RESUMEN

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most prevalent cancer globally. It's recognized that the molecular subtype of CRC, characterized by mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), plays a critical role in determining appropriate treatment strategies. This review examines the current molecular classifications, focusing on dMMR/MSI-H CRC and its subtypes: Lynch syndrome (LS), Lynch-like syndrome (LLS), and sporadic cases. Despite advances in understanding of these genetic backgrounds, clinical trials have not conclusively differentiated the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors among these subgroups. Therefore, while this review details the molecular characteristics and their general implications for treatment and prognosis, it also highlights the limitations and the need for more refined clinical studies to ascertain tailored therapeutic strategies for each subtype. Furthermore, this review summarizes completed and ongoing clinical studies, emphasizing the importance of developing treatments aligned more closely with molecular profiles. By discussing these aspects, the review seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of oncological characteristics, presenting a detailed understanding of their implications for treatment and prognosis in dMMR/MSI-H CRC.

RESUMEN

Pericardial fistula is a rare complication. Generally, the diagnosis can be confirmed by imaging examination, but our patient was an exception. We present a 71-year-old female patient that complained of remnant gastric cancer for five months and dyspnea for seven days; the dyspnea became aggravated during the last two days. After admission, emergency thoracic computed tomography and echocardiography showed pericardial effusion, and pericardiocentesis was performed. After conventional treatment, the pericardial effusion was unchanged and no cancer cells were found in the pericardial drainage. However, the color changed from turbid to golden yellow and, finally, to green. After 20 days of repeated laboratory, imaging, and gastrointestinal contrast examinations, no cause was found. Moreover, a clinical diagnosis could not be obtained following numerous comprehensive clinical analyses. Given the color change of the pericardial drainage, we strongly suspected pericardial fistula, but the imaging examinations were negative. Finally, a methylene blue test confirmed the existence of a pericardial fistula. When the color of the pericardial effusion changes, the existence of a pericardial fistula must be considered in advance, and other methods should be evaluated if imaging cannot assist in the diagnosis.

Asunto(s)

Taponamiento Cardíaco , Fístula , Derrame Pericárdico , Humanos , Femenino , Anciano , Derrame Pericárdico/diagnóstico por imagen , Derrame Pericárdico/etiología , Azul de Metileno , Pericardiocentesis/efectos adversos , Fístula/diagnóstico por imagen , Disnea/complicaciones

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is an important member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that regulate the induction of apoptosis. This study aims to investigate whether Bcl-2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) combined with miR-15a oligonucleotides (ODN) could enhance methotrexate (MTX)-induced apoptosis in Raji cells. METHODS: Chemically synthesized miR-15a ODN and Bcl-2 siRNA were transfected in Raji cells by using a HiPerFect Transfection Reagent and then combined with MTX. Expression levels of Bcl-2 protein were detected by Western blot. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK8 assay. The rate of cell apoptosis was determined by Annexin V/PI double staining. The morphology of apoptotic cells was observed by Hoechst-33 258 staining. RESULTS: After the cells were transfected with miR-15a ODN combined with Bcl-2 siRNA, Bcl-2 protein levels were evidently decreased. CCK8 assay showed that cell proliferation was significantly decreased and was significantly lower in miR-15a ODN combined with Bcl-2 siRNA plus MTX group than in miR-15a ODN with methotrexate group, Bcl-2 siRNA with MTX group, and single MTX group (P<0.05). Hoechst 33258 staining revealed numerous apoptotic cells. AnnexinV/PI double staining showed that the apoptotic rates were (13.13±1.60)%, (34.47±2.96)%, (32.87±3.48)%, and (45.47±2.16)% in MTX, Bcl-2 siRNA plus MTX, miR-15a ODN plus MTX, and miR-15a ODN combined with Bcl-2 siRNA plus MTX groups, respectively. Among these groups, the apoptotic rate of miR-15a ODN combined with Bcl-2 siRNA plus MTX group was the highest; this apoptotic rate was also significantly different from that of miR-15a ODN or Bcl-2 siRNA plus MTX (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bcl-2 siRNA combined with miR-15a ODN could enhance MTX-induced apoptosis in Raji cells. Bcl-2 siRNA and miR-15a combined with MTX may be a useful approach to improve the treatment effects on lymphoma.