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Liver steatosis is a main histopathological feature of Hepatitis C (HCV) infection because of genotype 3. Steatosis and/or mechanisms underlying steatogenesis can contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the impact of infection with HCV genotype 3 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence in patients with ongoing HCV cirrhosis. Three hundred and fifty-three consecutive patients (193 men, mean age 58 ± 13 years), with histologically proven HCV cirrhosis and persistent viral replication prospectively followed and screened for HCC between 1994 and 2007. Log-rank test and Cox model were used to compare the actuarial incidence of HCC between genotype subgroups. The patients infected with a genotype 3 (n = 25) as compared with those infected with other genotypes (n = 328) had a lower prothrombin activity [78 (interquartile range 60-85) vs 84 (71-195) %, P = 0.03] and higher rate of alcohol abuse (48%vs 29%, P = 0.046). During a median follow-up of 5.54 years [2.9-8.6], 11/25 patients (44%) and 87/328 patients (26%) with a genotype 3 and non-3 genotype, respectively, develop a HCC. HCC incidences were significantly different among the genotype subgroups (P = 0.001). The 5-year occurrence rate of HCC was 34% (95% CI, 1.3-6.3) and 17% (95% CI, 5.7-9.2) in genotype 3 and non-3 genotype groups, respectively (P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, infection with a genotype 3 was independently associated with an increased risk of HCC occurrence [hazard ratio 3.54 (95% CI, 1.84-6.81), P = 0.0002], even after adjustment for prothrombin activity and alcohol abuse [3.58 (1.80-7.13); P = 0.003]. For patients with HCV cirrhosis and ongoing infection, infection with genotype 3 is independently associated with an increased risk of HCC development.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Cirrhosis is considered as a risk factor for osteoporosis whose prevalence is poorly known. The aim was to assess prospectively bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with alcoholic or viral compensated cirrhosis. METHODS: From 2006 to 2008, patients with viral or alcoholic compensated cirrhosis had BMD assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The prevalence of osteopenia (-2.5SD

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Iron accumulation in the liver is considered to be a co-factor for progression of liver disease. Iron overload can enhance the effects of oxidative stress and influence the natural history of patients with cirrhosis, exposing them to a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The results of clinical studies designed to assess the impact of liver iron content on the risk of tumor development have remained controversial for some time. It is known that common factors can affect both liver iron overload and the risk of cancer, necessitating multivariate analyses of these features in large cohorts of cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, the causes and consequences of hepatic iron overload appear to depend on the cause of the underlying liver disease. Thus, the only solid evidence of a relationship between liver iron overload and event occurrence has come from longitudinal studies conducted in homogeneous cohorts of patients with cirrhosis. So far, the available data suggest that iron accumulation in the liver is an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and/or nonalcoholic hepatosteatosis, but not in those with viral hepatitis C cirrhosis.

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BACKGROUND: Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the gold standard for assessing the presence and the severity of portal hypertension (PHT). Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) is a non-invasive method for liver fibrosis assessment. AIMS: To assess the relationship between LSM and HVPG in patients with compensated cirrhosis related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) or alcohol and to define the performance and the best cut-off of LSM for the diagnosis of PHT in these patients. METHODS: Between January 2004 and September 2006, we studied all the consecutive patients with compensated HCV or alcohol-related-cirrhosis referred for transjugular liver biopsy with HVPG measurement and LSM performed the same day. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients were eligible, 44 had HCV related-cirrhosis and 48 alcoholic cirrhosis. LSM was positively correlated to HVPG in both groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the diagnosis of significant PHT was 0.76 +/- 0.07 in HCV patients (best cut-off at 20.5 kPa) and 0.94 +/- 0.03 (best cut-off at 34.9 kPa) in alcoholic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Liver stiffness measurement and HVPG were significantly correlated in patients with compensated cirrhosis because of HCV infection or alcohol. LSM could predict significant PHT in both these groups of patients with a higher cut-off and a better performance in alcoholic patients.

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Little is known about the role of specific hepatitis C virus (HCV) CD8+ T cells in liver damage, especially for the progression of fibrosis, during the highly variable course of chronic C hepatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells in the liver of patients with chronic C hepatitis and to examine their clinical significance by relating the response to liver fibrosis and progression rate, serum viral load, serum aminotransferase levels, inflammatory activity and in situ characteristics of the intrahepatic infiltrate. Fifteen patients were prospectively included in the study. Intrahepatic lymphocytes were tested for interferon gamma (IFNg) production in response to HCV class I-restricted epitopic peptides using enzyme-linked immunospot analysis. Liver biopsy samples were evaluated for fibrosis, fibrosis progression rate, activity, and in situ number of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes and apoptotic cells. An IFNg-specific CD8+ T-cell response was detected in the liver samples of 47% of patients which was significantly related to a lower stage of fibrosis (P = 0.02) and a lower progression rate of fibrosis (P = 0.01). It was neither related to the number of cytotoxic lymphocytes infiltrating the liver nor to hepatocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, our results indicate that the presence of HCV-specific IFNg-secreting T cells in the liver of patients with chronic C hepatitis is associated with low liver fibrosis and fibrosis progression rate, suggesting that these IFNg-secreting T cells might limit the progression of liver damage.

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BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), regardless of its cause. Genetic and/or environmental factors may modulate the risk of HCC. Mutations in the HFE gene are responsible for genetic haemochromatosis, a condition known to be associated with liver cirrhosis, HCC, or both. It has recently been suggested that the C282Y HFE gene mutation may be more frequent in patients with HCC that have developed in the non-cirrhotic liver than in the general population. Whether or not HFE gene mutations are associated with an increased risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis is unknown. AIM: To assess the prevalence of HFE gene mutations in cirrhotic patients with and without HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 133 consecutive cirrhotic patients with HCC were prospectively studied for the presence of C282Y and H63D mutations. The control group consisted of 100 cirrhotic patients without HCC. We used restriction enzyme digestion of polymerase chain reaction amplified genomic DNA for determination of HFE genotypes. Iron loading was assessed on non- tumoral liver biopsy samples from 89 patients with HCC and 73 patients without HCC. RESULTS: The prevalence of C282Y heterozygotes was similar in patients with and without HCC (5% v 4%, respectively; p=0.65) and did not differ from that expected in the general population. None of the HCC patients was found to be homozygous for C282Y or H63D, nor compound heterozygous. The prevalence of H63D heterozygotes was similar in patients with and without HCC (31% v 38%, respectively; p=0.25). No relation was detected between HFE genotypes and hepatic iron loading in patients with or without HCC. CONCLUSION: C282Y and H63D mutations do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis.

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In Western countries, most of the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not eligible for curative treatments. Intra-arterial treatments have a palliative effect that could lead to extensive tumour necrosis and therefore have been widely used. Arterial embolization, Lipiodol-targeted chemoembolization and intra-arterial injection of radioactive iodine mixed with Lipiodol provided promising results in terms of tumoral growth, but were also responsible for severe side-effects, particularly in patients with cirrhosis. Their influence on survival has been assessed by randomized trials with contradictory results. In patients with advanced cases, embolization alone has limited or no influence on survival, and chemoembolization provided a beneficial effect mostly in patients with viral liver diseases, without liver failure, and with an adequate portal flux. The effects of radioactive iodine either in the treatment of advanced cases or the prevention of recurrences after a curative treatment must be investigated further.

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Liver large cell dysplasia (LCD) is identifiable only at the microscopic level as foci of large hepatocytes with pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. LCD is mainly observed in cirrhotic livers, on surgical specimens, within macroregenerative nodules or low grade dysplastic nodules but also on liver needle biopsies. For needle biopsies, the prevalence of LCD ranges between 15% and 20%. in case of associated hepatocellular carcinoma, the prevalence is around 40%. LCD is more frequent in hepatitis B virus-induced liver cirrhosis than in cirrhosis related to other causes. Two prospective studies showed that LCD is a predictive factor for the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. Nevertheless LCD is probably not a precancerous lesion; dysplastic hepatocytes are biologically senescent polyploid cells unable to carry out normal cell division. Diagnosis of LCD on liver needle biopsy is indicative for the presence of large and numerous foci of LCD within the whole parenchya and allows consequently to select cirrhosis associated with advanced liver cell secescence, i.e. cirrhosis in which multistep genetic alterations of liver cell carcinogenesis could have happened with the greatest probability. Therefore pathologists have to identify and indicate the presence of LCD in the reports of liver needle biopsies

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During systemic sarcoidosis, the liver is involved in about 66% of cases, usually clinically silent. The laboratory abnormalities include hypergammaglobulinemia and moderate increases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity; Imaging findings are extremely rare. As in the other organs, liver sarcoidosis is characterized histopathologically by epithelioid, typically noncaseating granulomas generally scattered widely, but many tend to be portal or periportal. In rare instances, liver sarcoidosis is complicated by portal hypertension or chronic cholestasis. Corticosteroids are the main treatment, indicated in case of symptomatic liver involvement and/or in case of extensive liver fibrosis. When portal hypertension is developed, specific treatment of esophageal varices is required.

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BACKGROUND: In patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cirrhosis, long term outcome and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still debated. DESIGN: From January 1987 to January 1997, 416 patients (240 male, median age 57 years) with uncomplicated Child-Pugh A HCV related cirrhosis were followed in two Paris area centres from diagnosis of cirrhosis until death or reference date (1 June 1998). The analysis used a three state disability model generalising the Cox model. RESULTS: Of the 416 patients, 60 developed HCC with a five year rate of 13.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.0-17.8%) and 83 died (including 34 with HCC), with a five year death rate of 15.3% (95% CI 12.6-18.0%). By multivariable analysis, time to HCC relied on age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.05 per year; p=0.0005), male sex (HR 2.13; p=0.01), oesophageal varices (HR 2.36; p= 0.008), decreased platelet count (HR 0.99; p=0. 03), and bilirubin level (HR 1.01; p=0.003), while death after HCC was mainly related to tobacco consumption (HR 1.04; p=0.0006). In contrast, death free of HCC was dependent on age (HR 1.04; p=0.01), oesophageal varices (HR 2.75; p=0.001), low platelet count (HR 0.99; p=0.006), and albumin level (HR 0.90; p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of HCC and mortality should be higher in these patients than previously stated, and prognostic factors of HCC and death are closely related age and symptoms of portal hypertension.

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In order to establish a relationship between Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection and autoimmune thyroiditis, 97 untreated patients with biopsy-proven HCV chronic hepatitis and 97 controls were studied. An ultrasound examination of the thyroid and an assay of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid antibodies were performed in all cases. The overall prevalence of thyroid abnormalities was higher in patients than in controls (17 vs. 4%, P<0.01) and the prevalence of anti-thyroid antibodies was significantly different between the two groups (P<0. 02). HCV patients with (n=13) compared to HCV patients without anti-thyroid antibodies (n=84) were older, predominantly female, and more frequently had increased serum TSH levels or a hypoechogenic pattern of the thyroid gland, while Knodell's score and prevalence of cirrhosis were similar. Latent autoimmune thyroiditis is more frequent in untreated HCV patients than in controls. This finding raises questions about the mechanism of autoimmunity induced by HCV and provides an explanation for the high rate of overt autoimmune thyroiditis during interferon treatment in these patients.

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In patients with multiple hepatotropic viral infections (B and C, or B, C and D), the reciprocal influence of each virus remains controversial. The aims of this study were twofold: first, to determine the impact of multiple infection on the replication status of B, C and D viruses and on histological features; and second, to compare patients with multiple infection to patients infected only with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). We retrospectively included 50 patients with multiple infection and 50 control HCV patients, who were matched on independent factors associated with fibrosis, such as age, gender, alcohol consumption and duration of infection. The replication status of hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV and hepatitis D virus (HDV), and histological lesions, were determined. In patients with multiple infection, HCV RNA was present less frequently (44% vs 98%, P < 0.001) and the prevalence of cirrhosis was higher (35% vs 8%, P < 0.001). Among patients with triple infection (n = 16), HBV replication was observed in 25%, HCV RNA was detectable in only two (P < 0.0001) and HCV viremia was significantly lower than in the matched HCV patients (0 vs 54.7, P < 0.0001). Among patients with dual infection (n = 34), HCV RNA was present less frequently in those with serological markers of active HBV infection than in those without (30% vs 79%, P = 0.01). Hence, multiple infection is associated with a decrease of HCV replication. Cirrhosis seems to be more frequently observed in patients with multiple infection. In patients with triple infection, serum HCV RNA and markers of HBV replication were absent in 80%, suggesting that HDV acts as a dominant virus. In patients with dual infection, HBV and HCV exert an alternative, dominant replication.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: A study was undertaken of liver biopsy samples from 229 consecutive patients with alcoholic or hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis who were prospectively followed until January 1996 to evaluate the influence of liver iron content on survival and the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Hepatic iron content was measured with a validated semiquantitative score, and its predictive value for survival and the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma was assessed. RESULTS: 130 patients had detectable iron at enrollment. During follow up (57 (28) months), 95 patients died and 39 patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma. No significant relation was found between hepatic iron and the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conversely, the presence of iron was predictive of death in alcoholic patients (p = 0.007) by the log rank test but not in patients with hepatitis C virus related (p = 0.71) or mixed (p = 0.98) cirrhosis. The predictive value of hepatic iron content in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis was confirmed by the Cox model using either a binary coding (p = 0.009; relative risk = 2.27; 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 4.19) or the continuous values (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that hepatic iron enhances liver lesions caused by alcohol but not those caused by hepatitis C virus.

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OBJECTIVES: Genetic alterations in the p53 protein may induce serum anti-p53 antibodies. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of serum anti-p53 antibodies in a large series of Western patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and the prognostic value of these antibodies on survival. METHODS: Serum anti-p53 antibodies were assayed in 159 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, at diagnosis, using an immunoenzymatic method. The initial patient characteristics were compared according to anti-p53 status. The prognostic value of these antibodies on survival was determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: One hundred fifty nine patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were included in the study (129 men, mean age: 68 years). The main associated causes of chronic liver disease were alcohol (n=86), virus C (n=34), and virus B (n=18); 151 patients had cirrhosis. Median follow-up was 306 days. Among the 159 patients, 19 (12%) had serum anti-p53 antibodies. Detection of serum anti-p53 antibodies was significantly correlated with the presence of a multinodular or infiltrative tumor (P<0.03). Survival was not influenced by the presence of anti-p53 antibodies. Serum albumin, ALAT, and alfa-fetoprotein levels were independent prognostic variables. CONCLUSION: In our study, anti-p53 antibodies were rarely found in the serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Although they were correlated with multinodular or infiltrative tumors, they had no prognostic influence on survival. Thus, assaying serum anti-p53 antibodies does not seem to have any clinical value in those patients.

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AIM: Long term treatment by fibrates could induce chronic hepatitis associated with auto-antibodies. The aim of this study was to assess the features of this hepatitis. METHODS: Baseline clinical and biological features, and liver biopsy in 5 patients with fibrate-induced chronic hepatitis were studied, as well as their outcome. RESULTS: At enrollment, patients (4 men, mean age 65 years) had highly (n = 3) or mildly (n = 2) increased serum aminotransferase activity, hypergammaglobulinemia and high titers of anti-nuclear antibodies (with homogenous fluorescence in 3 cases). Liver biopsies demonstrated a lympho-plasmocytic infiltrate in all cases. Hepatocellular necrosis was multilobular in 2 cases, and mild to moderate, located in lobular and periportal areas in 3 cases. Cirrhosis was found at presentation in 3 cases and developed within a few months in the 2 other patients. After discontinuation of fibrates, aminotransferase activity normalized within 6 weeks either spontaneously (n = 3) or under immunosuppressive treatment (n = 2). Immunosuppression was rapidly withdrawn in 2 patients (< 18 months) without relapse, while one patient was treated for 4 years because of relapse after early withdrawal. A second liver biopsy performed 6 months after discontinuation of fibrates in an untreated-patient showed no inflammation or necrosis. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that fibrates could trigger chronic liver disease resembling type I auto-immune chronic hepatitis, which resolves after drug withdrawal.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs almost exclusively in patients with cirrhosis, at least in the West. In most of these patients, potential curative treatments, such as resection or percutaneous alcohol injection, are usually contra-indicated. Transarterial chemoembolization may induce tumor necrosis. In order to avoid massive necrosis of the non tumoral liver, two major contra-indications have been identified: inadequate portal flow and liver failure. The influence of chemoembolization on survival was thought to be high on the basis of non randomized trials. However, no beneficial effects on survival were observed in three randomized trials. In these trials, the beneficial effect on tumor necrosis was counterbalanced by frequent deleterious effects on liver function. Moreover, progressive liver atrophy may follow repeated procedures. As there is no alternative treatment for most of these patients and chemoembolization can still be beneficial in selected cases, efforts have been made to improve patient selection and method to improve the results. Good liver function, a normal portal flow, and a well limited hypervascularized tumor are necessary conditions for treatment, which may even be curative when used in association with percutaneous alcohol injection. Moreover, arterial embolization can be performed without chemotherapy, and the procedure should not be repeated in the short term.

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