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AIM: The soluble scavenger receptor differentiation antigen 163 (sCD163), a monocyte/macrophage activation marker, is related to cardiovascular mortality in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate their relationship between serum levels of sCD163 with cardiovascular risk indicators in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 80 women diagnosed with RA. The cardiovascular risks were determined using the lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, and QRISK3 calculator. For the assessment of RA activity, we evaluated the DAS28 with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). The serum levels of sCD163 were determined by the ELISA method. Logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were used to assess the association and predictive value of sCD163 with cardiovascular risk in RA patients. RESULTS: Levels of sCD163 were significantly higher in RA patients with high sensitivity protein C-reactive to HDL-c ratio (CHR)≥0.121 (p=0.003), total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio>7% (p=0.004), LDL-c/HDL-c ratio>3% (p=0.035), atherogenic index of plasma>0.21 (p=0.004), cardiometabolic index (CMI)≥1.70 (p=0.005), and high DAS28-ESR (p=0.004). In multivariate analysis, levels of sCD163≥1107.3ng/mL were associated with CHR≥0.121 (OR=3.43, p=0.020), CMI≥1.70 (OR=4.25, p=0.005), total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio>7% (OR=6.63, p=0.044), as well as with DAS28-ESR>3.2 (OR=8.10, p=0.008). Moreover, levels of sCD163 predicted CHR≥0.121 (AUC=0.701), cholesterol total/HDL ratio>7% (AUC=0.764), and DAS28-ESR>3.2 (AUC=0.720). CONCLUSION: Serum levels of sCD163 could be considered a surrogate of cardiovascular risk and clinical activity in RA.
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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-known material for its biomedical applications, among which its implementation as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy has attracted considerable interest due to its photocatalytic properties, biocompatibility, high chemical stability, and low toxicity. However, the photoactivation of TiO2 requires ultraviolet light, which may lead to cell mutation and consequently cancer. To address these challenges, recent research has focused on the incorporation of metal dopants into the TiO2 lattice to shift the band gap to lower energies by introducing allowed energy states within the band gap, thus ensuring the harnessing of visible light. This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and application of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in their undoped, doped, and co-doped forms for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) against Candida albicans. Blue light with a wavelength of 450 nm was used, with doses ranging from 20 to 60 J/cm2 and an NP concentration of 500 µg/ml. It was observed that doping TiO2 with Cu, Fe, Ag ions, and co-doping Cu:Fe into the TiO2 nanostructure enhanced the visible light photoactivity of TiO2 NPs. Experimental studies were done to investigate the effects of different ions doped into the TiO2 crystal lattice on their structural, optical, morphological, and chemical composition for APDT applications. In particular, Ag-doped TiO2 emerged as the best candidate, achieving 90-100% eradication of C. albicans.
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Antifúngicos , Candida albicans , Luz , Nanopartículas , Titanio , Titanio/química , Titanio/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/síntesis química , FotoquimioterapiaRESUMEN
Significance: Speckle contrast analysis is the basis of laser speckle imaging (LSI), a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive technique used in various fields of medicine and engineering. A common application of LSI is the measurement of tissue blood flow. Accurate measurement of speckle contrast is essential to correctly measure blood flow. Variables, such as speckle grain size and camera pixel size, affect the speckle pattern and thus the speckle contrast. Aim: We studied the effects of spatial correlation among adjacent camera pixels on the resulting speckle contrast values. Approach: We derived a model that accounts for the potential correlation of intensity values in the common experimental situation where the speckle grain size is larger than the camera pixel size. In vitro phantom experiments were performed to test the model. Results: Our spatial correlation model predicts that speckle contrast first increases, then decreases as the speckle grain size increases relative to the pixel size. This decreasing trend opposes what is observed with a standard speckle contrast model that does not consider spatial correlation. Experimental data are in good agreement with the predictions of our spatial correlation model. Conclusions: We present a spatial correlation model that provides a more accurate measurement of speckle contrast, which should lead to improved accuracy in tissue blood flow measurements. The associated correlation factors only need to be calculated once, and open-source software is provided to assist with the calculation.
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Técnicas de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular , Hemodinámica , Fantasmas de Imagen , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
Cluster headache (CH) is the most common and devastating autonomic headache with multiple and recent advances in treatment. However, it usually goes unrecognized and is found to have a delayed and inappropriate treatment. This paper aims to review the current therapeutic options for patients with CH. We conducted a narrative literature review on the treatments available for this condition using the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) classification of therapeutic evidence. We found effective and safe pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies with heterogeneity of clinical trial designs for patients with CH, and they are divided into three phases, namely, transitional, acute, and preventive interventions. Prednisone (A) is the most studied treatment in the transitional phase; acute attacks are treated using triptans (A), oxygen (A), and non-invasive transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (A). Verapamil (A) and monoclonal antibodies (possible A) are considered the first options in preventive treatments, followed by multiple pharmacological and non-pharmacological options in prophylactic treatments. In conclusion, numerous effective and safe treatments are available in treating patients with episodic, chronic, and pharmacoresistant CH according to the clinical profile of each patient.
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Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based composites are evolving three-dimensional (3D) networking hydrophilic protein composite scaffolds with high water content. These protein composites have been devoted to biomedical applications due to their unique abilities, such as flexibility, soft structure, versatility, stimuli-responsiveness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and others. They resemble the native extracellular matrix (ECM) thanks to their remarkable cell-adhesion and matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-responsive amino acid motifs. These favorable properties promote cells to proliferate and inflate within GelMA-protein scaffolds. The performance of GelMA composites has been enriched using cell-amenable components, including peptides and proteins with a high affinity to harmonize cellular activities and tissue morphologies. Due to their inimitable merits, GelMA systems have been used in various fields such as drug delivery, biosensor, the food industry, biomedical, and other health sectors. The current knowledge and the role of GelMA scaffolds in bone tissue engineering are limited. The rational design and development of novel nanomaterials-incorporated GelMA-based composites with unique physicochemical and biological advantages would be used to regulate cellular functionality and bone regeneration. Substantial challenges remain. This review focuses on recent progress in mitigating those disputes. The study opens with a brief introduction to bone tissue engineering and GelMA-based composites, followed by their potential applications in bone tissue engineering. The future perspectives and current challenges of GelMA composites are demonstrated. This review would guide the researchers to design and fabricate more efficient multifunctional GelMA-based composites with improved characteristics for their practical applications in bone tissue engineering and biomedical segments.
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Unique properties and potential applications of nanofibers have emerged as innovative approaches and opportunities in the biomedical, healthcare, environmental, and biosensor fields. Electrospinning and centrifugal spinning strategies have gained considerable attention among all kinds of strategies to produce nanofibers. These techniques produce nanofibers with high porosity and surface area, adequate pore architecture, and diverse chemical compositions. The extraordinary characteristics of nanofibers have unveiled new gates in nanomedicine to establish innovative fiber-based formulations for biomedical use, healthcare, and a wide range of other applications. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nanofibers and their broad range of applications, including drug delivery, biomedical scaffolds, tissue/bone-tissue engineering, dental applications, and environmental remediation in a single place. The review begins with a brief introduction followed by potential applications of nanofibers. Finally, the future perspectives and current challenges of nanofibers are demonstrated. This review will help researchers to engineer more efficient multifunctional nanofibers with improved characteristics for their effective use in broad areas. We strongly believe this review is a reader's delight and will help in dealing with the fundamental principles and applications of nanofiber-based scaffolds. This review will assist students and a broad range of scientific communities to understand the significance of nanofibers in several domains of nanotechnology, nanomedicine, biotechnology, and environmental remediation, which will set a benchmark for further research.
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Materiales Biocompatibles , Nanofibras , Materiales Biocompatibles/uso terapéutico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Nanofibras/química , Nanofibras/uso terapéutico , Nanotecnología/métodos , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodosRESUMEN
The generation of amino acid homochirality under prebiotic atmosphere conditions is a relevant issue in the study of the origin of life. This research is based on the production of amino acids via Strecker synthesis and how it is adjusted to the Kondepudi-Nelson autocatalytic model. The spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB) of the new Kondepudi-Nelson-Strecker model, subject to two modifications (with Limited Enantioselective and Cross Inhibition), and also their combination were studied using the stoichiometric network analysis (SNA). In the calculations, the values obtained from the literature for alanine were considered. A total production of alanine of 7.56 × 109 mol year-1 was determined under prebiotic atmosphere conditions and starting from that value, the reaction rates for the models studied were estimated. Only the model with cross inhibition or achiral dimer formation is driven by stochastic fluctuations during SMSB. The stochastic fluctuation was estimated for a value of 2.619 × 10-15 mol L-1. This perturbation was sufficient to trigger SMSB. Finally, the results of SMSB were used to calculate the entropy production for the cross inhibition model.
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Aminoácidos , Modelos Químicos , Alanina , Aminoácidos/química , Atmósfera , Catálisis , Estereoisomerismo , TermodinámicaRESUMEN
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are very attractive light sources because they are large area emitters, and can in principle be deposited on flexible substrates. These features make them suitable for ambulatory photodynamic therapy (PDT). A few reports of in vitro or in vivo OLED based PDT studies for cancer or microbial inhibition are published but to our best knowledge, none against yeasts. Yeast infections are a significant health risk, especially in low income countries with limited medical facilities. In this work, OLED-based antimicrobial PDT (aPDT), using methylene blue (MB) as photosensitizer (PS), is studied to inactivate opportunistic yeast of four Candida strains of two species: Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Before aPDT experiments, fluconazole-resistance was evaluated for all strains, showing that both strains of C. tropicalis were resistant and both strains of C. albicans were sensitive to it. We found that 3 repetitive irradiations work better than a single dose while keeping the total fluence constant, and that this result applies whether or not the strains are resistant to fluconazole.
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Antiinfecciosos , Fotoquimioterapia , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida , Candida albicans , Azul de Metileno/farmacología , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacologíaRESUMEN
RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar la estimación de la tasa natural de desempleo para Colombia y contrastar los resultados con las estimaciones que se han realizado previamente. Para lograr este propósito se estima la curva de Phillips ampliada por expectativas, con datos trimestrales para el período 200I-20I8, utilizando el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y el método generalizado de los momentos. Los resultados evidencian la no existencia de una curva de Philips en Colombia para el período de estudio y permiten calcular una tasa natural de desempleo del 6,23%. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL J21, J64, E24
ABSTRACT The purpose of this work is to estimate the natural rate of unemployment for Colombia and compare the results with the estimates that have been previously made. An Expectations-Augmented Phillips Curve is estimated, with quarterly data for the period 200I-20I8, using the method of Ordinary Least Squares and the Generalized Method of Moments. The results show that there is no Philips curve in Colombia for the period analyzed, and a natural rate of unemployment of 6.23%. JEL CLASSIFICATION J21, J64, E24
RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar a taxa natural de desemprego para a Colômbia e comparar os resultados com as estimativas que foram feitas anteriormente. Para alcançar este propósito, a curva de Phillips é estimada por expectativa, com dados trimestrais para o período 200I-20I8, usando o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários e o método generalizado dos momentos. Os resultados mostram que não há curva de Phillips na Colômbia para o período em estudo e permitem o cálculo de uma taxa natural de desemprego de 6,23%. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL J21, J64, E24
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La parada cardiorrespiratoria no es un evento frecuente en pediatría, pero para aquellos que la sufren, representa un serio problema por la elevada mortalidad o el riesgo de secuelas. La causa más frecuente es la hipoxia, por tanto, las intervenciones respiratorias son imprescindibles durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar. Debido a la pandemia de la COVID-19, el abordaje de la vía aérea durante la resucitación ha sido analizada teniendo en cuenta el alto riesgo de contagiosidad del virus SARS-CoV-2 por la aerosolización de las secreciones respiratorias. Se recomienda el uso de equipos de protección, limitar el personal necesario para la resucitación, preferir la ventilación por tubo endotraqueal si hay personal entrenado y extremar la vigilancia del paciente pediátrico en riesgo para compensar la demora por la colocación de los medios de protección. Es imprescindible conocer cada una de las intervenciones en los distintos eslabones de la cadena de supervivencia para lograr la recuperación del paciente con el menor número de secuelas posibles y sin contagio en el personal de la salud(AU)
Cardiorespiratory arrest is a not a frequent event in pediatrics, but it is a serious problem for those who suffer it due to its high mortality rates and the risk of sequelaes. Hypoxia is its most frequent cause that is why respiratory interventions are essential during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, tackling the air ways during resuscitation has been subject of analysis taking into account the high risk of contagion of the virus SARS-COV-2 by the aerosolization of respiratory secretions. It is recommended the use of protection equipment, to limit personnel to the just needed for resuscitation, to choose ventilation by endotracheal intubation if there is trained personnel, and to maximize the surveillance of paediatric patients at risk in order to compensate the delay due to the placing of protection means. It is essential to know each of the interventions in the different links of the survival chain in order to achieve the patient's recovery with the lower number of possible sequelaes and without contagions among the health personnel(AU)
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Humanos , Resucitación , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Equipos y Suministros , Paro Cardíaco , Intubación IntratraquealRESUMEN
RESUMEN La prescripción de carbonato de litio es común en la actividad psiquiátrica cotidiana. El objetivo es identificar las alteraciones endocrinas secundarias y sus bases fisiopatológicas. La revisión de la literatura se realizó en Psycinfo, EMBASE, PubMed y Scopus. Se efectuó una búsqueda computarizada de información utilizando la estrategia PICO. Las alteraciones más comunes están en riñones, tiroides, paratiroides, páncreas y vías neuroendocrinas. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes son diversos, y destacan la inhibición de la adenilato ciclasa tiroidea sensible a tirotropina como causa de hipotiroidismo, la expresión reducida de acuaporina 2 como causa de diabetes insípida nefrogénica, la pérdida del equilibrio iónico del calcio y la presencia de hiperparatiroidismo e hipercalcemia. En el eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-adrenal, se documenta una disminución en la producción de catecolaminas. Finalmente, se documenta la desregulación en el control de la glucemia al aumentar la resistencia a la insulina. Es necesario conocer estas eventualidades e identificarlas tempranamente a través de evaluaciones periódicas. Se propone un esquema de evaluación integral, sin que implique un algoritmo de tratamiento.
ABSTRACT The prescribing of Lithium is common in psychiatric clinical practice. The aim of this study was to identify the most common endocrine side effects associated with this drug and to clarify the pathophysiological basis. A systematic review was conducted in Psycinfo, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. A computerised search for information was performed using a PICO (patient, intervention, comparative, outcomes) strategy. The main neuroendocrine alterations were reported in kidneys, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, and the communication pathways between the pituitary and adrenal glands. The pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse, and include the inhibition of the thyroid adenylate cyclase sensitive to the thyroid stimulant hormone (TSH) sensitive adenylate cyclase, which causes hypothyroidism. It also reduces the expression of aquaporin type 2, which is associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and the loss of the ionic balance of calcium that induces hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia. Other considerations are related to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a decrease in the production of catecholamines. Finally, another side-effect is the glycaemic dysregulation caused by the insulin resistance. Periodical clinical and para-clinical evaluations are necessary. The author proposes an evaluation scheme.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Carbonato de Litio , Riñón , Litio , Glándulas Paratiroides , Glándula Tiroides , Glándulas Suprarrenales , Diabetes Insípida NefrogénicaRESUMEN
Escherichia coli is the main etiological agent of urinary tract infections. Its virulence factors are important during the initial interaction stage with the host as they enable colonization of urinary tract tissues. The genetic markers evidencing susceptibility to develop recurrent infections have been previously described. Toll-like receptors are critical sensors of microbial attacks, and they are also effectors of the individual's innate defense for elimination of pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between functional polymorphisms (896 A>G, 1196 C>T, - 2570 A>G, - 2081 G>A) and susceptibility to develop urinary tract infections as well as E. coli virulence factors. This study includes 100 samples from patients diagnosed with UTI and 100 samples from uninfected subjects. A conventional urine culture was performed and the isolates were identified by using the Vitek automated system. TLR4 gene polymorphisms were identified by the PCR-RFLP technique. The hlyA, fimH, papC, iutA and cnf1 virulence factors as well as the E. coli phylogenetic group were assessed by PCR. In this study, it was observed that the presence of the - 2570 polymorphism represents a risk of UTI (p < 0.01), whereas - 2081 confers protection (p < 0.01). The 896A>G and 1196C>T polymorphisms were associated with the E. coli virulence factors fimH and hlyA, respectively (p < 0.05). The B2 group was the most frequent in clinical isolates (51%), and it displayed more virulence factors regarding other phylogenetic groups (p ≤ 0.05). An interesting finding was that strains considered as commensals, belonging to groups A and B1, can cause UTI and present virulence factors. Polymorphisms occurring in the TLR4 promoter region are correlated with susceptibility or risk of UTI, whereas structural polymorphisms are associated with the recognition of virulence factors displayed by E. coli.
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Infecciones por Escherichia coli/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Infecciones Urinarias/genética , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/patogenicidad , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Niño , Preescolar , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Embarazo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
El éxito en el tratamiento de las infecciones necrotizantes de los tejidos blandos (INTB) depende de la precocidad diagnóstica y de la agresividad terapéutica, basada en el desbridamiento quirúrgico, la antibioticoterapia de amplio espectro y el soporte intensivo. Se presenta un caso de INTB secundaria a diverticulitis aguda perforada (Hinchey 4) con el fin de ilustrar las consideraciones particulares en el manejo de la INTB de localización en la pared abdominal, apoyadas en la evidencia disponible en la literatura científica. Se identifican como puntos clave la precocidad y la agresividad del desbridamiento quirúrgico, la antibioticoterapia dirigida por el cultivo y su suspensión guiada por la negativización microbiológica; y el empleo de técnicas combinadas de autoplastia y prótesis apoyadas en la terapia de presión negativa en la restauración de la pared abdominal, con lo que se ha obtenido un buen resultado.Successful treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) depends on early diagnosis and therapeutical aggressiveness, based on surgical debridement, broad spectrum antibiotics and intensive support. A case of perforated diverticulitis (Hinchey 4)-secondary-NSTI is presented in order to illustrate the particular considerations in the management of abdominal wall located NSTI, supported on the evidence available in scientific literature. Several key points are identified, such as prompt and aggressive surgical debridement; culture-guided antibiotherapy and its suspension based on microbiological negativization; and the utilization of combined techniques of autoplastic repair and replacement, also supported on negative pressure therapy in the abdominal wall restoration, which have shown a good outcome.
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Pared Abdominal/patología , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/patología , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/terapia , Anciano , Terapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , NecrosisRESUMEN
Visualization of deep blood vessels in speckle images is an important task as it is used to analyze the dynamics of the blood flow and the health status of biological tissue. Laser speckle imaging is a wide-field optical technique to measure relative blood flow speed based on the local speckle contrast analysis. However, it has been reported that this technique is limited to certain deep blood vessels (about ? = 300 ?? ? m ) because of the high scattering of the sample; beyond this depth, the quality of the vessel's image decreases. The use of a representation based on homogeneity values, computed from the co-occurrence matrix, is proposed as it provides an improved vessel definition and its corresponding diameter. Moreover, a methodology is proposed for automatic blood vessel location based on the kurtosis analysis. Results were obtained from the different skin phantoms, showing that it is possible to identify the vessel region for different morphologies, even up to 900 ?? ? m in depth.
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Vasos Sanguíneos/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen Óptica , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Rayos Láser , Fantasmas de Imagen , Piel/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis (EONS) is a clinical situation resulting from the invasion andproliferation of bacteria, fungi or viruses in the newborn (NB) bloodstream, which occurs within the first 72hours of life. To determine the diagnostic usefulness of laboratory tests performed on infants with suspicion ofearly neonatal sepsis at the Santa Barbara Integrated Hospital, Honduras. A case-control study was carried outduring 2016; the cases were 20 infants with early onset neonatal sepsis, and the controls were 40 infants whowere admitted as potentially septic, but the blood culture result was negative. Sensitivity, specificity, positivepredictive value (PPV) and negative (NPV) of leukocytosis, platelets, initial C-reactive protein (CRP) and controlwere calculated. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 19. It was found that 17 (28.3 %) NB were women and43 (71.7 %) were men. The VPP of the initial PCR was 5 %, increasing to 85 % in the control study. The isolatedmicroorganism was enterobacter in 6 (30 %) of the RNs. Of the 23 (38.3 %) neonates who presentedcomplications; 11 (48 %) had positive blood culture and 12 (52 %) had negative blood cultures. The dischargecondition was medical discharge in 55 (92 %) and referred to a more complex hospital 5 (8 %) of the neonates.The VPP of the C-reactive protein increases considerably when doing a laboratory control,between 24-48 hours.
Sepsis neonatal temprana es aquella situación clínica derivada de la invasión y proliferación de bacterias, hongos o virus en el torrente sanguíneo del recién nacido (RN), que se presenta en las primeras 72 horas de vida. Determinar la utilidad diagnóstica de los exámenes de laboratorio que se realizan a los RN con sospecha de sepsis neonatal temprana, en el Hospital Santa Bárbara Integrado (HSBI), Honduras. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, durante el año 2016, los casos fueron 20 RN con sepsisneonatal temprana comprobada por hemocultivo y los controles 40 RN que ingresaron como potencial mentesépticos, pero el resultado de hemocultivo fue negativo. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) de leucocitosis, plaquetas, proteína C reactiva (PCR) inicial y la de control. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS versión 19. Se encontró que 17 (28.3 %) RN eran mujeres y 43(71.7 %) hombres. El VPP de la PCR inicial fue 5 %, aumentando a 85% en el estudio de control. El microorganismo aislado fue enterobacter en 6 (30 %) de los RN. De los 23 (38.3 %) neonatos que presentaron complicación; 11 (48 %) tenían hemocultivo positivo y 12 (52 %) tenían hemocultivo negativo. La condición de egreso fue alta médica en 55 (92 %) y referido a un hospital de mayor complejidad 5 (8 %)de los neonatos. El VPP, de la proteína C reactiva, aumenta considerablemente al hacer un control laboratorial,entre 24-48 horas.
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Humanos , Recién Nacido , Sepsis Neonatal/diagnóstico , Cultivo de Sangre/métodos , Estudios de Casos y ControlesRESUMEN
Antecedentes: la muerte inesperada del lactante (MIL) sin asistencia, ya sea en domicilio o a su arribo al hospital conlleva a un impedimento en la firma del certificado de defunción y al necesario peritaje forense a los efectos de descartar las causas no naturales. Conocer la causa de muerte es de suma importancia no sólo para las autoridades sanitarias sino para los Pediatras a afectos actuar sobre los factores implicados. Objetivos: el objetivo de esta revisión es analizar las patologías encontradas y las circunstancias que rodearon a la muerte en los casos MIL, a los efectos de identificar factores de riesgo. Métodos: se incluyeron en este estudio 591 menores de un año fallecidos en forma súbita e inesperada, en domicilio o a su arribo a un centro asistencial, ingresados al Programa MIL, entre octubre de 1998 y diciembre de 2015, con intervalo libre 2002-2006. No todos los fallecidos en dicho período en iguales circunstancias fueron enviados para su estudio. Se reunió historia clínica, circunstancias de la muerte y la familia fue entrevistada. Los casos fueron analizados por el grupo interdisciplinario. Se clasificó como: Muerte Explicable cuando se encuentra una causa y Muerte Indeterminada cuando no se encuentra una causa. Estas últimas están constituidas por Síndrome de Muerte Súbita del Lactante (SMSL) y las Zonas Grises (ZG). Se agruparon como ZG aquellos casos en los que no había una causa que con certeza explicara la muerte, pero había factores predisponentes que pudieron causarla o favorecerla. Estas ZG fueron distribuidas en 6 categorías. Para clasificar como SMSL el grupo exige la ausencia de colecho, de decúbito prono, de almohada y de otros entornos factibles de causar sofocación...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Mortalidad Infantil , Causas de Muerte , Muerte Súbita del Lactante/etiología , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Antropología Forense , Asfixia/mortalidad , Cardiopatías Congénitas/mortalidad , Posición SupinaRESUMEN
Antecedentes: la muerte inesperada del lactante (MIL) sin asistencia, ya sea en domicilio o a su arribo al hospital conlleva a un impedimento en la firma del certificado de defunción y al necesario peritaje forense a los efectos de descartar las causas no naturales. Conocer la causa de muerte es de suma importancia no sólo para las autoridades sanitarias sino para los Pediatras a afectos actuar sobre los factores implicados. Objetivos: el objetivo de esta revisión es analizar las patologías encontradas y las circunstancias que rodearon a la muerte en los casos MIL, a los efectos de identificar factores de riesgo. Métodos: se incluyeron en este estudio 591 menores de un año fallecidos en forma súbita e inesperada, en domicilio o a su arribo a un centro asistencial, ingresados al Programa MIL, entre octubre de 1998 y diciembre de 2015, con intervalo libre 2002-2006. No todos los fallecidos en dicho período en iguales circunstancias fueron enviados para su estudio. Se reunió historia clínica, circunstancias de la muerte y la familia fue entrevistada. Los casos fueron analizados por el grupo interdisciplinario. Se clasificó como: Muerte Explicable cuando se encuentra una causa y Muerte Indeterminada cuando no se encuentra una causa. Estas últimas están constituidas por Síndrome de Muerte Súbita del Lactante (SMSL) y las Zonas Grises (ZG). Se agruparon como ZG aquellos casos en los que no había una causa que con certeza explicara la muerte, pero había factores predisponentes que pudieron causarla o favorecerla. Estas ZG fueron distribuidas en 6 categorías. Para clasificar como SMSL el grupo exige la ausencia de colecho, de decúbito prono, de almohada y de otros entornos factibles de causar sofocación. Resultados: se estudiaron 591 casos. Se identificó una causa de muerte en 339 casos (57.4%). En 252 la muerte fue indeterminada (42.6%). Se encontró infección respiratoria en 29% de los casos (50% de las muertes explicables); anomalía cardíaca en 15%; diarrea con deshidratación en 4.5%; sofocación accidental en 3%; se identificó una causa violenta en 1.5%. Hubo variación entre los dos períodos (1998-2001 y 2007-2015). De los casos indeterminados, 242 correspondieron ZG y 10 a SMSL. En 91% de las ZG menores de 4 meses de edad que tienen el dato evaluable, hubo un entorno de sueño inseguro. El colecho se observó en 72%, principalmente múltiple o asociado a decúbito prono u otros factores de riesgo. En neonatos, el 81% de las ZG evaluables, tuvo un factor de riesgo asociado a las condiciones de sueño. Conclusiones: se identificaron patologías sobre las que es posible actuar desde la prevención (infecciones respiratorias, diagnóstico prenatal de cardiopatías). En los casos indeterminados, se identificaron factores de riesgo modificables desde el primer nivel de atención con la implementación de campañas educativas y recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro dirigidas a la comunidad.
Background: sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) carries an impediment to sign the death certificate. A legal autopsy is mandatory to exclude unnatural death. To know the cause of death in infancy is relevant to health authorities and paediatrics. Objectives: to investigate the pathologies and risk factors in the cases of SUDI studied. Methods: autopsies between October 1998 and December 2015 were analysed. There was a free interval (2002 to 2006). It does not include every case of SUDI in the local population. The clinical records were gathered, the circumstances of death investigated and the family was interviewed. The cases were discussed in a multidisciplinary team. The cases were classified as Explained Death or Undetermined. The undetermined deaths were classified either as Gray Zone (GZ) or SIDS cases. Six categories were considered in GZ. To consider a case as SIDS, a safe sleep environment is required; that means no co-sleeping, no prone sleeping and no pillows use that could eventually cause suffocation. Cases were coded as GZ when a clear cause of death was not identified, but abnormalities were found that could have predisposed or contributed to death. GZ were divided in 6 categories. Results: 591 cases were examined. A cause of death was identified in 339 cases (57.4%). In 252 cases, it was undetermined (42.6%). A respiratory infection was found in 29% of the autopsies (50% of the explained deaths). A cardiac anomaly was found in 15%; dehydration secondary to diarrhoea in 4.5%; suffocation in 3%; a violent cause was identified in 1.5%. There were variations between both periods (1998-2001 and 2007-2015). 252 deaths remained unexplained after the autopsy (42.6%), these were the undetermined cases. 242 were classified as Gray Zone (GZ) and 10 as SIDS cases. 91% of the evaluable GZ cases <4 months old had an unsafe sleeping environment. Co-sleeping was observed in 72% of the evaluable <4 month cases; it was mainly multiple or associated with prone sleeping position. In newborns, 81% of the evaluable ZG cases had a sleep related risk factor. Conclusions: The study improved allowed to identify pathologies amenable to intervention and prevention (respiratory infections, prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease). Sleep related risk factors were identified, amenable to prevention through community education programs.