was examined for molecular changes in both bone phases (mineral and organic) using principal components analysis (PCA). All exercised groups showed a significant increase (p<0.05) of bone remodeling in trabecular area and a higher content of proteins (organic content) in cartilage independently of physical activity intensity. Thus, this work demonstrated that physical training could act as a bone-protector factor in hyperlipidemic animal model as well as Raman technique associated with PCA analysis may be feasible methodology for assessment or monitoring of bone at the molecular level.
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Cabeza Femoral/química , Cuello Femoral/química , Espectrometría Raman , Animales , Colesterol/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Cabeza Femoral/metabolismo , Cuello Femoral/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Análisis de Componente Principal , Receptores de LDL/deficiencia , Receptores de LDL/genética , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da eritropoietina (EPO) no perfil lipídico e na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) de camundongos LDLr-/- alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, Foram utilizados vinte e quatro camundongos LDLr-/-, machos, 3 meses de idade, equinumericamente divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo S, alimentados com dieta padrão, Grupo HL, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (20% de gordura total e 1,25% de colesterol, 0,5 % ácido cólico), Grupo HL+EPO, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e tratados com EPO na dose semanal de 200UI/kg via subcutânea, Após 75 dias de experimento foram avaliadas a desenvoltura da HVE e as concentrações séricas de glicose, triglicérides (TG), colesterol total (CT) e de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), de muita baixa densidade (VLDL), e de alta densidade (HDL) além da razão entre a massa ventricular esquerda e a massa total do animal: massa ventricular (mg)/massa do animal(g), O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética Experimental da Universidade sob o número 13A/2010, Ao final do período experimental, os camundongos do grupo HL apresentaram desenvolvimento de HVE com aumento nas concentrações séricas de CT, LDL, VLDL, TG e glicose e redução do HDL, quando comparados com parâmetros dos camundongos do grupo S, O uso da EPO pelo grupo HL+EPO aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) as concentrações séricas do HDL, quando comparados com o grupo HL, e preveniu a HVE, Além disso, reduziu as concentrações de CT, LDL e glicose (p<0,05), Entretanto, a EPO não foi eficiente em impedir a hipertrigliceridemia e tão pouco foi capaz de reduzir as concentrações de VLDL induzidas pela dieta HL, Em conclusão, a EPO apresentou alguns efeitos cardioprotetores, prevenindo a HVE bem como corrigindo algumas das variáveis bioquímicas induzidas pela dieta HL, Estes efeitos podem estar em parte, relacionados ao aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de HDL...
The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the lipid profile and in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in mice LDLr-/-, fed a high fat diet. Were used twenty-four mice LDLr- / -, male, 3 months old, proportionally divided in 3 groups: S Group, fed with standard diet; HL Group, fed with high fat diet (20% fat total and 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid); HL + EPO Group, fed with high-fat diet and treated with EPO on weekly dose of 200UIkg, subcutaneously. After 75 days of experiment the development of LVH, serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low, very low and high density lipoprotein (LDL, VLDL and HDL, respectively) in addition to the left ventricular mass ratio and the total mass of the animal (ventricular mass(mg)/total animal mass(g)) were evaluated. The experimental protocol was approved by the University Ethics Committee of the Experimental Studies under the number 13A/2010. At the end of the trial period, the mice of the HL presented development of LVH with increase in serum concentrations of CT, LDL, VLDL, TG and glucose and a decreased of HDL concentrations, when compared with parameters of mice of the Group S. The use of EPO by HL+EPO group increased serum concentrations of HDL, compared with the HL group (p<0,05) and prevented LVH. In addition, reduced the serum concentrations of TC, LDL, and glucose (p<0,05). However, EPO was not efficient in preventing the hypertriglyceridemia and still, wasn?t able to reduce VLDL concentrations induced by the diet HL. In conclusion, the EPO presented some cardio protective effects, preventing the HVE as well as correcting some of the biochemical variables diet HL-induced. These effects may be, in part, related to increased plasma concentrations of HDL...
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Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Dislipidemias/complicaciones , Eritropoyetina/administración & dosificación , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/tratamiento farmacológico , RatonesRESUMEN
Simvastatin can modulate lipid and bone metabolism. However, information related to the interaction between diet and simvastatin on bone structure and biomechanics is scarce. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of simvastatin on femoral biomechanics and cortical/trabecular bone structure in wild-type mice nourished with a hyperlipidic diet. Three-month-old male wild-type mice (C57BL6 strain) were divided into four groups: (1) group W, nourished with a standard diet; (2) group WH, fed a hyperlipidic diet; (3) group WS, nourished with a standard diet plus oral simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day); and (4) group WHS, fed a hyperlipidic diet plus oral simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day). All animals received only their specific diet and water for 60 days. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of calcium, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC) and fraction serum levels. Diet manipulation was able to induce a dyslipidaemic status in mice, characterized by triglyceride and TC rise in WH animals. Simvastatin prevented hypercholesterolaemia and reduced TC and LDL serum levels, but did not prevent hypertriglyceridaemia and HDL serum levels in the WHS group. In the WH mice the hyperlipidaemia was associated with reduction in trabecular bone thickness, femur structural and material property alterations. Simvastatin prevented these morphological alterations and minimized femur biomechanical changes in WHS mice. Taken together, the results indicated that the hyperlipidic diet intake acts as a risk factor for bone integrity, generating bones with reduced resistance and more susceptible to fractures, an effect attenuated by simvastatin that is potentially related to the modulatory action of this drug on lipid and bone metabolism.
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Huesos/efectos de los fármacos , Huesos/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/farmacología , Simvastatina/farmacología , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hiperlipidemias/complicaciones , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Observaram-se os efeitos do sulfato de cefquinoma associado ou não ao cloprostenol no tratamento de retenção de placenta (RP) em vacas leiteiras. Foram avaliadas 687 vacas, destas, 113 apresentaram RP. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo CEF (n=55): 3 doses de 1mg/kg de sulfato de cefquinoma e Grupo CEF+CLOP (n=58): receberam 3 doses de 1mg/kg de sulfato de cefquinoma e 2 doses de 0,530 mg de cloprostenol. Entre o 25º ao 35º dia pós-parto, observou-se à presença de infecções uterinas, nas negativas, o intervalo do parto ao primeiro serviço e do parto à concepção e taxas de concepção total e condicional aos 120 dias pós-cobertura. O tratamento com sulfato de cefquinoma não apresentou diferenças significativas (P>0,05) em relação à associação do cloprostenol. Entretanto, o cloprostenol foi benéfico em relação às taxas de concepção: 96% para o Grupo CEF+CLOP e 88% para o Grupo CEF (88%).
We observed the effects of cefquinome sulphate, associated or not to the treatment of cloprostenol retained placenta (RP) in dairy cows. 687 cows were evaluated, of these, 113 had RP. The animals were divided into two groups: CEF (n = 55): 3 doses of 1mg/kg cefquinome sulphate and CLOP + CEF group (n = 58) received 3 doses of 1mg/kg cefquinome sulphate and 2 doses of 0.530 mg of cloprostenol. Between 25 to 35 days postpartum, we observed the presence of uterine infections in the negative, the interval from calving to first service and calving to conception and conception rates and total conditional at 120 days post-coverage. Treatment with Cefquinome sulphate showed no significant differences (P> 0.05) in relation to the association of cloprostenol. However, cloprostenol was beneficial in relation to conception rates: 96% for Group + CEF CLOP and 88% in group CEF (88%).
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Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Cloprostenol/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Bacterianas/prevención & control , Retención de la Placenta/terapia , Retención de la Placenta/veterinaria , Útero/patologíaRESUMEN
Observaram-se os efeitos do sulfato de cefquinoma associado ou não ao cloprostenol no tratamento de retenção de placenta (RP) em vacas leiteiras. Foram avaliadas 687 vacas, destas, 113 apresentaram RP. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo CEF (n=55): 3 doses de 1mg/kg de sulfato de cefquinoma e Grupo CEF+CLOP (n=58): receberam 3 doses de 1mg/kg de sulfato de cefquinoma e 2 doses de 0,530 mg de cloprostenol. Entre o 25º ao 35º dia pós-parto, observou-se à presença de infecções uterinas, nas negativas, o intervalo do parto ao primeiro serviço e do parto à concepção e taxas de concepção total e condicional aos 120 dias pós-cobertura. O tratamento com sulfato de cefquinoma não apresentou diferenças significativas (P>0,05) em relação à associação do cloprostenol. Entretanto, o cloprostenol foi benéfico em relação às taxas de concepção: 96% para o Grupo CEF+CLOP e 88% para o Grupo CEF (88%). (AU)
We observed the effects of cefquinome sulphate, associated or not to the treatment of cloprostenol retained placenta (RP) in dairy cows. 687 cows were evaluated, of these, 113 had RP. The animals were divided into two groups: CEF (n = 55): 3 doses of 1mg/kg cefquinome sulphate and CLOP + CEF group (n = 58) received 3 doses of 1mg/kg cefquinome sulphate and 2 doses of 0.530 mg of cloprostenol. Between 25 to 35 days postpartum, we observed the presence of uterine infections in the negative, the interval from calving to first service and calving to conception and conception rates and total conditional at 120 days post-coverage. Treatment with Cefquinome sulphate showed no significant differences (P> 0.05) in relation to the association of cloprostenol. However, cloprostenol was beneficial in relation to conception rates: 96% for Group + CEF CLOP and 88% in group CEF (88%). (AU)
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Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Retención de la Placenta/terapia , Retención de la Placenta/veterinaria , Cloprostenol/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Bacterianas/prevención & control , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Útero/patologíaRESUMEN
A via de metabolismo do kefir ainda é desconhecida em muitas funções, pois há poucos estudos que a evidenciam. Assim a proposta do presente estudo é avaliar o efeito do kefir sobre os níveis séricos de cortisol basal. Um Estudo experimental em que foram utilizados 60 ratos, machos, wistar, peso de 180±30g, sendo 20 animais de experimento por 07, 14 e 21dias, divididos em Kefir 20g/200ml (GK); Dexametasona 0,125mg/kg (GD); Ranitidina 0,85mg/kg (GR); Omeprazol 0,68mg/kg (GO); Controle água ad libitum (GCO). Os resultados foram avaliados pelo Software BioEstat 5.0, e para verificação do nível de significância (α<5%) usou-se a ANOVA com o teste Tukey-kramer e Bartletts test. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o cortisol basal (μg/dL) do sangue de 60 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) submetidos ao tratamento, com D7 (P<0.05), evidenciou no GR uma média representativa sobre os demais grupos com 2.2075 μg/dl, e desvio padrão (SD) de 0.4329 μg/dl. Já em D14, as alterações evidenciadas foram relativamente mínimas e pouco representativas, com D21 quando relacionado o GO e GR (P<0.01), ao que tange a relação entre o GK e o GD apresentou diferenças significativas (P< 0,001). A média no GK foi de 3,4 μg/dl com um SD de 0,3238 μg/dl sobre os demais grupos experimentais, o GD apresentou níveis muito baixos de cortisol com 0,0275μg/dl e o SD de 0,009574 μg/dl. Conclui-se que o Kefir, quando consumido em doses contínuas e diariamente, repercutiu na elevação dos níveis séricos de cortisol. Não foi possível estabelece a via de mecanismo que tenha contribuído para tal, entretanto, esse aumento ocorreu sem que os animais sofressem qualquer tipo de dano, ou seja, os animais submetidos ao tratamento com kefir mostraram-se mais vistosos, pelagem firme e com brilho, esboçando aspecto saudável.
The metabolism pathway of kefir remains unknown with regard to many functions due to the few studies that have addressed this issue. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of kefir on basal serum cortisol. For such, 60 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 180 ± 30 g were allocated to the following five groups: kefir group (KG) 20 g/200 ml; dexamethasone group (DG) 0.125 mg/kg; ranitidine group (RG) 0.85 mg/kg; omeprazole group (OG) 0.68 mg/kg; and control group (CG) water ad libitum. Evaluations were carried out on Days 7, 14 and 21 (20 animals per evaluation). Statistical analysis involved ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer test and Bartletts test, with the level of significance set to 5% (p < 0.05). All analyses were performed with the aid of the BioEstat 5.0 program. At the Day 7 evaluation, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in basal cortisol was found in the RG (2.2075 ± 0.4329 μg/dL), whereas non-significant changes were found at the Day 14 evaluation. At the Day 21 evaluation, significant changes were found in the OG and RG (p < 0.01). Moreover, significant differences were found between the KG and DG (p < 0.001); mean cortisol level in the KG was 3.4 ± 0.3238 μg/dL, whereas a very low cortisol level was found in the DG (0.0275 ± 0.009574 μg/dL). Based on the present findings, kefir leads to elevated serum cortisol when consumed in continuous, daily doses. While it was not possible to establish the mechanism that contributed to this result, the increase occurred apparently without causing harm, as the animals submitted to kefir had a firm, shiny coat and appeared healthy.
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Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Productos Lácteos Cultivados , Hidrocortisona , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento aquático (TA) no perfil lipídico e nas estruturas ventriculares esquerdas de camundongos hiperlipidêmicos. Foram utilizados 28 camundongos LDLr-/-, machos, divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: sedentários alimentados com ração padrão (C); treinados alimentados com ração padrão (C+TRE), sedentários alimentados com ração hiperlipídica (HL) e treinados alimentados com ração hiperlipídica (HL+TRE). Os animais dos grupos treinados praticaram TA em intensidade moderada, por 60 minutos durante 60 dias consecutivos. Após 48 horas do término do período de treinamento e 12 horas de jejum de repouso os animais foram eutanasiados, o sangue coletado e o soro utilizado para análises laboratoriais de triglicérides, colesterol total e suas frações (LDL, HDL, VLDL). O coração foi removido e o ventrículo esquerdo foi pesado a fresco para se calcular a proporção do peso ventricular esquerdo (mg)/ peso do animal (g). Os resultados mostraram que o TA sem cargas adicionais foi mais eficiente na melhora das concentrações plasmáticos de lipídeos quando acompanhado por uma dieta adequada, confirmando que a associação exercício físico com dieta equilibrada é essencial para obtenção de seus benefícios. O treinamento ocasionou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda excêntrica no grupo alimentado com dieta padrão e, principalmente, diminuiu o depósito de colágeno intersticial no miocárdio dos animais alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, o que pode indicar uma melhora na função diastólica com consequente melhora da função sistólica. Concluiu-se que o treinamento aquático de intensidade leve a moderada induz adaptações benéficas e profiláticas ao coração, promovendo saúde e prevenindo doenças.
This study assessed the effects of Water training on the lipid profile and left ventricular structures in hyperlipidemic mice. Twenty-eight male LDLr-/- mice were randomly separated into 4 groups: sedentary, fed a standard diet (C); exercising, fed a standard diet (C+TRE); sedentary, fed a hyperlipidic diet (C+HL); and exercising, fed a hyperlipidic diet (E+HL). The exercising mice trained daily for 60 minutes during 60 days. After 48 hours of the end of the training period and 12 hours of rest fasting the animals were underwent euthanasia and the blood was collected for measuring the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions (LDL, HDL, VLDL). The heart was removed and the left ventricle was weighed fresh to calculate the ratio left-ventricle weight (mg)/body weight (g). The results showed that the training was more effective in improving lipid plasma levels when combined with a balanced diet, thereby confirming that it is essential to associate physical exercise and diet. The training protocol resulted in eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy in the standard-diet group and decreased interstitial collagen deposition in the myocardium of the high-fat-diet animals, which may indicate an improved diastolic function with consequent improvement in the systolic function. It was concluded that regular moderate aerobic exercise induce beneficial and prophylactic adaptations to heart which promoted a better health condition and prevention to diseases.
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Animales , Dislipidemias , Hipertrofia Ventricular Derecha , NataciónRESUMEN
The filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius produce toxins, which are secondary metabolites called aflatoxins. These toxin-producing species grow rapidly on peanuts and cereals in favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. Their toxins can either cause acute effects, and even be lethal or accumulate in the organism, resulting in liver cancer in the long term. Based on the health risks of aflatoxins in food, a research was conducted on peanuts and derivatives sold in Alfenas, MG, Brazil, to evaluate the presence of Aspergillus sp. and aflatoxins. The samples were randomly collected at ?popular stores?, from November 2008 to May 2009, to assess the occurrence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The mycological analysis revealed the presence of fungi in 50% of the samples: Penicillium sp. (53.85%), A. flavus (19.23%), A. niger (15.38%) and A. fumigatus (11.54%), and 63.64% of these showed the presence of aflatoxins : B1 (43.14%), B2 (25.49%), G1 (23.53%) and G2 (7.84%). It is concluded that the results reported here are a cause for concern, given the harmfulness of these cumulative and carcinogenic toxins.
As espécies Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus e Aspergillus nomius produzem micotoxinas, que são metabólitos secundários denominados de aflatoxinas. Desenvolvem-se rapidamente em amendoins e cereais produzindo esta toxina, quando em condições favoráveis de temperatura e umidade. Essas toxinas podem produzir efeitos agudos, letais ou não, ou efeito cumulativo no organismo, que a longo prazo, podem causar, principalmente, lesões carcinogênicas hepáticas. Sabendo-se dos riscos à saúde, devido à presença de aflatoxinas nos alimentos, foi realizada uma pesquisa em amendoins e derivados comercializados na cidade de Alfenas ? MG, Brasil, para avaliar a presença de aflatoxinas e de fungos do gênero Aspergillus sp. Amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente em lojas populares no período de novembro de 2008 a maio de 2009 e avaliada a ocorrência de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2, utilizando-se a técnica de Cromatografia de Camada Delgada (CCD). Na análise micológica foi constatada a presença de fungos em 50% das amostras, das espécies: Penicillium sp. (53,85%), A. flavus (19,23%), A. niger (15,38%), A. fumigatus (11,54%). Obteve-se como resultado para a presença de aflatoxinas 63,64 %, sendo: B1 (43,14%), B2 (25,49%), G1 (23,53%), G2 (7,84%). Concluiu-se que os números encontrados são preocupantes, tendo em vista a periculosidade desta substância
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Aspergillus flavus , Aflatoxinas/análisis , Aflatoxinas/efectos adversos , Contaminación Ambiental , Alimentos de Cacahuete , Micotoxinas , VenenosRESUMEN
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do cetoprofeno e da dexametasona na osteogênese ao redor de implante de hidroxiapatita densa (HAD) na tíbia, no osso parietal, e na resistência óssea. Utilizaram-se 15 ratos Wistar, pesando 250±30 g, com 50 dias de idade. Após a anestesia com quetamina/xilazina IM, produziu-se no osso parietal e na epífise proximal da tíbia uma cavidade de 3 mm, sendo implantada a HAD. Após a cirurgia os animais foram divididos em três grupos (n=5): controle (CT), anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINES) e anti-inflamatório esteroidal (AIES). O grupo AINES foi submetido ao tratamento com cetoprofeno na dose de 12 mg/Kg/dia, o AIES recebeu doses de 0,10 mg/kg/dia de dexametasona o grupo CT recebeu solução fisiológica 0,9% (SF) por via subcutânea durante 30 dias. Todos os grupos receberam a mesma dieta sólida e água ad libitum. Após 30 dias de experimento os animais sofreram eutanásia, os fêmures coletados, para teste mecânico, e os locais do implante das tíbias e o osso parietal, para análise histomorfométrica. Os grupos AINES e AIES apresentaram menor volume de osso neoformado na falha óssea e ao redor do implante de HAD , como também, menor força máxima para a ruptura completa dos fêmures, quando comparados com o grupo CT. O uso do cetoprofeno e a dexametasona interferiram na osteogênese ao redor do implante de HAD e no osso parietal, diminuindo a resistência óssea principalmente pela inibição da COX2 e diminuição das prostaglandinas, comprometendo a estabilidade e manutenção do implante.
This study aimed at evaluating the effect of ketoprofen (NSAID) and dexamethasone (SAID) on osteogenesis around a dense hydroxyapatite (DHA) implant in the tibia and parietal bone, and on the bone resistance. Fifteen fifty-day-old Wistar rats weighing on average 250±30 g were used. The animals were separated into three groups (n=5): control (CT); non-steroidal anti-inflammatoryl (NSAID); and steroidal anti-inflammatory (SAID). After anesthesia with IM ketamine/xylazine, a 3 mm cavity was made in the left parietal bone and in the proximal epiphysis of the left tibia. A DHA bioceramic was implanted in the tibia. The animals were treated subcutaneously during 30 days as follows: NSAID group: ketoprofen at the dose of 12/Kg/day; SAID group: dexamethasone, 0,10 mg/kg/day. The CT group received saline through the same route. All the animals received the same solid diet and water ad libitum. After 30 days of experiment, the animals wereeuthanized, and their femurs collected for the mechanical test, while their tibia and parietal sites were prepared for the histomorphometrical analysis. Microscopically, the SAID and NSAID groups showed a lower volume of neoformed bone. In addition, the NSAID and SAID group femurs required lower maximum force for complete rupture when compared with the CT group. It was concluded that ketoprofen and dexamethasone interfered with osteogenesis and decreased bone resistance by altering the bone tissue metabolism, mainly by inhibiting the COX-2 and decreasing prostaglandins. Therefore, the use of ketoprofen and dexamethasone after bone surgeries can compromise the stability and maintenance of implants.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Dexametasona , Durapatita , Cetoprofeno , Oseointegración , OsteogénesisRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperlipidemia on the biomechanical and morphological properties of the femur of low-density lipoprotein receptor gene knockout mice (LDLr-/-) mice. Ten wild-type mice (C57BL6) and 10 LDLr-/- mice generated on a C57BL6 background were used. Male 3-month-old animals were divided into four groups (n = 5): group W (wild type) and group L (LDLr-/-) receiving low-fat commercial ration, and group WH (wild type) and group LH (LDLr-/-) receiving a high-fat diet. After 60 days, blood samples were collected for laboratory analysis of calcium, triglycerides, and cholesterol. The femur was excised for mechanical testing and morphometric analysis. LDLr-/- mice receiving the high-fat diet presented more marked alterations in the mechanical and morphological properties of femoral cortical and trabecular bone. Changes in the plasma levels of calcium, triglycerides, cholesterol, and fractions were also more pronounced in this group. The present results demonstrate that hyperlipidemia causes alterations in the structure and mechanical properties of the femur of LDLr-/- mice. These effects were more pronounced when associated with a high-fat diet.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fémur/química , Fémur/patología , Hiperlipidemias/patología , Hiperlipidemias/fisiopatología , Osteoporosis/etiología , Receptores de LDL/metabolismo , Animales , Calcio/sangre , Colesterol/sangre , Diáfisis/química , Diáfisis/metabolismo , Diáfisis/patología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Epífisis/química , Epífisis/metabolismo , Epífisis/patología , Fémur/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias/sangre , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangre , Masculino , Fenómenos Mecánicos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Fotomicrografía , Receptores de LDL/genética , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
The genetic diversity of C. albicans oral isolates from 75 healthy schoolchildren from eight schools located in different geographic areas of Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, Brazil, was established using isoenzymes marker (Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis - MLEE) and cluster analysis. Patterns of monoclonal and polyclonal oral colonization by C. albicans within and between groups of schoolchildren were identified. However, significant divergence between the observed and the expected genotypic frequencies (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test) was not detected in the geographically adjacent groups, suggesting the hypothesis that populations of healthy schoolchildren do not correspond to the selection factor (differential survival) of strains. Two highly polymorphic and distantly genetically related taxa (A and B) were identified within the total population of yeasts, each contained subgroups (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1 and B2) and clusters of moderately related strains (from I to X), suggesting the existence of strains restricted or not to certain groups of geographically limited, healthy students. However, the coexistence of identical strains in healthy schoolchildren from the same school (geographically related) reinforces the hypothesis of oral transmission, where the sources of propagation could be explored. Furthermore, this could also be used in current and retrospective analyses of C. albicans isolated from immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, in order to detect commensal or potentially pathogenic yeast groups, predominantly in candidiasis, and in the development of strategies to prevent transmission or human propagation.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Candida albicans/genética , Candida albicans/aislamiento & purificación , Activación Enzimática , Enzimas/análisis , Variación Genética , Isoenzimas/análisis , Polimorfismo Genético , Electroforesis , Genotipo , Métodos , MétodosRESUMEN
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O consumo de álcool é prejudicial à integridade do tecido renal, consequentemente, pode originar processos patológicos graves. Dessa forma, considerando o grande número de indivíduos alcoólicos, a importância do tema e também a escassez de dados nacionais e locais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas em rins de ratos Wistar sob alcoolismo crônico. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 10 ratos machos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem Wistar, com 50 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos aleatórios (n = 5): Grupo Controle (CT) e Grupo Alcoolizado Crônico (AC). O grupo AC foi submetido ao modelo de alcoolismo crônico determinado de "semivoluntário",sendo o álcool o único alimento líquido disponível ao animal. O grupo AC recebeu por uma semana dieta líquida à base de álcool etílico a 5%, na segunda, 10%, e na terceira, álcool etílico a 15%, permanecendo com essa dieta até 12 semanas. Após, os animais de todos os grupos, foram submetidos à eutanásia (overdose anestésica). Os rins foram coletados para análise histológicae morfométrica. RESULTADOS: A dieta líquida e sólida, a razão do peso renal e peso do animal, espessura do córtex renal, a área glomerular e o espaço capsular dos animais do grupo AC foram inferiores e estatisticamente diferentes dos animais do grupo CT. CONCLUSÃO: O etanol na dose e no tempo utilizado no presente estudo foi suficiente para causar alterações na morfologia renal.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Alcohol consumption is harmful to the integrity of the renal tissue; consequently, it can originate serious pathological problems. This way, we consider the great number of alcoholics' individuals, the importance of this topic and also the poor national and local data on the issue. This project had the goal to analyze the morphologic alteration in rat's kidneys, these rats being Wistar, on chronic alcoholism. METHOD: It was used 10 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) belonging to the line Wistar, they were 50 days old, they were divided in two random groups (n = 5); Control Group (CT) and Chronic Alcoholic Group (AC). The AC group was submitted to the chronic alcoholic model certain "semi-voluntary" alcohol being the only liquid available to the animal. The AC group received, for one week aliquid diet on base of the alcohol ethyl at 5%, on the second week, they received 10%, and on the third week, alcohol ethyl at 15%, staying with that diet for 12 weeks. Later, the animals of all groups were submitted to euthanasia (anesthesia overdose). The kidneys were put for histological and morph metric analyzes. RESULTS: The solid and liquid diet, the ratio of the renal weight and the animal's weight, the thickness of the renal cortex, the glomerular area and the capsule space of group AC animals werel ower and statically different than the animals in group CT. CONCLUSION: The ethanol, in the dose and time utilized inthe present study, was sufficient to cause alterations in renal morphologic.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Alcoholismo/complicaciones , Ratas Wistar , Riñón/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
The genetic diversity of C. albicans oral isolates from 75 healthy schoolchildren from eight schools located in different geographic areas of Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, Brazil, was established using isoenzymes marker (Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis - MLEE) and cluster analysis. Patterns of monoclonal and polyclonal oral colonization by C. albicans within and between groups of schoolchildren were identified. However, significant divergence between the observed and the expected genotypic frequencies (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test) was not detected in the geographically adjacent groups, suggesting the hypothesis that populations of healthy schoolchildren do not correspond to the selection factor (differential survival) of strains. Two highly polymorphic and distantly genetically related taxa (A and B) were identified within the total population of yeasts, each contained subgroups (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1 and B2) and clusters of moderately related strains (from I to X), suggesting the existence of strains restricted or not to certain groups of geographically limited, healthy students. However, the coexistence of identical strains in healthy schoolchildren from the same school (geographically related) reinforces the hypothesis of oral transmission, where the sources of propagation could be explored. Furthermore, this could also be used in current and retrospective analyses of C. albicans isolated from immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, in order to detect commensal or potentially pathogenic yeast groups, predominantly in candidiasis, and in the development of strategies to prevent transmission or human propagation.
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos morfológicos do tratamento com fenobarbital, sobre a neoformação óssea e sobre a biomecânica óssea do osso de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dez ratos divididos em dois grupos: controle (CT) e fenobarbital (FE). O grupo FE recebeu doses diárias de fenobarbital 0,035 ml/kg via intramuscular, por 60 dias. O grupo CT recebeu a mesma dose e via de administração de solução fisiológica 0,9 por cento. Após 30 dias, foi realizada uma falha óssea no osso parietal e implantada a hidroxiapatita porosa (HAP) em cavidades nas tíbias. Após as cirurgias, manteve os respectivos protocolos até completar 60 dias e serem eutanasiados, sendo os ossos coletados. RESULTADOS: O volume de osso formado ao redor HAP na falha parietal e os achados biomecânicos foram menores nos animais do grupo FE em relação ao CT. CONCLUSÃO: O uso prolongado do fenobarbital interfere no reparo ósseo após lesões, diminui a osseointegração de implantes de HAP e torna os ossos menos resistentes.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the morphological effects of phenobarbital treatment on new bone formation and on bone marrow biomechanics in Wistar rats. METHODS: We used ten rats that were divided into two groups: control (CT) and phenobarbital (FE). The FE group received daily doses of phenobarbital 0.035 ml / kg intramuscularly for 60 days. The CT group received the same dose and route of administration of 0.9 percent saline solution. After 30 days, we introduced a bone defect in the parietal bone and implanted porous hydroxyapatite (HAP) in cavities in the tibia. After surgery, we continued the protocols until the end of 60 days when the rats were euthanized, and the bones were collected. RESULTS: The volume of bone formed around HAP in parietal defect and biomechanical findings were lower in animals receiving FE compared to CT. CONCLUSION: Prolonged use of phenobarbital interferes with bone repair after injury, decreasing the osseointegration of HAP implants and making bones less resistant.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos morfológicos del tratamiento con fenobarbital, sobre la neoformación ósea y sobre la biomecánica ósea del hueso de ratas Wistar. MÉTODOS: Fueron utilizadas diez ratas divididas en dos grupos: control (CT) y fenobarbital (FE). El grupo FE recibió dosis diarias de fenobarbital 0,035 ml/kg vía intramuscular, por 60 días. El grupo CT recibió la misma dosis y vía de administración de solución fisiológica 0,9 por ciento. Después de 30 días, se realizó una falla ósea en el hueso parietal e implantó la hidroxiapatita porosa (HAP) en cavidades en las tibias. Después de las cirugías, se mantuvo los respectivos protocolos hasta completar 60 días y de ser eutanasiados, siendo recolectados los huesos. RESULTADOS: El volumen de hueso formado alrededor HAP en la falla parietal y los hallazgos biomecánicos fueron menores en los animales del grupo FE en relación al CT. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso prolongado del fenobarbital interfiere en la reparación ósea después de lesiones, disminuye la óseointegración de implantes de HAP y vuelve a los huesos menos resistentes.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Mantenimiento Correctivo , Durapatita/uso terapéutico , Fenobarbital/efectos adversos , Oseointegración , Huesos , Osteogénesis , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Ensayo Clínico , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do consumo crônico de etanol e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre a resistência mecânica do osso e neoformação óssea junto a implantes de hidroxiapatita densa (HAD) realizados em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 15 ratos divididos em três grupos, sendo controle (CT), alcoolista crônico (AC) e desintoxicado (DE). Após quatro semanas, foi realizada implantação de HAD na tíbia e produzida falha no osso parietal, em seguida o grupo AC continuaram a consumir etanol e o grupo DE iniciaram a desintoxicação. Ao completar 13 semanas os animais sofreram eutanásia, os ossos foram coletados para o processamento histomorfométrico e os fêmures encaminhados ao teste mecânico de resistência. RESULTADOS: Os animais do grupo AC apresentaram menores valores de neoformação óssea, de calcemia e resistência mecânica, quando comparado aos grupos CT e DE. Os animais dos grupos DE apresentaram valores superiores em todas as variáveis avaliadas em relação ao grupo AC. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de etanol interferiu na osteogênese ao redor de implante de HAD, nos níveis de cálcio e na resistência mecânica óssea. A desintoxicação alcoólica se mostrou eficaz, pois aumentou à osteogênese e osseointegração da HAD, a calcemia e resistência mecânica óssea. Nivel de Evidência I, estudo terapeutico.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of chronic ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxication on the mechanical resistance of bone and bone neoformation around dense hydroxyapatite implants (DHA) in rats. METHODS: Fifteen rats were separated into three groups: (1) control group (CT); (2) chronic alcoholic (CA), and (3) disintoxicated (DI). After four weeks, a DHA was implanted in the right tibia of the animals, and the CA group continued consuming ethanol, while the DI group started detoxication. The solid and liquid feeding of the animals was recorded, and a new alcohol dilution was effected every 48 hours. After 13 weeks, the animals were euthanized and their biological material was collected. RESULTS: Bone tissue was found around DHA in all the animals. Group CA showed less bone neoformation, lower levels of ionic and total calcium when compared to the animals of the CT and DI groups. The DI animals showed higher values in all the variables in relation to the CA group. CONCLUSION: Ethanol consumption interfered in osteogenesis around the DHA implants, and in calcium levels and mechanical bone resistance. Alcohol detoxication was effective, as it increased osteogenesis, DHA osteointegration, calcemia, and mechanical resistance of the bone. Level of Evidence: Level I, therapeutic studies.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Alcoholismo , Durapatita , Etanol/efectos adversos , Osteogénesis , Huesos , Regeneración Ósea , Alcoholismo/complicaciones , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Prótesis e Implantes , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) occurs in response to the hemodynamic overload in some physiological and pathological conditions. However, it has not been completely elucidated whether the primary stimulation for the hypertrophy is the mechanical stretching of the heart, neurohumoral factors, or even the interaction of both. These factors are translated inside the cell as biochemical alterations that lead to the activation of second (cytosolic) and third (nuclear) messengers that will act in the cell nucleus, regulating transcription, and will finally determine the genic expression that induces LVH. The LVH is characterized by structural alterations due to the increase in the cardiomyocyte dimensions, the proliferation of the interstitial connective tissue and the rarefaction of the coronary microcirculation. Recently, nitric oxide (*NO) has appeared as an important regulator of cardiac remodeling, specifically recognized as an anti-hypertrophic mediator. Some studies have demonstrated the cellular targets, the anti-hypertrophic signaling pathways and the functional role of *NO. Thus, the LVH seems to develop as a result of the loss of the balance between the pro and the anti-hypertrophic signaling pathways. This new knowledge about the pro and anti-hypertrophic signaling pathways will allow the development of new strategies in the treatment of pathological LVH.