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OBJECTIVES: The overall objective of this study was to carry out a prospective investigation of the usefulness of the IMMUNOCYT commercial kit in the follow-up of patients treated for bladder cancer and to evaluate its utility as a complement to urinary cytology and a possible tool for reducing the number of follow-up cystoscopies required. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From September 2001 to December 2002, the ImmunoCyt test and urinary cytology were performed in urine simples from a total of 136 patients (115 with a history or suspicion of bladder cancer and 21 patients with other urological pathologies). Urine simples were fixed with an equal volume of 50% alcohol. Urinary cytology and the ImmunoCyt test were interpreted by a cytopathologist unacquainted with the result of the corresponding cytology and bladder biopsy report. Samples were staged and graded using the 1997 TNM classification of the UICC and the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification. Histopathological confirmation of lesions was available for 111 patients (81.6%). RESULTS: The gender distribution was 89% men and 11% women. Mean age was 71.68 years (range 27 to 98 years). Overall sensitivity and specificity were 77.9% and 92.3% for the ImmunoCyt test and 47.9% and 100% for urinary cytology, respectively. The positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were 96.4% and 61.7%, respectively, for the ImmunoCyt test and 100% and 36.7% for cytology. In Ta and low-grade carcinomas, the sensitivity of the ImmunoCyt test was 70% (n=20) and 76.4% (n=34) respectively, whereas it was 25% (n=28) and 29.7% (n=37), respectively, for urinary cytology. The differences observed between the sensitivities of the ImmunoCyt test and cytology were statistically significant (X2 p<0.05) overall and for Ta and low-grade carcinomas. The sensitivity and specificity of the combination of both tests were 86.8% and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the combination of both tests for Ta and low-grade carcinomas was 80% (n=20) and 82.3% (n=34), respectively. The ImmunoCyt test was diagnostic in 36.2% of tumors overall. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the results obtained, we decided to change our follow-up protocol to reduce the number of follow-up cystoscopies by 32.2% in the first 5 years of postoperative follow-up (in a cohort of 140 patients who undergo surgery annually). This benefits patients by reducing the number of urinary infections and iatrogenesis originated by follow-up cystoscopy. In addition, this 32.2% reduction in the number of cystoscopies in 5 years will yield a savings of approximately 35,560 EUR to the health care system in 5 years.

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Objectivos: El objetivo global de este trabajo es el de determinar en un estudio prospectivo la utilidad del kit comercial InmunoCyt® para el seguimiento de pacientes tratados de cáncer de vejiga y la evaluación de su utilidad como complemento de la citología urinaria y posible herramienta en la reducción del número de cistoscopias de revisión. Material y Métodos: Entre Septiembre/01 a Diciembre/02 se recogió la orina de un total de 136 pacientes (115 con antecedentes deneoplasia vesical o sospecha de la misma y 21 pacientes con otras patologías urológicas) para realizarles el test del InmunoCyt® (uCyt+) y la citología urinaria. La orina recogida era fijada con alcohol al 50% en un volumen igual. La citología urinaria y el InmunoCyt® fueron informados por un citopatólogo que desconocía tanto el resultado de su correspondiente citología como el informe de la biopsia vesical. Para el estadiaje y grado de las muestras se utilizaron la clasificación TNM de la UICC de 1997 y la de la WHO/ISUP de 1998. Se dispuso de confirmación histopatológica de las lesiones en 111 pacientes (81,6% de los pacientes). Resultados: La distribución por sexos fue del 89% para varones y del 11% mujeres. La edad media fue de 71,68 años [27-98]. La sensibilidad y especificidad globales fueron del 77,9% y 92,3% para el InmunoCyt® y del 47,9% y 100% para la citología urinaria respectivamente. Los valores predictivos positivos (VPP) y negativos (VPN) fueron del 96,4% y 61,7% respectivamente para el InmunoCyt® y del 100%y 36,7% para la citología. En los Ta y carcinomas de bajo grado la sensibilidad del InmunoCyt® fue del 70% (n=20) y 76,4% (n=34) respectivamente, mientras que para la citología urinaria fue del 25% (n=28) y 29,7% (n=37) respectivamente. Las diferencias observadas entre las sensibilidades del InmunoCyt® y de su citología fueron estadísticamente significativas (X2 p<0,05) tanto de forma global como en los Ta y en los ca. de bajo grado. La sensibilidad y especificidad conjunta de los dos test (ambos test combinados) fue del 86,8% y 96,2% respectivamente. La sensibilidad conjunta de los dos test para los Ta y bajo grado fue del 80% (n=20) y del 82,3% (n=34) respectivamente. Con el InmunoCyt® se diagnosticó de forma global un 36,2% de tumores. Conclusiones: A la vista de los resultados obtenidos decidimos cambiar nuestro protocolo de seguimiento reduciendo el número decistoscopias en las revisiones al 32,2% durante los 5 primeros años de seguimiento tras la cirugía (sobre una cohorte de 140 pacientes intervenidos anualmente). Esto supondrá un beneficio para el paciente ya que disminuirán el número de infecciones urinarias y la iatrogenia ocasionadas por la realización de las cistoscopias de seguimiento. Además, esta reducción del 32,2% del número de cistoscopias en 5 años reportará un ahorro sanitario aproximado de 35.560 € en 5 años (AU)

Objectives: The overall objective of this study was to carry out a prospective investigation of the usefulness of the IMMUNOCYT™ commercial kit in the follow-up of patients treated for bladder cancer and to evaluate its utility as a complement to urinary cytology and a possible tool for reducing the number of follow-up cystoscopies required. Subjects and methods: From September 2001 to December 2002, the ImmunoCyt™ test and urinary cytology were performed in urine simples from a total of 136 patients (115 with a history or suspicion of bladder cancer and 21 patients with other urological pathologies). Urine simples were fixed with an equal volume of 50% alcohol. Urinary cytology and the ImmunoCyt™ test were interpreted by a cytopathologist unacquainted with the result of the corresponding cytology and bladder biopsy report. Samples were staged and graded using the 1997 TNM classification of the UICC and the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification. Histopathological confirmation of lesions was available for 111 patients (81.6%). Results: The gender distribution was 89% men and 11% women. Mean age was 71.68 years (range 27 to 98 years). Overall sensitivity and specificity were 77.9% and 92.3% for the ImmunoCyt™ test and 47.9% and 100% for urinary cytology, respectively. The positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were 96.4% and 61.7%, respectively, for the ImmunoCyt™ test and 100% and 36.7% for cytology. In Ta and low-grade carcinomas, the sensitivity of the ImmunoCyt™ test was 70% (n=20) and 76.4% (n=34) respectively, whereas it was 25% (n=28) and 29.7% (n=37), respectively, for urinary cytology. The differences observed between the sensitivities of the ImmunoCyt™ test and cytology were statistically significant (X2 p<0.05) overall and for Ta and low-grade carcinomas. The sensitivity and specificity of the combination of both tests were 86.8% and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the combination of both tests for Ta and low-grade carcinomas was 80% (n=20) and 82.3% (n=34), respectively. The ImmunoCyt™ test was diagnostic in 36.2% of tumors overall. Conclusions: In view of the results obtained, we decided to change our follow-up protocol to reduce the number of follow-up cystoscopies by 32.2% in the first 5 years of postoperative follow-up (in a cohort of 140 patients who undergo surgery annually). This benefits patients by reducing the number of urinary infections and iatrogenesis originated by follow-up cystoscopy. In addition, this 32.2% reduction in the number of cystoscopies in 5 years will yield a savings of approximately 35,560 EUR to the health care system in 5 years (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Extramammary Paget's disease of the glans penis secondary to transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report two new cases, one detected before diagnosing bladder TCC. METHODS: We describe the clinicopathologic features of two patients with intraepithelial spread of glans TCC and the histochemical and immunohistochemical features of the neoplasm. RESULTS: Light microscopy detected intraepithelial proliferation of neoplastic, large, pale cells located predominantly in the basal and parabasal layers of the epithelium. The pagetoid cells showed positive cytoplasmic staining for mucosubstances and immunoreactivity for CK20. The previously reported cases are reviewed and the differential diagnosis is discussed. CONCLUSIONS: As many benign and malignant glans lesions may be clinically similar, histologic study is necessary to correctly diagnose primary lesions and promptly detect underlying asymptomatic visceral malignancies initially presenting as Paget's disease.

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La nefroblastomatosis representa un complejo de entidades patológicas definidas por la persistencia de elementos nefrogénicos tras la nefrogénesis (más allá de la 36 semana de gestación), los cuales conservan la capacidad de evolución hacia nefroblastoma. Afortunadamente, esta transformación maligna ocurre excepcionalmete (<1 por ciento1), por lo que es considerada como una enfermedad de buen pronóstico. Los restos nefrogénicos se asocian con frecuencia al Sd. de BeckwithWiedemann, a la hemihipertrofia y la aniridia, teniendo en tales casos un riesgo mayor de desarrollar un tumor de Wilms, por lo que estos niños deben ser seguidos muy de cerca. El problema se nos plantea a la hora de decidir cuándo actuar, a qué niños tratar y qué tipo de tratamiento utilizar, pues lo poco publicado en la literatura se presta a discusión. Presentamos a continuación 2 casos de nefroblastomatosis, uno unilateral y otro bilateral que precisó de tratamiento quirúrgico al no responder a la quimioterapia (AU)

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Nephroblastomatosis is a complex of pathological conditions defined by the persistence of nephrogenic elements after the conclusion of nephrogenesis (beyond week 36 of gestation) that conserve the capacity to evolve into nephroblastoma. Luckily, this malignant transformation is exceptional (< 1%(1)), which is why the disease is considered to have a good prognosis. The nephrogenic remains are frequently associated with beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, hemihypertrophy and aniridia, in which case there is a greater risk of the development of Wilms tumor. Consequently, these children must be followed-up closely. The difficulty lay in knowing when to act, which children should be treated, and what treatment is appropriate because what little has been published in the literature is debatable. We report the cases of two patients, one with unilateral nephroblastomatosis and the other bilateral, who required surgical treatment after not responding to chemotherapy; and we expose our therapeutic algorithm and follow-up strategy.

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The spontaneous extraperitoneal bladder rupture is an uncommon event and the diagnosis is very difficult. It is defined like the rupture of bladder wall in absence of traumatism or iatrogenic techniques. The extravasation usually is produced into the peritoneal cavity, because of the greater weakness of the vesical dome. The diagnosis is based on the retrograde cystography, being necessary the surgical treatment in the intraperitoneal rupture, while the extraperitoneal one, could be treated in a conservative way with a vesical catheter. Here we present a case of spontaneous extraperitoneal bladder rupture, with oliguria, abdominal pain and a right hypochondrius mass as clinic presentation. Due to this, the diagnosis was made by the TAC, in which it was appreciated a continuity solution in the anterior bladder wall, with a contrast extravasation through the anterior abdominal wall. The retrograde cystography confirmed the definitive diagnosis. The treatment followed was based on the keeping of the vesical catheter and antibiotherapy.

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La rotura vesical espontánea es una entidad muy poco común y de difícil sospecha diagnóstica. Se define como la rotura de la pared vesical en ausencia de traumatismos o maniobras iatrógenas. La extravasación suele producirse en la cavidad peritoneal, por la mayor debilidad de la cúpula vesical. El diagnóstico se basa en la cistografía retrógrada, siendo necesario el tratamiento quirúrgico en la rotura intraperitoneal, mientras que la extraperitoneal puede ser manejada de forma conservadora, con sondaje vesical. Presentamos un caso de rotura vesical espontánea extraperitoneal, con oliguria, dolor abdominal y masa en hipocondrio derecho como presentación clínica. Debido a ello el diagnóstico fue realizado mediante la realización de una TAC, donde se apreciaba una solución de continuidad en vertiente anterior de vejiga, distribuyéndose el extravasado por la pared abdominal anterior. La cistografía retrógrada confirmó el diagnóstico definitivo. El tratamiento aplicado se basó en el mantenimiento del sondaje vesical y antibioterapia (AU)

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