RESUMEN
Animal digestive systems host microorganism ecosystems, including integrated bacteria, viruses, fungi, and others, that produce a variety of compounds from different substrates with healthy properties. Among these substrates, α-galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are considered prebiotics that promote the grow of gut microbiota with a metabolic output of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). In this regard, we evaluated Lupinus albus GOS (LA-GOS) as a natural prebiotic using different animal models. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of LA-GOS on the gut microbiota, SCFA production, and intestinal health in healthy and induced dysbiosis conditions (an ulcerative colitis (UC) model). Twenty C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated in four groups (n = 5/group): untreated and treated non-induced animals, and two groups induced with 2% dextran sulfate sodium to UC with and without LA-GOS administration (2.5 g/kg bw). We found that the UC treated group showed a higher goblet cell number, lower disease activity index, and reduced histopathological damage in comparison to the UC untreated group. In addition, the abundance of positive bacteria to butyryl-CoA transferase in gut microbiota was significantly increased by LA-GOS treatment, in healthy conditions. We measured the SCFA production with significant differences in the butyrate concentration between treated and untreated healthy groups. Finally, the pH level in cecum feces was reduced after LA-GOS treatment. Overall, we point out the in vivo health benefits of LA-GOS administration on the preservation of the intestinal ecosystem and the promotion of SCFA production.
Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animales , Ecosistema , Lupinus , RatonesRESUMEN
Lupinus albus γ-conglutin is proposed to positively affect glucose metabolism through inhibition of hepatic glucose production and insulin-mimetic activity; however, the action mechanism is not entirely known. Besides, most studies had focused on its effect on molecular targets directly related to glucose metabolism, and few studies have investigated how γ-conglutin may affect the liver gene expression or if it plays a role in other metabolic processes. Therefore, we investigated the influence of γ-conglutin on the liver transcriptome of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using DNA microarrays, ontological analyses, and quantitative PCR. Of the 22,000 genes evaluated, 803 and 173 were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. The ontological analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed that among others, the mitochondria, microtubules, cytoskeleton, and oxidoreductase activity terms were enriched, implying a possible role of γ-conglutin on autophagy. To corroborate the microarray results, we selected and quantified, by PCR, the expression of two genes associated with autophagy (Atg7 and Snx18) and found their expression augmented two and threefold, respectively; indicating a higher autophagy activity in animals treated with γ-conglutin. Although complementary studies are required, our findings indicate for the first time that the hypoglycaemic effects of γ-conglutin may involve an autophagy induction mechanism, a pivotal process for the preservation of cell physiology and glucose homeostasis.
Asunto(s)
Colectinas/farmacología , Lupinus/metabolismo , Seroglobulinas/farmacología , Transcriptoma/genética , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Colectinas/metabolismo , Colectinas/fisiología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Lupinus/genética , Masculino , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Semillas/metabolismo , Seroglobulinas/metabolismo , Seroglobulinas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
As a source of bioactive compounds, species of the genus Lupinus are interesting legumes from a nutritional point of view. Although wild species are abundant and represent a potential source of nutrients and biologically active compounds, most research has focused on domesticated and semi-domesticated species, such as Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus albus, Lupinus luteus, and Lupinus mutabilis. Therefore, in this review, we focus on recent research conducted on the wild Lupinus species of Mexico. The nutritional content of these species is characterized (similar to those of the domesticated species), including proteins (isolates), lipids, minerals, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds, such as oligosaccharides, flavonoids, and alkaloids.
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Lupinus/química , Valor Nutritivo , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Disponibilidad Biológica , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Humanos , México , Minerales/análisis , Proteínas de Vegetales Comestibles/análisis , Prebióticos/análisis , SemillasRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Recently, lupin seed (Lupinus albus L., Fabaceae) products have emerged as a functional food due to their nutritional and health benefits. Numerous reports have demonstrated the hypoglycemic effects of lupin's gamma conglutin protein; nonetheless, its mechanism of action remains elusive. To understand the role of this protein on glucose metabolism, we evaluated the effect of administering L. albus' gamma conglutin on Slc2a2, Gck, and Pdx-1 gene expression as well as GLUT2 protein tissue levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. While consuming their regular diet, animals received a daily gamma conglutin dose (120 mg/kg per body weight) for seven consecutive days. Serum glucose levels were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period. At the end of the trial, we quantified gene expression in pancreatic and hepatic tissues as well as GLUT2 immunopositivity in Langerhans islets. Gamma conglutin administration lowered serum glucose concentration by 17.7%, slightly increased Slc2a2 and Pdx-1 mRNA levels in pancreas, up-regulated Slc2a2 expression in the liver, but it had no effect on hepatic Gck expression. After gamma conglutin administration, GLUT2 immunopositivity in Langerhans islets of diabetic animals resembled that of healthy rats. In conclusion, our results indicate that gamma conglutin up-regulates Slc2a2 gene expression in liver and normalizes GLUT2 protein content in pancreas of streptozotocin-induced rats.
RESUMEN
Sparteine is one of the most toxic quinolizidine alkaloids found in leguminous plants. Several studies have demonstrated that sparteine affects the nervous system, blocking the nervous ganglion, producing antimuscarinic effects, depressing the central nervous system and causing neuronal necrosis. However, there are no reports identifying the areas of the brain that are sensitive to the toxic effects of this alkaloid. 32 adult Wistar rats were on study, sixteen were implanted with an intracerebral stainless steel cannula and randomly assigned to a control or experimental group (n=8). Animals, control and experimental, received daily intraventricular (ICV) injections of a sparteine or a sterile water solution for five consecutive days. Additionally, two groups of animals (8 rats each) received daily intraperotineal injections (IP) of a sparteine or sterile water solution for five consecutive days. 72h after the last dose, the animals were sacrificed, their brains removed, fixed and embedded in paraffin to obtain 10µm tissue slices. Brain slices were stained with H&E and evaluated under a light microscope. The main brain structures sensitive to sparteine were the cerebral cortex (frontal, fronto-parietal and striate) olfactory and amygdaloid areas, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, and the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus. Administration of sparteine, via ICV or IP, caused neuronal necrosis in brain structures, mainly related with cholinergic pathways.
Asunto(s)
Antiarrítmicos/toxicidad , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/patología , Esparteína/toxicidad , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to determine the flavonoid profile of Lupinus mexicanus germinated seed extract (PE) and to evaluate its effect as a phytoestrogen on the morphometric parameters of CA3 hippocampal neurons of ovariectomized rats (OVX). L. mexicanus seeds, germinated for 48 h, were homogenized and macerated using an 80% ethanol solution. The extract was analyzed by HPLC/MS-MS. Thirty young Wistar strain female rats (200±10 g) were randomly distributed into four groups: sham operated (S) treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle); ovariectomized and treated with 1250 µg of PE extract (OVX-PE); ovariectomized and treated with 5 µg estradiol benzoate (OVX-EB); and ovariectomized and vehicle treated (OVX). All substances were injected subcutaneously daily for 28 days. On day 29, the animals were sacrificed, perfused, and fixed to obtain the brains for histological processing. Each brain was cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The thickness of the stratum oriens (SO), the nuclear diameter, and the neuronal density were measured in the hippocampus CA3 area. Nine different flavonoids and one non-identified compound were detected. The histological analysis demonstrated that the thickness of the SO was higher in the OVX-EB and S groups than in the OVX-PE and OVX groups (p⟨0.05); in addition, the nuclear diameters of the neurons in the OVX-EB and S groups were higher compared with the other groups (p⟨0.05). The OVX group had the highest cellular density among groups (p⟨0.05). Based on our results, the PE obtained did not have beneficial effects on CA3 hippocampal neurons.
Asunto(s)
Flavonoides/química , Lupinus/química , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Semillas/química , Animales , Región CA3 Hipocampal/citología , Cromatografía Liquida , Estrógenos/química , Femenino , Germinación , Glicoconjugados/química , Espectrometría de Masas , Neuronas/citología , Fenol/química , Fitoestrógenos/química , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Extracción en Fase Sólida , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The high global incidence of type 2 diabetes has challenged researchers to establish animal models that resemble the chronic stage observed in type 2 diabetes patients. One such model is induced by neonatal streptozotocin (n-STZ) administration to rat pups at 0, 2, or 5 days after birth. In this study, we assessed lns-1 gene expression and tissue insulin levels as well as serum concentration of glucose and insulin, insulin resistance, and histological changes of the islets of Langerhans in n5-STZ rats after 20-weeks post-induction. METHODS: Wistar rat pups were randomly distributed into a control group and a streptozotocin-induced group. Experimental induction involved a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg) into neonates at five days after birth. RESULTS: At 20 weeks post-induction, streptozotocin-induced rats exhibited increased serum glucose levels, reduced serum insulin levels, impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance compared to control rats. Histologically, streptozotocin-induced rats exhibited atrophic islets, vacuolization, and significantly fewer insulin-positive cells. lns-1 gene expression was significantly decreased in n5-STZ rats in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION: Our findings support that the n5-STZ model 20 weeks post-induction represents an appropriate experimental tool to study T2D and to evaluate novel therapeutic agents and targets that involve insulin gene expression and secretion, as well as complications caused by chronic diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Insulina/genética , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Inmunohistoquímica , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Estreptozocina , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The main research objective was to analyze the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in a population of adolescents. The purpose of the study was to verify a significant correlation between the habit of breafasting at home each morning and the nutritional status of the sample population. SAMPLE AND METHODOLOGY: The sample population was composed of 100 adolescents, 12-15 years of age, who attended two public secondary schools in the city of Granada. The study conducted was descriptive, cross-sectional, and multi-centered, and involved a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional status of the subjects by using anthropometry. The analysis of food intake and dietary habits was based on a 72-hour record of the subjects' food intake. The protocol used had previously been elaborated and validated by the research team. RESULTS: For all subjects, the energy intake was found to be higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The female subjects had a mean protein intake of 16% in regards to total calorific value (TCV). In the case of the male subjects, the mean protein intake was 15%. The mean consumption of fats was 106.1 for the male subjects, whereas for the females, it was 110.4 grams. The females were found to ingest more carbohydrates at a rate of 297.4 grams per day in comparison to the male subjects, whose rate of carbohydrate ingestion was 251 grams per day. The ingestion of minerals varied in both sexes though in all cases it was lower than the RDA. However, the male subjects had a calcium and zinc intake higher than the RDA for these minerals. The vitamin intake was varied and balanced in both male and female subjects, and covered the requirements for both age and sex. Regarding the variable, breakfast, a significant relation was found (p < 0.0001) between the dietary habit of breakfasting at home before going to school and the nutritional status of the students. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that an optimal nutritional and health status requires a balanced food intake and healthy dietary habits.
Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron realizar un análisis de la ingesta de macronutrientes y micronutrientes en una población de adolescentes. En segundo lugar, verificar una correlación significativa entre el hábito de desayunar a diario en casa y el estado nutricional de dicha población. Muestra y metodología: La población de estudio estaba compuesta por 100 adolescentes de entre 12 y 15 años de edad, pertenecientes a 2 centros educativos públicos de la ciudad de Granada. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico en el que se llevó a cabo una valoración completa del estado nutricional de los alumnos mediante antropometría. Para el análisis de la ingesta alimentaria y hábitos nutricionales se utilizó un registro alimentario de 72 horas, específicamente elaborado y validado por el equipo investigador. Resultados: La ingesta energética fue superior en ambos sexos a la recomendada por la RDA. Se encontró una ingesta proteica media en chicas del 16% respecto del valor calórico total (VCT) y de un 15% del VCT en varones. Se evidenció un consumo medio de grasas de (106,1 gramos) en chicos, frente a los 100,4 gramos en chicas. Éstas ingerían más carbohidratos, destacando una ingesta media de 279,4 gramos/día frente a los 251 gramos/día ingeridos en varones. La ingesta de minerales fue variable en ambos sexos, siendo inferior a las recomendaciones de la RDA en chicas. En los varones resaltó una ingesta de calcio y zinc por encima de dichas recomendaciones. El aporte vitamínico fue variado y equilibrado en ambos sexos, cubriendo los requerimientos para edad y sexo. Respecto de la variable desayuno, se encontró una relación significativa (p < 0,0001) entre el hábito de desayunar en casa, antes de ir al instituto y el estado nutricional de los alumnos. Conclusiones: Un óptimo estado nutricional y de salud implica necesariamente mantener una alimentación equilibrada en sus nutrientes y unos hábitos nutricionales saludables.
Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Alimentos , Conducta Alimentaria , Adolescente , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , España , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
Flavonoid glycoconjugates from roots and leaves of eight North America lupine species (Lupinus elegans, Lupinus exaltatus, Lupinus hintonii, Lupinus mexicanus, Lupinus montanus, Lupinus rotundiflorus, Lupinus stipulatus, Lupinus sp.), three Mediterranean species (Lupinus albus, Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus) and one species from South America domesticated in Europe (Lupinus mutabilis) were analyzed using two LC/MS systems: low-resolution ion trap instrument and high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight spectrometer. As a result of the LC/MS profiling using the CID/MS(n) experiments structures of 175 flavonoid glycoconjugates found in 12 lupine species were identified at three confidence levels according to the Metabolomic Standard Initiative, mainly at level 2 and 3, some of them were classified to the level 1. Among the flavonoid derivatives recognized in the plant extracts were isomeric or isobaric compounds, differing in the degree of hydroxylation of the aglycones and the presence of glycosidic, acyl or alkyl groups in the molecules. The elemental composition of the glycoconjugate molecules was established from the exact m/z values of the protonated/deprotonated molecules ([M+H](+)/[M-H](-)) measured with the accuracy better than 5 ppm. Information concerning structures of the aglycones, the type of sugar moieties (hexose, deoxyhexose or pentose) and, in some cases, their placement on the aglycones as well as the acyl substituents of the flavonoid glycoconjugates was achieved in experiments, in which collision-induced dissociation was applied. Flavonoid aglycones present in the studied O-glycoconjugates were unambiguously identified after the comparison of the pseudo-MS(3) spectra with the spectra registered for the standards. Isomers of flavonoid glycoconjugates, in which one or two sugar moieties were attached to 4'- or 7-hydroxyl groups or directly to the C-6 or C-8 of the aglycones, could be distinguished on the basis of the MS(2) spectra. However, the collision energy applied in the CID experiments had to be optimized for each group of the compounds and there were no universal settings that allowed the acquisition of structural information for all the compounds present in the sample. Information obtained from the flavonoid conjugate profiling was used for the chemotaxonomic comparison of the studied lupine species. A clear-cut discrimination of the Mediterranean and North American lupines was obtained as a result of this analysis.
Asunto(s)
Lupinus/química , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/metabolismo , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas , México , Estructura Molecular , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Objective: The high global incidence of type 2 diabetes has challenged researchers to establish animal models that resemble the chronic stage observed in type 2 diabetes patients. One such model is induced by neonatal streptozotocin (n-STZ) administration to rat pups at 0, 2, or 5 days after birth. In this study, we assessed lns-1 gene expression and tissue insulin levels as well as serum concentration of glucose and insulin, insulin resistance, and histological changes of the islets of Langerhans in n5-STZ rats after 20-weeks post-induction. Methods: Wistar rat pups were randomly distributed into a control group and a streptozotocin-induced group. Experimental induction involved a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg) into neonates at five days after birth. Results: At 20 weeks post-induction, streptozotocin-induced rats exhibited increased serum glucose levels, reduced serum insulin levels, impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance compared to control rats. Histologically, streptozotocin-induced rats exhibited atrophic islets, vacuolization, and significantly fewer insulin-positive cells. lns-1 gene expression was significantly decreased in n5-STZ rats in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Our findings support that the n5-STZ model 20 weeks post-induction represents an appropriate experimental tool to study T2D and to evaluate novel therapeutic agents and targets that involve insulin gene expression and secretion, as well as complications caused by chronic diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Insulina/genética , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Animales Recién Nacidos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Inmunohistoquímica , Resistencia a la Insulina , Insulina/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Wistar , Estreptozocina , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Background: Several studies have analyzed the relation between obesity and the hormonal imbalances generated by overweight and a family history of breast cancer. All of these factors are potentially implicated in the early development of breast cancer. Aim: To verify the existence of a significant relation between the nutritional status of breast cancer patients, their hormone serum levels (estrogens, prolactin, and progesterone), and the existence of a family history of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from clinical records of524 women diagnosed with breast cancer in a Spanish hospital. Results: There was a positive association between estrogen, progesterone and prolactin serum levels and body mass index. The elevations in hormone levels occurred earlier in life among women with a family history of breast cancer. A two way ANOVA found a significant association between progesterone and prolactin levels with the age at diagnosis of breast cancer. Conclusions: Extreme serum levels of these hormones appear to be related to the early development of breast cancer, which in turn is influenced by the existence of a family history of cancer among those women with normal or average hormone levels.
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Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Estrógenos/sangre , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Obesidad/sangre , Progesterona/sangre , Prolactina/sangre , Edad de Inicio , Análisis de Varianza , Neoplasias de la Mama/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Obesidad Mórbida/sangre , Obesidad Mórbida/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Several studies have analyzed the relation between obesity and the hormonal imbalances generated by overweight and a family history of breast cancer. All of these factors are potentially implicated in the early development of breast cancer. AIM: To verify the existence of a significant relation between the nutritional status of breast cancer patients, their hormone serum levels (estrogens, prolactin, and progesterone), and the existence of a family history of breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective data was collected from clinical records of 524 women diagnosed with breast cancer in a Spanish hospital. RESULTS: There was a positive association between estrogen, progesterone and prolactin serum levels and body mass index. The elevations in hormone levels occurred earlier in life among women with a family history of breast cancer. A two way ANOVA found a significant association between progesterone and prolactin levels with the age at diagnosis of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Extreme serum levels of these hormones appear to be related to the early development of breast cancer, which in turn is influenced by the existence of a family history of cancer among those women with normal or average hormone levels.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Estrógenos/sangre , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Obesidad/sangre , Progesterona/sangre , Prolactina/sangre , Edad de Inicio , Análisis de Varianza , Neoplasias de la Mama/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad Mórbida/sangre , Obesidad Mórbida/epidemiología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Uncaria tomentosa ("uña de gato"; "cat's claw"), a woody vine native to the Amazon rainforest, is commonly used in South American traditional medicine to treat a broad spectrum of diseases. Although recent studies have reported anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of different alkaloids extracted from this plant, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been elucidated yet. Our study investigates the inhibitory mechanisms of Uncaria tomentosa extracts on the Wnt-signaling pathway, a central regulator of development and tissue homoeostasis. A modified cell-based luciferase assay for screening inhibitors of the Wnt-pathway was used for analysis. Three cancer cell lines displaying different levels of aberrant Wnt-signaling activity were transfected with Wnt-signaling responsive Tcf-reporter plasmids and treated with increasing concentrations of two Uncaria tomentosa bark extracts. Wnt-signaling activity was assessed by luciferase activity and by expression of Wnt-responsive target genes. We show that both, an aqueous and an alkaloid-enriched extract specifically inhibit Wnt-signaling activity in HeLa, HCT116 and SW480 cancer cells resulting in reduced expression of the Wnt-target gene: c-Myc. The alkaloid-enriched extract (B/S(rt)) was found to be more effective than the aqueous extract (B/W(37)). The strongest effect was observed in SW480 cells, displaying the highest endogenous Wnt-signaling activity. Downregulation of Wnt-signaling by a dominant negative-TCF-4 variant in non-cancer cells rendered the cells insensitive towards treatment with B/S(rt). B/Srt was less toxic in non-cancer cells than in cancer cells. Our data suggest that the broad spectrum of pharmacological action of Uncaria tomentosa involves inhibition of the Wnt-signaling pathway, downstream of beta-Catenin activity.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Uña de Gato/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Alcaloides/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Procesos de Crecimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células HCT116 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Corteza de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Wnt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Wnt/biosíntesis , beta Catenina/metabolismo , beta Catenina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Profiles of flavonoid conjugates present in the root and leaf tissues of the Mexican wild lupine, Lupinus reflexus, were established using two LC-MSMS systems in the positive and negative ion modes. The ion trap mass spectrometer and quadrupole time-of flight instrument provided sequential MS(n) spectra and MSMS spectra with accurate m/z values of [M + H](+) and [M - H] (-) ions, respectively. Sixty-two flavone and isoflavone glycoconjugates were found and tentatively identified. Numerous isomeric or isobaric compounds with the same molecular mass could be differentiated. Isomeric di- and mono glucosides of biochanin A, genistein, 2'-hydroxygenistein, luteone, and 2,3-didehydrokievitone were distinguished on the basis of relative abundances of product ions. The studied flavonoid glycoconjugates were acylated with dicarboxylic aliphatic acids and their methyl esters at either the aglycone or glycosidic moiety.
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Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Glicoconjugados/aislamiento & purificación , Lupinus/química , Cromatografía Liquida , Flavonoides/química , Genisteína/química , Glicoconjugados/química , México , Estructura Molecular , Hojas de la Planta/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de ElectrosprayRESUMEN
Por sus características nutricionales Lupinus exaltatus es considerado una fuente alternativa de alimento para animales en zonas templadas, pero la presencia de alcaloides quinolizidínicos limita su consumo. Se determinó la composición y concentración de alcaloides en hojas, tallos, flores y frutos inmaduros de L. exaltatus durante cinco etapas fenológicas para proponer alternativas de uso y manejo de esta especie como forraje. Se estableció un cultivo en macetas y en cada etapa fenológica se tomaron seis plantas que se separaron en sus diferentes órganos, para ser deshidratados y analizar su composición y contenido de alcaloides por cromatografía de gases capilar-espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). En cada etapa y órganos se identificaron los alcaloides quinolizidínicos lupanina, 3-b-hidroxilupanina, afilina, epiafilina, dehidro-oxoesparteína y a-isolupanina. Aunque el perfil permaneció constante, la concentración de alcaloides totales en los diferentes órganos fluctuó significativamente (0,31-2,1%) en función de las etapas de crecimiento. Tras cinco etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo el menor contenido promedio de alcaloides se encontró en tallos (0,63%) mientras que en frutos inmaduros (vainas verdes) se encontró el más alto (1,95%). La lupanina resultó ser el compuesto individual mayoritario en tallos y frutos. Aunque no se detectaron alcaloides potencialmente tóxicos y teratogénicos (esparteína citisina, anagirina y amodendrina), los resultados indican que el mayor riesgo de intoxicación del ganado por consumo de L. exaltatus podría ocurrir en las etapas de formación de vainas y fructificación, debido a la alta concentración de alcaloides totales y mayor abundancia de lupanina en frutos inmaduros.
Due to its nutritional characteristics, Lupinus exaltatus is considered as an alternative source of animal feed in temperate regions. However, the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids in different plant organs limits its consumption. The composition and concentration of alkaloids in leaves, stems, flowers, and inmature fruits of L. exaltatus was determined in five different phenological stages with the final purpose of suggesting alternatives for its management and use as forage. Plants were sowed in pots and at each phenological stage six plants were harvested and separated in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and inmature pods that were air dried to constant weight. Each organ was analyzed for alkaloid composition and content by capillary gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In each phenological stage and in all organs the alkaloid profile was characterized by the presence of six major alkaloids: epiaphylline aphylline, a-isolupanine, lupanine, dehydro-oxosparteine and 3-b-hydroxylupanine. Although the alkaloid profile was constant, the total concentration in the different organs showed a significant variation (0.31-2.1%) in the different phenological stages. In general, after the five growth stages the stems showed the lowest average total alkaloid concentration (0.63%) whereas inmature pods had the highest total alkaloids (1.95%). Lupanine was the major alkaloid in stems and fruits. Although alkaloids with the highest toxicity (sparteine, anagyrine and ammodendrine) were not detected, the results indicate that the major risk for intoxication could occur during pod growth and seed ripening, due to high total alkaloid content and larger abundance of lupanine in immature fruits.
Por suas características nutricionais Lupinus exaltatus é considerado uma fonte alternativa de alimento para animais em regiões temperadas, mas a presença de alcalóides quinolizidínicos limita seu consumo. Determinou-se a composição e concentração de alcaloides em folhas, caules, flores e frutos imaturos de L. exaltatus durante cinco etapas fenológicas para propor alternativas de uso e manejo desta espécie como forragem. Estabeleceu-se um cultivo em vasos e em cada etapa fenológica foram colhidas seis plantas e separardas em seus diferentes órgãos, para serem deshidratados e para analizar sua composição e conteúdo de alcalóides por cromatografia de gases capilar-espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Em cada etapa e órgãos foram identificados os alcalóides quinolizidínicos lupanina, 3-b-hidroxi lupanina, afilina, epiafilina, dehidro-oxoesparteína e a-isolupanina. Ainda que o perfil tenha permanecido constante, a concentração de alcaloides totais nos diferentes órgãos flutuou significativamente (0,31-2,1%) em função das etapas de crescimento. Depois de cinco etapas de crescimento e desenvolvimento o menor conteúdo médio de alcaloides foi encontrado em caules (0,63%) enquanto que em frutos imaturos (vagens verdes) se encontrou o mais alto (1,95%). A lupanina resultou ser o composto individual maioritário em caules e frutos. Ainda que não se detectaram alcaloides potencialmente tóxicos e teratogénicos (esparteína citisina, anagirina e amodendrina), os resultados indicam que o mayir risco de intoxicação do gado por consumo de L. exaltatus poderia ocorrer nas etapas de formação de vagens e frutificação, devido a alta concentração de alcaloides totais e maior abundância de lupanina em frutos imaturos.
RESUMEN
Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes are the major causes of mortality in Mexico. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of factors that increase the risk to develop such diseases. Previous studies have shown that MS is associated with high tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) levels. In fact, TNF-alpha has been proposed to be a useful marker for clinical diagnosis of inflammation at an early stage. Therefore, we analyzed TNF-alpha concentrations in Mexican individuals with or without MS and related these levels to the associated MS components. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical data were analyzed in 41 healthy and 39 MS individuals. Individuals were similarly grouped by age and gender.The serum TNF-alpha levels measured by a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit were increased significantly in MS subjects compared with healthy individuals (P<0.001). The assay showed 78.1% sensitivity and 61.5% specificity with a cut-point level of 1.36 pg/mL. TNF-alpha levels higher than the cut-point value were correlated with insulin resistance indices. These findings support the hypothesis that serum TNF-alpha concentration could be a useful marker for early MS diagnosis. Nevertheless, we suggest the establishment of specific cut-point values in each studied population to evaluate potential clinical applications.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Antropometría , Análisis Químico de la Sangre , Presión Sanguínea , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Curva ROC , Valores de Referencia , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Se hace un estudio de 255 pacientes con lesiones de los tendones flexores en la zona 2 de la mano, operados por distintas técnicas quirúrgicas, teniendo en cuenta distintos factores que pudieron influir en los resultados; lo más importante fue el tiempo transcurrido entre la herida y la operación y el tipo de rehabilitación posoperatoria empleada. Los mejores resultados se lograron en aquellos casos operados precozmente con técnicas sencillas como las suturas, avanzamientos y migraciones. En los casos operados tardíamente (después de 30 días de haberse herido), los resultados no fueron tan buenos, con excepción de aquéllos en que se hicieron migraciones tendinosas, con las que se logró el 48
de resultados buenos; 43
de regulares y 9
de malos. También se observó que los casos tardíos en que se practicaron otras técnicas más complicadas (injertos, Paneva-Holecich, Hunter), evolucionaron mejor cuando se hizo fisioterapia posoperatoria adecuada, mediante inmovilización de las primeras falanges en extensión mientras se flexionaban las segundas y terceras, mediante la utilización de la férula antilumbrical (metálica o de yeso), estímulos eléctricos y ejercicios activos contra resistencia (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Traumatismos de los Tendones/cirugía , Traumatismos de la Mano/cirugía , Traumatismos de los Tendones/rehabilitación , MétodosRESUMEN
Se hace un estudio de 255 pacientes con lesiones de los tendones flexores en la zona 2 de la mano, operados por distintas técnicas quirúrgicas, teniendo en cuenta distintos factores que pudieron influir en los resultados; lo más importante fue el tiempo transcurrido entre la herida y la operación y el tipo de rehabilitación posoperatoria empleada. Los mejores resultados se lograron en aquellos casos operados precozmente con técnicas sencillas como las suturas, avanzamientos y migraciones. En los casos operados tardíamente (después de 30 días de haberse herido), los resultados no fueron tan buenos, con excepción de aquéllos en que se hicieron migraciones tendinosas, con las que se logró el 48% de resultados buenos; 43% de regulares y 9% de malos. También se observó que los casos tardíos en que se practicaron otras técnicas más complicadas (injertos, Paneva-Holecich, Hunter), evolucionaron mejor cuando se hizo fisioterapia posoperatoria adecuada, mediante inmovilización de las primeras falanges en extensión mientras se flexionaban las segundas y terceras, mediante la utilización de la férula antilumbrical (metálica o de yeso), estímulos eléctricos y ejercicios activos contra resistencia