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BACKGROUND: This paper addresses the lack of research that compares the toxicity of commonly used construction materials. The toxicity of construction materials has received less attention, despite its importance within the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. All aspects, including toxicity, need to be analysed throughout the life cycle of the material to understand its true behaviour. AIM: The purpose of this study is to propose a methodology to compare the toxicity of different construction materials and highlight the need to consider toxicity criteria in the selection of materials during the design phase. The study seeks to fill the gap in the existing literature by providing information on the comparative toxicity of the most common building materials. METHODOLOGY: The study follows Life Cycle Assessment methodology as established by the ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 standards. For this study, statistics were consulted to identify the most used materials in the construction sector; then, from this group of materials, those available in the Ecoinvent 3.7.1 database were selected. For comparison, these materials were categorised into material families and a functional unit was established to compare them. Finally, all materials were compared with each other, using 1 kg as the functional unit. RESULTS: When we conduct a comparative analysis of various materials and categorise them into groups, it becomes readily apparent which materials demonstrate a less favourable performance with respect to their toxic properties. This approach allows us to discern and pinpoint those materials that present a more concerning level of toxicity relative to others, facilitating informed decision-making in terms of construction material selection and design. CONCLUSIONS: By comparing all materials with each other using 1 kg as the functional unit, we can conclude that some materials have a greater impact than others, both in absolute and relative terms, for example, steel and polyurethane foam.

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Las profesiones experimentan transformaciones constantes a lo largo de los siglos, resultado de la evolución de la sociedad misma y de la actitud de sus profesionales. La profesión de matrona participa plenamente de estas afirmaciones, de ahí que la investigación y difusión de su historia nos permita comprender muchas de las circunstancias que han coadyuvado a conformar la profesión como hoy la conocemos y a tomar conciencia de que el destino de ella depende no sólo de las circunstancias externas a la profesión, sino muy especialmente del coraje y empuje de las propias matronas. En este artículo se señalan las funciones fundamentales que han sido una constante en el trabajo de la matrona hasta el siglo XV. Sirvan estas páginas que siguen para contribuir a difundir una de las más bellas historias jamás contada: la profesión de matrona. (AU)

Professions change constantly over the centuries as a result of the evolution of society itself and the attitude of its professionals, and midwifery fully confirms these assertions. Thus, the study and recounting of its history enables us to understand many of the circumstances that have come together to shape the profession as we know it today and to realize that its future depends not only on external circumstances, but particularly on the courage and determination of the midwives themselves. This article points out the major functions that have constituted the work of the midwife since the 15th century. The authors hope that the following pages help to make known one of the loveliest stories every told: that of midwifery. (AU)

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El presente estudio ofrece un acercamiento al entorno de cultura escrita en el que se desenvolvió la enfermera británica Florence Nightingale durante toda su vida, que mostró una pasión creciente por la escritura. Se comunicó a través de cartas con personas de las más altas esferas de la sociedad victoriana (políticos, intelectuales y científicos), además de mantener una estrecha relación con su familia. Compuso y publicó numerosas obras para el ámbito sanitario y utilizó sistemáticamente el poder omnímodo de la prensa para difundir su obra. Contó con la ayuda inestimable de amigos poderosos e influyentes y en la actualidad su legado escrito se encuentra muy disperso por instituciones de distintos países, siendo en la actualidad una parte de él digitalizado y disponible en internet, con lo que su difusión y estudio permite un mejor conocimiento de la personalidad de la ilustre enfermera británica. Su figura traspasó los límites de la práctica enfermera y circuló por buena parte de Europa la imagen de mujer luchadora e incansable por los derechos de la mujer, apareciendo con frecuencia en la prensa decimonónica de España con rasgos de heroína internacional y modelo a seguir. La escritura en todas sus manifestaciones había jugado un papel determinante en la configuración de la imagen de Florence Nightingale.(AU)

O presente estudo oferece umaabordagem ao ambiente da cultura escritaem que Florence Nightingale se desenvolveuao longo de sua vida, demonstrando umaverdadeira paixão pela escrita. Ele secomunicou por meio de cartas com pessoasdos mais altos escalões da sociedadevitoriana, políticos, intelectuais e cientistas,além de manter um relacionamento próximocom sua família. Ele compôs e publicoumuitos trabalhos para a área da saúde e usousistematicamente o poder abrangente daimprensa para divulgar seu trabalho. Contoucom a ajuda inestimável de amigospoderosos e influentes e hoje seu legadoescrito está amplamente disperso porinstituições de diversos países e está sendodigitalizado e hospedado na internet, com aqual sua divulgação e estudo permitem ummelhor conhecimento da personalidade de ailustre enfermeira britânica. Sua figuraultrapassou os limites da prática daenfermagem e a imagem de uma mulherlutadora e incansável pelos direitos damulher circulou por toda a Europa,aparecendo com frequência na imprensa doséculo XIX na Espanha com traços deheroína internacional e modelo.A escrita em todas as suas manifestaçõesdesempenhou um papel determinante naformação da imagem de FlorenceNightingale.(AU)

This study offers an approach to theenvironment of written culture in whichFlorence Nightingale developed throughouther life, showing a true passion for writing.She communicated through letters withpeople from the highest social strata ofVictorian society, politicians, intellectualsand scientists, in addition to maintaining aclose relationship with her family. Shecomposed and published many works for thehealth field and systematically used the all-encompassing power of the press to spreadher work. He had the invaluable help ofpowerful and influential friends and todayhis written legacy is widely dispersed byinstitutions in different countries and isbeing digitized and hosted on the internet, soits dissemination and study allows a betterunderstanding of the personality of theillustrious British nurse.Her figure went beyond the limits of nursingpractice and the image of a woman whofought and tireless for women's rightscirculated throughout Europe, frequentlyappearing in the nineteenth-century press inSpain with traits of an international heroineand role model.Writing in all its manifestations had played a decisive role in shaping FlorenceNightingale's image.(AU)

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Nowadays technology has acquired a significant role in our lives; social networking, internet, video games and mobile devices became the primary communication and interaction. Even though this phenomenon may represent a “double edged sword” providing us of positive but also negative results, the internet addiction problem that occurs when people develop a dependence on internet connectivity, might even lead them to have symptoms of anxiety and violence reporting “abstinence periods” when they don´t have access to a network source and generate similar brain alterations that alcohol and drugs does [Phubbing].Aim: To describe the impact that reflects the technology as a risk factor on interpersonal relations in our environment, as well as locate the possible physiological consequences that these can cause.Method: Sectional survey applied on two groups of 50 students, between 2014-2106.Results: Results throw us that the impact of social media addiction, internet and cell phone´s usefulness represents therefore a significant risk for their health, to hinder emotional relationships within their family and personal impact on cognitive and emotional health. The negative impact is personal and collective, enphasizing the cell phone use while driving a vehicle and its addiction (Phubbing) causes accidents and impacts on morbi-mortality.Conclusions: Phubbing has led to a significant impact in our actual society, increases on morbi-mortality. This is not positive results.(AU)

Hoy en día la tecnología ha adquirido un papel importante en nuestras vidas; Las redes sociales, Internet, los videojuegos y los dispositivos móviles se convirtieron en la principal comunicación e interacción. Aunque este fenómeno puede representar un "arma de doble filo" que nos proporciona resultados positivos pero también negativos, el problema de la adicción a Internet que ocurre cuando las personas desarrollan una dependencia de la conectividad a Internet, puede incluso llevarlos a tener síntomas de ansiedad y violencia que reportan "abstinencia". periodos” en los que no tienen acceso a una fuente de red y generan alteraciones cerebrales similares a las del alcohol y las drogas [Phubbing].Objetivo: Describir el impacto que refleja la tecnología como factor de riesgo sobre las relaciones interpersonales en nuestro entorno, así como localizar las posibles consecuencias fisiológicas que estas pueden ocasionar.Método: Encuesta seccional aplicada a dos grupos de 50 alumnos, entre 2014-2106.Resultados: Los resultados nos arrojan que el impacto de la adicción a las redes sociales, internet y la utilidad del teléfono celular representa por tanto un riesgo significativo para su salud, al dificultar las relaciones emocionales dentro de su familia y el impacto personal en la salud cognitiva y emocional. El impacto negativo es personal y colectivo, enfatizando el uso del celular en la conducción de un vehículo y su adicción (Phubbing) provoca accidentes e impactos en la morbimortalidad.Conclusiones: Phubbing ha tenido un impacto significativo en nuestra sociedad actual, incrementos en la morbimortalidad. Esto es resultados no positivos.(AU)

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En España, la titulación oficial de Enfermera se crea en el año 1915 (Real Orden 7-V-1915), tras la aprobación por el Ministerio correspondiente de la instancia presentada por la Congregación Siervas de María Ministras de los Enfermos. La titulación aprobada habilitaba de enfermeras a las que lo solicitasen, pertenecientes o no a comunidades religiosas. A raíz de ello se confeccionan manuales enfermeros. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son: 1. Conocer los contenidos en materia de enfermería urológica exigidos a la enfermera según la normativa vigente (1915). 2. Conocer en base a la documentación oficial publicada lo referente a la figura de la enfermera y la enfermería urológica. Como fuente documental se ha utilizado el Manual de la Carrera de Enfermeras para uso de las Hijas de la Caridad españolas (Madrid, 1917), que conoció varias ediciones, además de documentación legislativa y referencias a otros tratados enfermeros. Se ha seguido la metodología propia de la investigación histórica. Se muestran los contenidos relacionados con la urología presentes en la obra estudiada (definiciones, patologías, términos anatómicos, técnicas, cuidados). La figura de la enfermera ha sido clave en la conformación del actual profesional de enfermería. Los estudios realizados sobre estas profesionales en relación con la materia urológica son escasos, siendo necesario investigaciones de carácter histórico para conocer la verdadera dimensión de sus aportaciones. Entre las conclusiones alcanzadas, destacar que hasta llegar a la creación de la Especialidad de Urología y Nefrología para ATS (1975) (Decreto 2233/1975, de 24 de julio), encontramos en los textos un interés creciente por la materia de enfermería urológica. La obra analizada nos muestra el nivel de conocimientos sobre enfermería urológica de hace un siglo y el grado de autonomía alcanzado por las enfermeras. La investigación histórica se convierte en un pilar básico para conocer y comprender el desarrollo de esta especialidad en España

Sovereign ordinance of 7 May 1915 formally established an official nursing degree upon request by The Servants of Mary, Sisters to the Sick which was approved by the corresponding ministry. This nursing degree provided official recognition at the request of applicants, independently of religious creed. As a result, nursing manuals were created. The aims of the present study are: 1. To learn subject content connected with urologic nursing in compliance with current legislation (1915). 2. Learn what nurses and urologic nurses do on the basis of official documentation published. The textbook Manual de la Carrera de Enfermeras para uso de las Hijas de la Caridad españolas (Madrid, 1917), legislative documentation and references to teatrises on nursing have been use as a source of information. The methodology used has been historic research. Contents addressing urology are shown (definitions, pathologies, anatomical terms, techniques, care). Nursing had a key role in the formation of the present nursing profession. Studies conducted on these professionals with relation to urologic matter are scarce, stressing the importance of historical research in order to know the scope of their contribution. On the conclusions reached, it is important to emphasize that until the creation of the Urology and Nephrology for ATS (1975) (Decree 2233/1975, 24 July), an increasing interest in urology was observed. Work analysis shows the level of knowledge on urologic nursing from a century ago and the levels of nurse autonomy. Historical research becomes an essential foundation in order to know and understand the development of this specialty in Spain

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Legalmente, la titulación de Practicante se crea en el año 1857, desapareciendo al integrarse en la nueva de Ayudante Técnico Sanitario (ATS), en 1953, junto con la de Matrona, creada asimismo en 1857, y Enfermera, surgida oficialmente en 1915. Estas tres profesiones constituyen los antecedentes inmediatos del diplomado en Enfermería (año 1977) y este del actual graduado en Enfermería. Una parte importante de los cuidados que administraban eran los relativos a la Urología. Los objetivos propuestos son dos: conocer el contenido en materia de enfermería uronefrológica de los textos empleados para la formación del practicante y conocer, asimismo, en base a la documentación oficial publicada, lo referente a la figura del practicante y la Enfermería urológica. La metodología seguida ha sido la histórica. La figura del practicante ha sido clave en la conformación del actual profesional de Enfermería. Los estudios realizados sobre estos profesionales en relación con los cuidados urológicos son aún escasos, siendo necesario investigaciones de carácter histórico para conocer la verdadera dimensión de sus aportaciones. Hasta llegar a la creación de la especialidad de Urología y Nefrología para ATS en julio de 1975, encontramos en los textos consultados un interés creciente en materia de Enfermería urológica, así como el grado de autonomía profesional alcanzado por el practicante en este campo

Legally, nursing degree was created in 1857. However, it disappeared when it was integrated into Medical Assistant, in 1953, in conjunction with Midwife which was also established in 1857, and Nursing which was officially established in 1915. These three professions constitute the immediate antecedent of Nursing Degree (1977) and the latter is the antecedent for the current Nursing Degree. They administered urologic care. The proposed objectives are two: on the one hand, to know the content related to uro-nephrologic technicisms employed in texts for the instruction of nurses. On the other hand, with the knowledge obtained from official publications to know all the issues related to the nurse and urologic nursing. With regards to methodology a historic approach has been used. The figure of the nurse was key in the configuration of the current professional nursing. The research carried out on these professionals and their relationship with urologic care are still scarce. Thus, it is necessary a historic research to know the dimension of their contributions. Until the establishment of Urology and Nephrology for Nurse in 1975, an increasing and steady interest is found in the specialties of Urology and Nephrology issues as well as in the degree of professional autonomy achieved by the nurse in this field

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During the last decades natural polymers have become more and more frequent to replace traditional inorganic stabilizers in building materials. The purpose of this research is to establish a comparison between the most conventional building material solutions for load-bearing walls and a type of biomaterial. This comparison will focus on load-bearing walls as used in a widespread type of twentieth century dwelling construction in Europe and still used in developing countries nowadays. To carry out this analysis, the structural and thermal insulation characteristics of different construction solutions are balanced. The tool used for this evaluation is the life cycle assessment throughout the whole lifespan of these buildings. This research aims to examine the environmental performance of each material assessed: fired clay brick masonry walls (BW), concrete block masonry walls (CW), and stabilized soil block masonry walls (SW) stabilized with natural fibers and alginates. These conventional and new materials are evaluated from the point of view of both operational and embodied energy.

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Los tratados para la formación de los enfermeros se constituyen en una fuente de primer orden para conocer el desarrollo experimentado por la profesión a lo largo de la historia. El objetivo planteado en el presente trabajo es conocer los contenidos en materia de Enfermería urológica/nefrológica exigidos al ayudante técnico sanitario (ATS) previos a la creación de la especialidad de Urología y Nefrología para ATS en el año 1975. Como fuente documental se ha empleado un libro de texto empleado para la formación del ATS, ampliamente utilizado y que llegó a conocer varias ediciones. Como metodología se ha seguido la propia de la investigación histórica: búsqueda y localización de las fuentes, su análisis, extrayéndose aquellos contenidos que guardan relación con la Enfermería uronefrológica, y posterior elaboración de las conclusiones correspondientes. Se concluye que en la obra analizada ya se planteaba la necesidad de la especialidad para el ATS, hecho que ocurriría en el año 1975, el mismo en que se editaba la obra comentada. La investigación histórica se convierte, pues, en un pilar básico para conocer, contextualizar y comprender el desarrollo de la Enfermería urológica en España

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El trabajo que presentamos tiene como objetivo conocer y analizar los contenidos del tratado Instrucción de enfermeros, fundamentalmente los relacionados con la enfermería urológica y nefrológica: patologías atendidas por el enfermero, términos empleados, tratamientos, técnicas y cuidados administrados. Instrucción de enfermeros es un texto redactado por los enfermeros obregones y que conoció cinco ediciones entre los siglos XVII y XVIII. Se trata de una de las primeras obras escritas por enfermeros para la formación de estos profesionales, siendo un fiel exponente de la enfermería practicada en esa época. Se analiza la segunda edición de la obra, una ampliación de la primera llevada a cabo por el enfermero obregón Andrés Fernández y publicada en Madrid en el año 1625. Se ha empleado la metodología propia de la investigación histórica (AU)

This paper that we present has as its objective to know and analyse the contence of Nursing Instruction treatise, mainly the related ones with urological and nefrological nursing: illnesses treated by nurses, existing terms, treatments, techniques and cares carried out. Nursing Instruction is a text which was written by Obregon nurses and it had five editions between the XVII and XVIII centuries. It is one of the first writings carried out by nurses with teaching purpose of those professional nurses, being a portrayal of nurse practice done at that time. The second edition is analyzed, an expanded version of the first which was carried out by the Obregon nurse Andrés Fernández and published in Madrid in the year 1625.Historic investigation methodology has been used during this paper (AU)

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A new set of optically active 2,3,3- and 2,7,7-trimethyl-substituted gamma-aminonorbornan-2-ols have been obtained from 2-methylenenorbornane-1-carbonitriles derived from (+)-camphor and (-)-fenchone and probed as chiral ligands for the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. This has allowed the study of the structural factors influencing the chirality transfer, such as variation of the relative configuration at C(2) and steric hindrance at C(2), C(3), and C(7) positions of norbornane, which result in the observance of the important role played by the gem-dimethyl position in gamma-aminonorbornan-2-exo-ols. An empirical rationalization of the obtained experimental results has been realized on the basis of energetically-favored diastereomeric Noyori-like transition states.

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The study of the stereochemical outcome of the solvolysis of oxaspirocyclopropanated 1-norbornyl triflates is highly interesting since these reactions do not lead to the usual retention or fragmentation products but only synthetically interesting rearranged products are enantiospecifically formed. There is no correlation between the experimental solvolysis rates (ln k) and the B3LYP/6-31G(d)-computed ionization energies (Delta E) of the corresponding bridgehead hydrocarbons in gas phase. However, this work demonstrates the existence of a fair linear correlation between the experimental reaction rates and the PCM//B3LYP/6-31G(d)-computed free ionization energies in solution (Delta G). This theoretically relevant result reveals that the reason for the lack of linearity in gas phase is not the rearrangement of the intermediate carbocations but unspecific solvent effects on the solvolysis rates, accounted for by the PCM model.

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Las profesionales experimentan transformaciones constantes a lo largo de los siglos, resultado de la evolución de la sociedad misma y de la actitud de sus profesionales. La profesión de matrona participa plenamente de estas afirmaciones, de ahí que la investigación y difusión de su historia nos permita comprender muchas de las circunstancias que han coadyuvado a conformar la profesión como hoy la conocemos y a tomar conciencia de que el destino de ella depende no sólo de las circunstancias externas a la profesión, sino muy especialmente del coraje y empuje de las propias matronas. En este artículo se señalan las funciones fundamentales que han sido una constante en el trabajo de la matrona hasta el siglo XV. Sirvan estas páginas que sieguen para contribuir a difundir una de las más bellas historias jamás contada: la profesión de matrona

Professions change constantly over the centuries as a result of the evolution of society itself and the attitude of result of the evolution of society itself and the attitude of its professionals, and midwifery fully confirms these assertions. Thus, the study and recounting of its history enables us to understand many of the circumstances that have come together to shape the profession as we know it today and to realize that its future depends not only on external circumstances, but particularly on the courage and determination of the midwives themselves. This article points out the major functions that have constituted the work of the midwife since the 15th century. The authors hope that the following pages help to make known one of the loveliest stories every told: that of midwifery (AU)

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Our interest in the relationship between the hydrogen bonding motifs displayed by monoalcohols and the properties of the solids which contain these motifs has led us to determine the crystal structures of three polycyclic bridgehead monoalcohols. One C10H16O isomer crystallises in the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) but the three molecules which comprise the asymmetric unit are related approximately by the operations of a 3(1) screw axis. They are linked by hydrogen bonds to form an infinite helix. A second C10H16O isomer forms rings containing four molecules joined by cooperative hydrogen bonds. The chiral space group P4(1)2(1)2 accommodates molecules of the S,S and R,R enantiomers in the molar ratio 92:8 (ee 84%) owing to disorder. A related C9H14O2 keto-alcohol forms infinite chains by C-OH...O = C hydrogen bonding. These hydrogen bond motifs are shown to be typical for 45 tertiary monoalcohols, CmHnOH, present in the Cambridge Structural Database. Tertiary monoalcohols display in a more pronounced form the strong preferences for trigonal and tetragonal space groups and for asymmetric units containing several molecules which are established features of the crystallochemistry of monoalcohols.

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The syntheses of two new cyclophane hosts, 4 and 6, are described. The main difference between them is the higher degree of preorganization of 4 as a consequence of the inclusion of the 7,7-diphenylnorbornane (DPN) subunit. The inner cavity of 4 adopts a belt-shaped structure, while 6 has a twisted geometry. In the solid state, the molecules of macrocycle 6 are stacked along an axis to form nanotubular structures. Compounds 4 and 6 form two of the strongest complexes between arene cyclophanes and Ag(+) reported up to date. The silver cation is located inside the cavity of the macrocycles. The stability of 4.Ag(+) is considerably higher than that of 6.Ag(+). The additional stabilization of 4.Ag(+) is attributed to higher preorganization of macrocycle 4. DNMR experiments as well as theoretical calculations carried out with 4.Ag(+) show evidence of Ag(+)-hopping between two different binding sites inside the macrocycle. This phenomenon could be the basis for the design of molecular clocks.

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Valuable chiral sources of C(10)-substituted camphors and C(10)-substituted fenchones can be straightforwardly obtained by treatment of an appropriate, easily obtainable, camphor- or fenchone-derived 2-methylenenorbornan-1-ol with an electrophilic reagent. The process takes place via a tandem regioselective carbon-carbon double-bond addition/stereocontrolled Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. A complete study of the enantiospecificity, scope, and limitations of this process, as well as about the role played by the hydroxyl group attached at the C(1) bridgehead position of the starting 2-methylenenorbornan-1-ols, has been realized. The feasibility of the described methodology has been exemplified by the highly efficient enantiospecific preparation of several interesting C(10)-halogen-, C(10)-O-, C(10)-S-, C(10)-Se-, or C(10)-C-substituted camphors and fenchones.

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