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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine which stratification (anatomical versus functional) forms a better construct for classification of para surfers with spinal cord injury; to assess the groupings of these para surfers; and to evaluate the strength of association between manual muscle testing and surfing performance. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: Archived data from classification records including demographics, spinal cord injury levels, trunk strength, and limb strength were compared to judged wave scores and competition rankings. RESULTS: Participants (n = 70, male n = 56; female n = 14) met inclusion criteria and were classified into Para Surfing Kneeling (n = 9); Sit (n = 11); Prone 1 (n = 25); and Prone 2 (n = 25) sport classes. Reliability statistics showed that functional grouping (Cronbach's α = 0.759) is better grouped with strength testing and rankings compared to anatomical grouping (Cronbach's α = 0.721). Under exploratory factor analysis with 2 fixed components, based on the factor loadings (rank and strength) functional stratification (0.978) is better aligned compared to anatomical stratification (0.785) for grouping of surfers. Further, the association and impact of strength with functional spinal cord level stratification were confirmed using regression analysis (chi-square of 74.06 with p-value <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Trunk and limb strengths have been shown to influence wave riding performance in surfers with spinal cord injury. Surfers with spinal cord injury can equitably be classified into one of the four para surfing sport classes. The use of functional stratification of spinal cord injury with trunk and limb strengths should be considered as an integral component in para surfing athlete sport classification.

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Hatha yoga is commonly practiced in Western countries and is claimed to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare time-domain and frequency-domain metrics of heart rate variability (HRV) in Hatha yoga practitioners and healthy controls. This cross-sectional study, which was conducted at a regional university and community wellness center, included convenience sampling of 19 Hatha yoga practitioners and 8 healthy controls. Using a lead II ECG system, 10 minutes of electrocardiogram (ECG) recording was collected for each participant. Artifact-free, 5-minute signals were used to derive time-domain and frequency-domain measures of HRV. The mean duration of Hatha yoga practice among practitioners was 11.47 ± 8 years. Demographic and anthropometric characteristics did not differ significantly between groups. Compared with the control group, the yoga group had significantly greater mean high frequency (HF) power (859.2 ± 1342.1 vs 175.5 ± 121.1; P = .04) and mean HF normalized units (nu) (57.0 ± 16.6 vs 36.7 ± 13.4; P = .02) and a significantly lower low frequency (LF)/HF ratio (1.1 ± 0.5 vs 2.2 ± 1.1; P = .01). No significant intergroup differences were observed for LF power, LF nu, or any time-domain measures of HRV. These results lack generalizability due to small sample size and lack of blinded assessment of outcome measures. Hatha yoga practitioners showed parasympathetic predominance compared with healthy controls. Analyzing frequency-domain HRV metrics enables detecting changes in cardiac autonomic function earlier than by analysis of time-domain metrics. Parasympathetic predominance demonstrated in the yoga group suggests Hatha yoga practitioners may be at lower risk for stress-related comorbidities.

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BACKGROUND: Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) often experience limitations in mobility due to impairment of gait and balance. Rehabilitation approaches to improve balance and mobility in individuals with MS are limited. We have developed a novel visual cue guided multi-direction step (MDS) training method to improve balance and mobility in individuals with MS. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of MDS training on balance, gait, and mobility in individuals with MS. METHODS: Five individuals with relapsing- remitting MS participated in the 4-week training involving stepping in eight directions in response to a visual cue. Balance, gait, and mobility were assessed before and after training. RESULTS: Training related improvements were seen in the limits of stability (p< .05), spatial and temporal gait parameters (p<.05), and performance of the Tinetti Mobility Assessment (p=.001), 10-Meter Walk test (p<.001), and Four-Square Step test (p<.002). CONCLUSION: Balance, gait, and mobility in individuals with MS could be improved after 4 weeks of visual cue guided multi-direction stepping training. Outcomes from this feasibility study could help to refocus conventional rehabilitation strategies aimed at aiding individuals with MS to achieve maximal independence in mobility.

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Integration of semiconducting nanostructures with noble metal nanoparticles are turning highly desirable for cost efficient energy and environmental related applications. From this viewpoint, we report on a facile aqueous synthesis of polymer capped gold (Au) nanoparticles on free standing 2D layered structures of zinc oxide (ZnO) to result with ZnO/Au nanocomposites. Concentration of Au nanoparticles were observed to promote the preferential growth of ZnO along the (002) wurtzite plane. The ZnO/Au structures and their morphological dissemination was noted to be of few. This flake like structure was also noted to be greatly influenced by the concentration of Au in the colloidal blend. Optical band edge transformations noted in the absorption spectra across the lower wavelength region and the shift in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) towards the red region of the visible spectrum signify the improved absorptivity of the heterostructures along the visible spectrum. These heterostructures exhibited remarkable visible light driven photocatalytic activity (99% efficiency) on par with pristine ZnO. The findings also attest this new class of composite structures to open up new openings in diversified solar energy conversion related functions.

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PURPOSE: To gain insight into the preferred outcomes of patients with stroke living in India and develop a conceptual framework of participation in daily activities based on patient perspectives informed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. METHODS: This study took a phenomenological approach. A purposive sample of 30 patients with stroke and diverse socio-demographic and disease related characteristics participated in semi-structured interviews. Interviews consisted of open-ended questions about their post stroke rehabilitation goals. Data were analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS: Patients expressed preference for outcomes such as the use of eastern toilets, squatting and sitting on the floor, eating with the right hand, taking a "bucket bath," walking for long distances (1-2 km) and the use of public transportation. Patients attributed their outcome preferences to contextual factors such as the physical environment (natural and built environment), family structure and living conditions, cultural values, norms and practices. Based on the outcomes identified by the patients, we developed the conceptual framework of participation in daily activities relevant to Indian context consisting of Mobility, Self-care, Domestic Life, and Social participation domains informed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome preferences of patients with stroke are not universal. The conceptual framework including its domains and contents developed in this study can be a useful guide to clinicians and researchers in choosing what to measure within Indian as well as other similar sociocultural contexts.Implications for rehabilitationPost-stroke functional outcome measurement is meaningful only when it is conceptualized within the context in which the personal, social, and cultural values of patients are well-recognized.There are notable differences in the type of activities constituting daily activities and how they were performed in India compared to a western cultural context.Patients' daily functioning is characterized by the differences in personal preferences, cultural norms and practices, family and living arrangements, lifestyle, and characteristics of natural and built environment and the available public infrastructure.Differentiating activities patients cannot do from the "no need to do" or "don't want to do" should be viewed as a critical aspect of patient reported outcome measurement.

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BACKGROUND: Prospects of a participation measure to be valid across cultures are debatable. Existing stroke outcome measures had been shown to have limited validity when used within Indian sociocultural contexts. AIM: To develop and validate a patient-reported outcome measure of participation in daily activities appropriate for patients with stroke living in an Indian sociocultural context. METHODS: The scale was developed in two phases: scale development and psychometric testing. Items were derived from a conceptual framework of participation in daily activities of patients who had experienced stroke within an Indian context. The final version of the scale consisted of 25 items. A total of 377 patients diagnosed with stroke were recruited from two tertiary care hospitals and five physiotherapy outpatient rehabilitation centers in India. Psychometric testing of the scale included investigation of internal consistency, unidimensionality, construct validity (known group and convergent validity), and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: The scale items demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .94). Confirmatory factor analysis results showed acceptable goodness of fit. The scale has shown good construct validity and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.80). The scale differentiated patients with low and high disability severity (mean difference = 34, 95% CI = 27 to 39) and moderately associated with physical and instrumental activities of daily living (r = 0.64, p < .001) and social participation domains of stroke impact scale (r = 0.44, p < .001) and Barthel index (r = 0.59, p < .001). CONCLUSION: The Indian Stroke Scale has shown preliminary evidence of validity to support its use as a patient-reported outcome measure for evaluating poststroke participation in daily activities among patients with stroke in India.

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BACKGROUND: Deficit in balance control is a common and often an initial disabling symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the role of short-term training in improvement of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and its effect on subsequent control of posture in individuals with MS. METHODS: A pre-post feasibility study involved eight individuals with relapsing-remitting MS who participated in the laboratory tests before and after a single training session consisting of throwing a medicine ball. The outcome measures including electromyographic activity of trunk and leg muscles and center of pressure displacements were recorded and analyzed during the anticipatory and compensatory phases of postural control. RESULTS: The training resulted in enhancement of the generation of APAs seen as significantly earlier onset of leg and trunk muscle activity prior to the bilateral arm flexion task (p < 0.05). Significantly early activation of postural muscles was also observed prior to the predictable external perturbation, the task that was not a part of training, indicating the transfer of the effect of the single training session. Postural control during the balance restoration phase was improved after training (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The observed training-related improvements of balance control suggest that focused rehabilitation could be effective in improving postural control. Consequentially, this could enhance mobility and quality of life in the individuals with MS.

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Standing on wedges changes the position in the ankle joints and affects postural stability in the medial-lateral direction. The objective of the study was to investigate the role of wedges and external lateral perturbations on anticipatory (APA) and compensatory postural adjustments (CPA). Ten healthy young participants were exposed to perturbations applied to the lateral part of their right shoulder when standing on a planar surface, on a medial or lateral wedges. Bilateral electromyographic activity of dorsal and ventral postural muscles and the center of pressure (COP) displacement were recorded and analyzed during the APA and CPA phases. When exposed to the lateral perturbation, reciprocal activation of shank muscles was seen on the side of the perturbation while co-contraction of shank muscles was seen on the contralateral side during the APA and CPA phases. Standing on a wedge was associated with decreased magnitudes of co-contraction and reciprocal activation of shank muscles. The COP displacements were smaller in the APA phase and larger in the CPA phase while standing on wedges compared to standing on the planar surface. The outcome of the study provides a basis for future investigations of incorporating wedges in balance re-training paradigms for the elderly or individuals with neurological impairment.

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OBJECTIVES: In India, post-stroke outcomes are determined using functional outcome measures (FOMs), the contents of which have not been validated for their relevance to the Indian population. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the cultural validity of five frequently used stroke-specific FOMs by comparing their contents with the problems reported by patients with stroke in India. METHODS: Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with 152 patients diagnosed with stroke in India. Problems and goals identified by the patients were compared to each item included in the FOMs used in stroke rehabilitation. RESULTS: The Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) include items related to the most frequently identified problems. However, neither covers problems related to the need for squatting and sitting on the floor. Use of public transport and community walking are not included in the SIS. Leisure and recreational activities (e.g. gardening, reading books), cognitive and speech functions (e.g. memory, thinking) and bowel and bladder dysfunctions were the common items identified as "not a problem" or "not relevant" by the patients. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that the SIS and FAI are the most appropriate FOMs for patients with stroke in India as they include items related to the majority of problems identified by study participants. Many items on both measures, however, were identified as not a problem or not relevant. There is a need for developing culture-specific FOMs that incorporate all major concerns expressed by patients with stroke in India.

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Context • Isha Hatha yoga is a form of yoga practice that practitioners claim can improve health. Gaining a scientific understanding of its effects on health is a crucial step in claiming health benefits. Objective • The study intended to investigate the effects of Isha Hatha yoga on core stability and standing balance in healthy volunteers. Design • The research team designed a quasiexperimental study. Setting • The setting was at Isha Yoga Center at Isha Foundation in Coimbatore, India. Participants • Participants were individuals registered for a residential program providing training in Isha Hatha yoga at the Isha Yoga Center. Intervention • The training consisted of 21 d of training in Isha Hatha yoga, including Upa yoga, Surya Kriya, Angamardhana, Bhuta Suddhi, and asanas. Outcome Measures • The single-leg stork test and the plank test were conducted before and after the training. Results • Significant increases occurred in the standing-stork test scores on the right (P = .014) and left (P = .033) sides and in the plank test scores (P < .001). Conclusions • The current study concluded that healthy volunteers who underwent 21 d of training in Isha Hatha yoga showed significant improvements in core strength and balance.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of conventional gait training (CGT) and partial weight-supported treadmill training (PWSTT) on gait and clinical manifestation. DESIGN: Prospective experimental research design. SETTING: Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) (N=60; mean age, 58.15±8.7y) on stable dosage of dopaminomimetic drugs were randomly assigned into the 3 following groups (20 patients in each group): (1) nonexercising PD group, (2) CGT group, and (3) PWSTT group. INTERVENTIONS: The interventions included in the study were CGT and PWSTT. The sessions of the CGT and PWSTT groups were given in patient's self-reported best on status after regular medications. The interventions were given for 30min/d, 4d/wk, for 4 weeks (16 sessions). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical severity was measured by the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and its subscores. Gait was measured by 2 minutes of treadmill walking and the 10-m walk test. Outcome measures were evaluated in their best on status at baseline and after the second and fourth weeks. RESULTS: Four weeks of CGT and PWSTT gait training showed significant improvements of UPDRS scores, its subscores, and gait performance measures. Moreover, the effects of PWSTT were significantly better than CGT on most measures. CONCLUSIONS: PWSTT is a promising intervention tool to improve the clinical and gait outcome measures in patients with PD.

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OBJECTIVES: Impaired postural control in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with falls. The objective was to evaluate the direction-specific limits of stability in people with MS. METHODS: Balance control of 18 individuals with relapsing-remitting MS and 18 healthy controls was assessed using instrumented (Limits of Stability (LOS) test) and clinical (Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale) tests. RESULTS: There were significant differences in reaction time, movement velocity, endpoint excursion, maximum excursion, and directional control measures of the LOS test between individuals with MS and healthy controls. The BBS and ABC clinical balance measures were significantly lower in individuals with MS compared to control subjects. The directional control impairment was seen in the right side and backward diagonals (backward-right and backward-left) directions. A significant difference between the fallers and non-fallers was found on all the components of the LOS test. There was a significant correlation between the BBS and ABC scores and different components of the LOS test. CONCLUSIONS: Direction-specific impairment of limits of stability components was observed in individuals with MS. This information could be used in balance rehabilitation of people with MS.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the role of short-term training in improvement of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and its effect on subsequent control of posture in older adults. Nine healthy older adults were exposed to self-initiated and predictable external perturbations before and after a single training session consisting of throwing a medicine ball. EMG activity of eight trunk and leg muscles and ground reaction forces were recorded before and immediately after the training session. Muscle onsets and center of pressure displacements were analyzed during the anticipatory and compensatory phases of postural control. The training involving throwing of a medicine ball resulted in enhancement of the generation of APAs seen as significantly early onsets of leg and trunk muscle activity prior to the bilateral arm flexion task. Significantly early activation of postural muscles observed prior to the predictable external perturbation, the task that was not a part of training, indicates the transfer of the effect of the single training session. The observed training-related improvements of APAs suggest that APA-focused rehabilitation could be effective in improving postural control, functional balance, mobility, and quality of life in the elderly.

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The use of a footrest while performing activity in standing is frequently associated with improvement of a user's well-being however no information exists on the role of a footrest in improving postural stability. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of using a footrest in postural control. Twenty healthy young volunteers were tested using three experimental conditions: standing with two feet on the force platform and standing on the force platform when one foot was placed on a 15 cm footrest positioned in front or laterally. The mean and root mean square distance, range and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) were calculated in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions using the force platform data. The COP displacements in AP and ML directions increased in conditions of standing with one foot placed on the footrest regardless of its location. Standing with eyes closed increased COP displacements further. The outcome of the study suggests the importance of using COP measures for evaluation of postural stability and provides additional information needed for optimization of working conditions involving standing with a footrest.

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BACKGROUND: Partial weight supported treadmill gait training (PWSTT) is widely used in rehabilitation of gait in patient with Parkinson's Diseases (PD). However, its effect on blood pressure variability (BPV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in PD has not been studied. AIM: To evaluate the effect of conventional and treadmill gait training on BPV components and BRS. METHODS: Sixty patients with idiopathic PD were randomized into three groups. Twenty patients in control group were on only stable medication, 20 patients in conventional gait training (CGT) group (Stable medication with CGT) and 20 patients in PWSTT group (Stable medication with 20 % PWSTT). The CGT and PWSTT sessions were given for 30 min per day, 4 days per week, for 4 weeks (16 sessions). Groups were evaluated in their best 'ON' states. The beat-to-beat finger blood pressure (BP) was recorded for 10 min using a Finometer instrument (Finapres Medical Systems, The Netherlands). BPV and BRS results were derived from artifact-free 5-min segments using Nevrocard software. RESULTS: BRS showed a significant group with time interaction (F = 6.930; p = 0.003). Post-hoc analysis revealed that PWSTT group showed significant improvement in BRS (p < 0.001) after 4 weeks of training. No significant differences found in BPV parameters; systolic BP, diastolic BP, co-variance of systolic BP and low frequency component of systolic BP. CONCLUSIONS: Four weeks of PWSTT significantly improves BRS in patients with PD. It can be considered as a non-invasive method of influencing BRS for prevention of orthostatic BP fall in patients with PD.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lateral and medial wedges on postural sway. Twenty healthy volunteers (mean age range of 28.45±3.34) participated in the study. They stood barefoot with eyes open or closed on each of the three surfaces: 10° lateral wedges, 10° medial wedges, and no wedges. Force platform data were collected and the mean and root mean square (RMS) distance, range, and velocity and the mean frequency of the center of pressure (COP) were calculated in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. Standing on both lateral and medial wedges was associated with improved postural stability seen through the decreased mean and RMS distance of COP displacement in ML direction. The results of this study suggest that standing on either lateral or medial wedges might enhance postural control in standing.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of conventional gait training and partial weight-supported treadmill gait training (PWSTT) in improving the balance of patients with Parkinson disease (PD). DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled design. SETTING: National-level university tertiary hospital for mental health and neurosciences. PATIENTS: Sixty patients with PD fulfilling the United Kingdom Brain Bank PD diagnostic criteria were recruited from the neurology outpatient department and movement disorder clinic. METHODOLOGY: The patients were randomly assigned into 3 equal groups: (1) a control group that only received a stable dosage of dopaminomimetic drugs; (2) a conventional gait training (CGT) group that received a stable dosage of dopaminomimetic drugs and conventional gait training; and (3) a PWSTT group that received a stable dosage of dopaminomimetic drugs and PWSTT with unloading of 20% of body weight. The sessions for the CGT and PWSTT groups were provided for 30 minutes per day, 4 days per week, for 4 weeks (16 sessions). OUTCOME MEASURES: The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score, dynamic posturography, Berg Balance Scale, and Tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) were used as main outcome measures. RESULTS: A significant interaction effect was observed in the UPDRS motor score, mediolateral index, Berg Balance Scale, limits of stability (LOS) total score, POMA gait score, and balance score. Post-hoc analysis showed that in comparison with the control group, the PWSTT group had a significantly better UPDRS motor score, balance indices, LOS in 8 directions, POMA gait, and balance score. The CGT group had a significantly better POMA gait score compared with control subjects. Compared with the CGT group, the PWSTT group had a significantly better UPDRS motor score, mediolateral index, POMA gait score, and LOS total score. CONCLUSION: PWSTT may be a better interventional choice than CGT for gait and balance rehabilitation in patients with PD.

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OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively detect the nature of balance impairment in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) using dynamic posturography. METHODS: Twenty clinically diagnosed PSP patients (8 women, 12 men; age: 62.1 ± 7.7 years; duration: 2.6 ± 1.3 years) and 20 healthy controls were studied. All subjects were right side dominant. They were evaluated by dynamic posturography (Biodex, USA). The measurements included (i) balance indices: ability to control balance in all directions (overall balance index, OBI), front to back (anterior-posterior index, API) and side-to-side (medio-lateral index, MLI), and (ii) the limits of stability (LOS) in 8 directions: forward (FW), backward (BW), right (RT), left (LT), forward-right (FW-RT), forward-left (FW-LT), backward-right (BW-RT) and backward-left (BW-LT). RESULTS: Compared to controls, patients showed significantly higher OBI (p<0.001), API (p=0.003) and MLI (p<0.001), implying impaired balance. The total LOS score was significantly lower (implying poor stability) in PSP than in controls (18.3 ± 7.3 vs. 28.4 ± 8.5, p<0.001). Patients took significantly longer time to complete LOS test (262.7 ± 33.0 s vs. 135.4 ± 20.6 s, p<0.001). Direction-wise analysis showed that PSP patients had significantly lower LOS scores in FW, BW, RT, FW-RT, BW-RT and BW-LT directions compared to controls. However the scores in LT and FW-LT did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: PSP patients showed impaired balance indices and decreased overall LOS compared to controls. Though LOS is affected in PSP, the scores in the left (non-dominant side) and forward-left (non-dominant forward diagonal) directions were preserved.

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BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with autonomic dysfunction and chronic levodopa therapy has been reported to impair the autonomic control of heart rate. AIM: Our aim was to assess the immediate effect of a single dose of levodopa on heart rate variability (HRV) in idiopathic PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients of idiopathic PD (F:M =2:9, mean age 57.3±8.6 years, duration of illness 4.1±2.8 years, Hoehn and Yahr stage 2.1±0.2) on stable levodopa dosage were studied. Motor part of unified Parkinson's disease rating scale and resting Lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were performed at baseline (12 hours off medication) and after two tablets of 100/10 mg of standard levodopa/ carbidopa. ECG was recorded continuously in the first hour (H1) followed by a 15-min recording in second (H2), third (H3) and fourth (H4) hours. Artifact free 5-min segments of the ECG were analyzed offline to obtain the HRV parameters in time domain (ms) and frequency domains (ms 2 ). RESULTS: Significant increase was observed in standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (23.5±2.7-46.2±6.6, P<0.05), root mean square of successive differences of NN intervals (16.3±2.9-30.7±5.1, P<0.01), total power (568.9±125.7-2739±667.5, P<0.01), low frequency power (146.5±40.8-614.1±206.7, P<0.05) and high frequency power (107.4±33.9-332.7±85.9, P<0.05) in H1. CONCLUSION: The results are suggestive of an improvement in the overall variability of the heart rate indicating an enhanced vagal tone.

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The progress in studying the interfacial electronic structures of the developing new class of hybrid organic/inorganic material systems have envisaged a new dimension into the field of photovoltaics, which could be of great help in understanding the nature of charge transfer in them. In this regard, electropolymerization of pyrrole monomers have been carried out at room temperature on the surface of TiO2 working electrodes (assisted by UV radiations) and their interfacial electronic structure has been studied as a function of the applied photo anodic potentials. The formation of polypyrrole deposits has been ensured using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Surface analysis of the hybrid matrix revealed the tendency of polymer molecules to cover up the spherical surface of TiO2 nanoparticles that could help in improving the light absorption rate. Signals (bands) corresponding to pyrrole molecules observed in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have been correlated with the polaronic states formed and identified to shift as a function of the applied photo anodic potentials, revealing the decrease in work function of the hybrid system to take place (confirmed using cyclic voltammetry measurements). The decreasing trend in the work function elucidates the adjustment in electronic structure of the system (hybrid materials possessing smaller work functions are generally preferred for photovoltaic studies). The aforementioned behavioural aspects have been reasoned with the increase in overpotential values for polarization, from the decrease in up-take rate of the anionic dopant, which increases the current density values, thereby modifying the conductivity of the systems.