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Beer brewing is a well-known process that still faces great challenges, such as the total consumption of sugars present in the fermentation media. Lager-style beer, a major worldwide beer type, is elaborated by Saccharomyces pastorianus (Sp) yeast, which must ferment high maltotriose content worts, but its consumption represents a notable problem, especially among Sp strains belonging to group I. Factors, such as fermentation conditions, presence of maltotriose transporters, transporter copy number variation, and genetic regulation variations contribute to this issue. We assess the factors affecting fermentation in two Sp yeast strains: SpIB1, with limited maltotriose uptake, and SpIB2, known for efficient maltotriose transport. Here, SpIB2 transported significantly more maltose (28%) and maltotriose (32%) compared with SpIB1. Furthermore, SpIB2 expressed all MAL transporters (ScMALx1, SeMALx1, ScAGT1, SeAGT1, MTT1, and MPHx) on the first day of fermentation, whereas SpIB1 only exhibited ScMalx1, ScAGT1, and MPH2/3 genes. Some SpIB2 transporters had polymorphic transmembrane domains (TMD) resembling MTT1, accompanied by higher expression of these transporters and its positive regulator genes, such as MAL63. These findings suggest that, in addition to the factors mentioned above, positive regulators of Mal transporters contribute significantly to phenotypic diversity in maltose and maltotriose consumption among the studied lager yeast strains.IMPORTANCEBeer, the third most popular beverage globally with a 90% market share in the alcoholic beverage industry, relies on Saccharomyces pastorianus (Sp) strains for lager beer production. These strains exhibit phenotypic diversity in maltotriose consumption, a crucial process for the acceptable organoleptic profile in lager beer. This diversity ranges from Sp group II strains with a notable maltotriose-consuming ability to Sp group I strains with limited capacity. Our study highlights that differential gene expression of maltose and maltotriose transporters and its upstream trans-elements, such as MAL gene-positive regulators, adds complexity to this variation. This insight can contribute to a more comprehensive analysis needed to the development of controlled and efficient biotechnological processes in the beer brewing industry.

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Plant-derived miRNAs can be found in the human body after dietary intake, and they can affect post-transcriptional gene regulation in human. It is important to identify targets to determine the possible effects in human genes by using computational approach. In this study, 787 possible mRNAs human targets were predicted by 84 miRNAs of wheat. A total of 14 miRNAs were identified with individual binding to 33 mRNAs associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders, and various cancers, located in the 3'UTR of the mRNA. A functional enrichment was carried out, where the results showed associations to pathways such as dopaminergic synapse (hsa04728), and signaling pathways, significantly associated with the target genes. The prediction of target mRNAs in humans by wheat miRNAs, offer candidates that could facilitate the search and verification, which could be of relevance for future projects and therefor contribute in the therapeutic treatment of various human diseases.

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Bacillus albus is a new species, but it lies on the borderline with Bacillus thuringiensis In this work, we report a strain previously identified as Bacillus thuringiensis IB84, which now, based on average nucleotide identity and rRNA 16S, gyrB, groEL, and xre gene sequences, must be identified as Bacillus albus.

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Bacillus toyonensis is a recently described species related to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis The GM18 strain previously identified as B. thuringiensis is now classified as B. toyonensis based on the RNA 16S sequence and whole-genome average nucleotide identity. The genome analysis revealed the presence of insecticide, nematicide, and antitumoral proteins.

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Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 is a facultative symbiotic diazotroph able to deal with stressful concentrations of metals. Nevertheless the molecular mechanisms involved in metal tolerance have not been elucidated. Copper (Cu2+) is a metal component essential for the heme-copper respiratory oxidases and enzymes that catalyse redox reactions, however, it is highly toxic when intracellular trace concentrations are surpassed. In this study, we report that R. tropici CIAT 899 is more tolerant to Cu2+ than other Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium species. Through Tn5 random mutagenesis we identify a R. tropici mutant strain with a severe reduction in Cu2+ tolerance. The Tn5 insertion disrupted the gene RTCIAT899_CH17575, encoding a putative heavy metal efflux P1B-1-type ATPase designated as copA. Phaseolus vulgaris plants inoculated with the copA::Tn5 mutant in the presence of toxic Cu2+ concentrations showed a drastic reduction in plant and nodule dry weight, as well as nitrogenase activity. Nodules induced by the copA::Tn5 mutant present an increase in H2O2 concentration, lipoperoxidation and accumulate 40-fold more Cu2+ than nodules formed by the wild-type strain. The copA::Tn5 mutant complemented with the copA gene recovered the wild-type symbiotic phenotypes. Therefore, the copA gene is essential for R. tropici CIAT 899 to survive in copper-rich environments in both free life and symbiosis with P. vulgaris plants.

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Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent parasitic disease of the central nervous system. It is caused by the larvae of Taenia solium, which can affect different anatomical sites. In Spain there is an increasing prevalence mainly due to immigration from endemic areas. The extraparenchymal forms are less common, but more serious because they usually develop complications. Neuroimaging plays a major role in the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease, supported by serology and a compatible clinical and epidemiological context. First-line treatments are cysticidal drugs such as albendazole and praziquantel, usually coadministered with corticosteroids, and in some cases surgery is indicated. We here report a case of neurocysticercosis with simultaneous intraventricular and giant racemose subarachnoid involvement.

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The copper-based drug Casiopeina II-gly (CasII-gly) shows potent antineoplastic effect and diminishes mitochondrial metabolism on several human and rodent malignant tumors. To elucidate whether CasII-gly also affects glycolysis, (a) the flux through the complete pathway and the initial segment and (b) the activities of several glycolytic enzymes of AS-30D hepatocarcinoma cells were determined. CasII-gly (IC50 = 0.74-6.7 µM) was more effective to inhibit 24-72 h growth of several human carcinomas than 3-bromopyruvate (3BrPyr) (IC50 = 45-100 µM) with no apparent effect on normal human-proliferating lymphocytes and HUVECs. In short-term 60-min experiments, CasII-gly increased tumor cell lactate production and glycogen breakdown. CasII-gly was 1.3-21 times more potent than 3BrPyr and cisplatin to inhibit tumor HK. As CasII-gly inhibited the soluble and mitochondrial HK activities and the flux through the HK-TPI glycolytic segment, whereas PFK-1, GAPDH, PGK, PYK activities and HPI-TPI segment flux were not affected, the data suggested glycogenolysis activation induced by HK inhibition. Accordingly, glycogen-depleted as well as oligomycin-treated cancer cells became more sensitive to CasII-gly. The inhibition time-course of HK by CasII-gly was slower than that of OxPhos in AS-30D cells, indicating that glycolytic toxicity was secondary to mitochondria, the primary CasII-gly target. In long-term 24-h experiments with HeLa cells, 5 µM CasII-gly inhibited OxPhos (80%), glycolysis (40%), and HK (42%). The present data indicated that CasII-gly is an effective multisite anticancer drug simultaneously targeting mitochondria and glycolysis.

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The removal, uptake and toxicity of chromium in Euglena gracilis cultured in absence and presence of malate with Cr(VI) or Cr(III) was evaluated. The malate extrusion and the extra- and intracellular Cr(VI) reduction capacity were determined and the contents of molecules with thiol group and ascorbate were also evaluated. Absence of malate in the medium decreased cell growth, increased Cr(III) toxicity, induced faster Cr(VI) disappearance from medium, and increased intracellular and intramitochondrial chromium accumulation. Both chromium species induced soluble and particulate ascorbate-dependent chromate reductase activities. Cells also secreted large amounts of malate and increased intracellular contents of thiol-molecules to bind extracellular and intracellular Cr(III), respectively. The former process was supported by significant increase in malate-producing enzyme activities and the assessment of the Cr-complexes indicated the in situ formation with thiol-molecules. The present results establish new paradigms regarding chromium stress on algae-like microorganisms: (i) Cr(III) may be more toxic than Cr(VI), depending on the culture (or environmental) conditions; (ii) several simultaneous mechanisms are turned on to inactivate chromium species and their toxic effects. These mechanisms, now well understood may further optimize, by genetically modifying E. gracilis, and facilitate the development of strategies for using this protist as potential bio-remediator of chromium-polluted water systems.

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The biochemical mechanisms of resistance to several heavy metals, which are associated with their accumulation (binding by high-affinity chelating molecules such as thiol-compounds together with their compartmentalization into organelles), are analyzed for the photosynthetic, free-living protist Euglena gracilis. The complete understanding of these mechanisms may facilitate the rational design of strategies for bioremediation of heavy metal polluted water and soil systems.

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Este plan de emergencias fue preparado en diciembre 1985 para el sector salud de Manizales, Colombia, donde existen diez instituciones de salud. Este plan trata de regular el funcionamiento de estas instituciones, especialmente la más grande - Hospital Universitario de Caldas- en situación de cualquier desastre que implique la llegada masiva de víctimas que superen la capacidad de atención normal de la comunidad. Se presenta un análisis de vulnerabilidad y una lista de recursos humanos y materiales para el sector salud. También se ofrece un plan operativo hospitalario, medidas a tomar en casos de emergencias internas y recomendaciones en situaciones de emergencias

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