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Coordinating the immune response and bioenergy metabolism in bone defect environments is essential for promoting bone regeneration. Mitochondria are important organelles that control internal balance and metabolism. Repairing dysfunctional mitochondria has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for disease intervention. Here, an engineered hierarchical hydrogel with immune responsiveness can adapt to the bone regeneration environment and mediate the targeted mitochondria transfer between cells. The continuous supply of mitochondria by macrophages can restore the mitochondrial bioenergy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC). Fundamentally solving the problem of insufficient energy support of BMSCs caused by local inflammation during bone repair and regeneration. This discovery provides a new therapeutic strategy for promoting bone regeneration and repair, which has research value and practical application prospects in the treatment of various diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.

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Root canal irrigation is an important step in root canal preparation procedures and has a great impact on the success rate of root canal treatment. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a new method to study root canal irrigation. It can be used to simulate and visualize the process of root canal irrigation, and quantitatively evaluate the effect of root canal irrigation through parameters such as flow velocity and wall shear stress. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on the factors that influence root canal irrigation efficiency, such as the position of the irrigation needle, the size of root canal preparation, the types of irrigation needles, and so on. This article reviewed the development of root canal irrigation research methods, the steps of CFD simulation in root canal irrigation, and the application of CFD in root canal irrigation in recent years. It aimed to provide new research ideas for the application of CFD to root canal irrigation and to provide a reference for the clinical application of CFD simulation results.

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OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively analyze the maxillary palatal masticatory mucosa thickness and anatomical morphology of palatal vault in Zhejiang province. METHODS: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 146 adult patients were collected from outpatients in Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The images were reconstructed by adjusting the reference line and analyzed on the sagittal plane of the measured teeth. The thickness of masticatory mucosa from maxillary canine to second molar area was measured at the level of 3, 6, 9, 12 mm from the gingival margin. At the same time, the height and width of the palatal vault were measured, the position of the greater palatal foramen relative to the second molar, and the distance from the greater palatal foramen to the mid-palatal suture and the alveolar crest were determined. Spearman correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to explore the influencing factors of the maxillary masticatory mucosa thickness. One-way analysis of variance and LSD multiple comparisons were used to analyze the difference in palatal mucosal thickness of each tooth position in different age groups. The sample t-test was used to analyze the differences in the mucosal thickness of each tooth position and the distance from the greater palatal foramen to the mid-palatal suture and the alveolar crest in different anatomical forms of the palatal vault. RESULTS: The mean palatal masticatory mucosa thickness from maxillary canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molar and second molar areas were (2.94±0.48), (3.28±0.49), (3.43±0.53), (3.01±0.55), (3.49±0.70) mm, respectively. The mucosa thickness of canines, first premolars and second premolars areas showed increasing at first and then decreasing trend. The mucosal thickness of the canines area was greatest at 6 mm from the gingival margin, and the thickness of the first and second premolars areas was greatest at 9 mm from the gingival margin. Premolars are thickest at 9 mm from the gingival margin. The thickness of the mucosa of the first molars area increased with the increase of the distance from the gingival margin, and the thickness of the mucosa of the second molars area was the thinnest at 6 mm, and then increased with the increase of the distance from the gingival margin. The main influencing factors of the mucosal thickness of canines, first premolars and first molars areas were age and palatal vault aspect ratio, the main influencing factor of the mucosal thickness of second premolars area was age, and the main influencing factor of the mucosal thickness of second molars area was palatal vault aspect ratio. There was no significant colinearity among the variables ( VIF<10). The results of the further stratified analysis showed that the mucosal thickness of the maxillary canine to the first molar area was positively correlated with age, and mucosal thickening is more pronounced in people aged 45 years old and above. The thickness of the canine mucosa in the high palate vault group was greater than that in the low palate vault group ( P<0.05), and the thickness of the second molar mucosa was smaller than that in the low palate vault group ( P<0.05). The greater palatal foramen was mostly located in the distal region of the second molar crown. The distance from the greater palatal foramen to the alveolar crest in the high palatal vault group was greater than that in the low palatal vault group ( P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups in the distance from the foramen magnum to the mid-palatal suture ( P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The most suitable donor site for autologous soft tissue graft may be 3-9 mm from the gingival margin of the first and second premolars area.

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Background: Diabetes-associated periodontal disease is caused by diabetes-enhanced host immune-inflammatory responses to bacterial insult. An increasing number of papers related to diabetes-associated periodontal disease have been published. This study analyzed research on diabetes-associated periodontal disease with bibliometrics methods. The objective of this study was to identify hotspots and frontiers in the diabetes-associated periodontal disease research field. Methods: Publications were extracted from the Web of Science core collection database, and the document types included were limited to articles and reviews. The bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace5 was used to analyze the number of articles, research fields, countries/regions, institutions, authors, keywords, and other information. Outcomes were visualized to analyze the hotspots and research frontiers of diabetes-associated periodontal disease. Results: A total of 3,572 articles were retrieved. Among the research fields, dentistry, oral surgery, and medicine accounted for the highest proportion of publications, and public, environmental, and occupational health had the highest betweenness centrality. The number of publications from the United States ranked first among all the countries, while Columbia University ranked first among all the institutions. Global cooperation was not frequent. Keyword analysis showed that inflammatory pathways were the hotspots. Burst words analysis indicated that early prevention was a research frontier. Conclusions: The bibliometric method helped identify research hotspots and frontiers. Inflammatory pathways were hotspots, and early prevention was a frontier in diabetes-associated periodontal disease.

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BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis remains the most common disease of the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of serum interleukin-6, interleukin-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. METHODS: Using flow cytometry analysis, we detect the level of serum interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-17A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in 127 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and 20 healthy control cases; compare; and analyze the correlation of each index. RESULTS: The levels of serum interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the recurrent aphthous stomatitis group were higher than in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < .05). There was no significant difference in interleukin-17A between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The levels of serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients were significantly increased. Considering that serum TNF-α was mostly within the normal range, its role in the pathology of RAS needed to be further explored.

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The liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The activated LXRs have a variety of biological functions, for instance they can not only regulate the metabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids and glucose, but also play an important role in immune inflammatory response. Massive studies have shown that LXRs are involved in the occurrence and progress of inflammatory-related diseases, and can inhibit the inflammation of some inflammatory-related diseases in the nervous system, the respiratory system, and the cardiovascular system. In this review, we summarized the recent progress regarding LXRs in inflammatory-related diseases, including the structure, function and anti-inflammatory mechanism of LXRs, in order to provide new methods for preventing and treating inflammatory-related diseases.

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