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BACKGROUND: Selecting the right technique for lower limb soft tissue reconstruction is a therapeutic challenge. Despite having several reconstruction options, it's important to choose a technique that is effective and with the least possible donor site morbidity. OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of the medial tab flap in soft tissue reconstruction on the leg, compared to conventional flaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cohort study matched by age. 64 patients with soft tissue defects were selected and according to the intervention divided in: group 1)medial tab flap, and group 2)conventional flaps (sural, soleus, gastrocnemius) followed up to one year postoperatively. OUTCOME VARIABLES: surgical time in minutes, healing, healing time in days, complications. RESULTS: The patients who underwent surgery with medial tab flap and with conventional flaps healed completely. The healing time was 16.2±11.2 days in the tab flap and 16.1±11.2 days in conventional flaps, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups (P=.89). The surgical time for tab flaps was 225.2±117.8minutes, and 191.3±117.2minutes for the comparison flaps (P=.65), there were no statistically significant differences. There were no complications in the medial tab flaps. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the medial tab flap technique is as effective as the conventional flap technique, with complete flap survival and healing, and without any major complications in this studied group.
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Meat adulteration by substitution with lower value products and/or mislabeling involves economic, health, quality and socio-religious issues. Therefore, identification and traceability of meat species has become an important subject to detect possible fraudulent practices. In the present study the development of a high resolution melt (HRM) screening method for the identification of eight common meat species is reported. Samples from Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Sus scrofa domestica, Equus caballus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Gallus gallus domesticus, Meleagris gallopavo and Coturnix coturnix were analyzed through the amplification of a 148 bp fragment from the cyt b gene with a universal primer pair in HRM analyses. Melting profiles from each species, as well as from several DNA mixtures of these species and blind samples, allowed a successful species differentiation. The results demonstrated that the HRM method here proposed is a fast, reliable, and low-cost screening technique.
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Citocromos b/genética , Productos de la Carne , Animales , Coturnix , Cartilla de ADN , Caballos , Carne , Temperatura de TransiciónRESUMEN
Salers are a native French breed used for beef and dairy production that has expanded to all the continents. The Salers breed was introduced to the north of Spain in 1985 with only 15 individuals from France and has successfully increased to over 20 000 animals. Although over time new animals have been imported from France for breeding, it is possible that the limiting number of founder animals could have resulted in a reduction of the genetic diversity found in Spanish Salers. Thus, the purpose of the present study has been to characterize the genetic diversity of Salers breed in Spain and evaluate a possible founder effect due to reduced number of the first reproducers. A total of 403 individuals from 12 Salers herds were analyzed using 12 microsatellite markers and compared with phylogenetically and geographically close related Blonde d'Aquitaine, Limousin and Charolais French breeds but also other 16 European breeds. Microsatellites in Salers were polymorphic, with a mean allelic richness of 5.129 and an expected heterozygosity of 0.621 across loci (0.576 to 0.736 among all breeds). Average observed heterozygosity was 0.618. All the loci fit the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium except TGLA227 locus due to a significant deficit of heterozygotes in only one of the herds, probably attributable to a sampling effect. When all loci were combined, Salers inbreeding coefficient did not differ statistically from 0 (F IS=0.005), indicating not significant excess or deficit of heterozygotes (P=0.309). Based in allelic distribution, Salers revealed a frequency of 0.488 in BM2113-131 and 0.064 in BM2113-143 diagnostic alleles, which are specific to the African zebu. These zebu alleles are also found in some French breeds, supported by STR data previously postulated hypothesis of a migration route through Mediterranean route by which North African cattle may have left a genetic signature in southern Europe. Phylogenetic tree and population structure analyses could unambiguously differentiate Salers cattle from the other populations and 10% of the total genetic variability could be attributed to differences among breeds (mean R ST=0.105; P<0.01). Mutation-drift equilibrium tests (sign test and Wilcoxon's sign rank test) were in correspondence to the absence of founder effect when Bonferroni was applied. Gene diversity previously reported in French Salers was comparable with the observed in our population. Thus, high genetic diversity in Spanish Salers highlights the resources of this population, which looks toward future breeding and selection programs.
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Cruzamiento , Bovinos/genética , Efecto Fundador , Variación Genética , Alelos , Animales , Heterocigoto , Endogamia , Repeticiones de MicrosatéliteRESUMEN
The Basque Country is home to the Latxa sheep breed, which is divided in several varieties such as Latxa Black Face (LBKF) and Latxa Blonde Face (LBLF). Mitochondrial DNA control region analysis of 174 male sheep (97 LBKF and 77 LBLF) was performed with the objective of characterizing the maternal lineages of these two varieties that are the basis to produce the cheese with Idiazabal quality label. The percentage of unique haplotypes was 77.32% in LBKF and 67.53% in LBLF. Most of the individuals were classified into B haplogroup (98.85%), while A haplogroup was much less frequent. Two Latxa individuals (one LBKF and one LBLF), both belonging to B haplogroup, displayed an additional 75/76 bp tandem repeat motif. Only 33 other sequences with this repeat motif were found among 11 061 sheep sequences included in the GenBank database. Gene expression was analyzed in peripheral blood leukocytes since the additional 75/76 bp repeat motif falls within ETAS1, a domain with a possible function in regulation of replication and transcription. The mRNA expression from four mitochondrial genes (COI, cyt b, ND1, and ND2) was analyzed in the two individuals of this study with a fifth repeat motif and in four without it. Although lower transcription was observed when the additional 75/76 bp repeat motif was present, no statistically significant differences were observed. Therefore, the variation in the number of the 75/76 repeat motif does not seem to modify the gene expression rate in mitochondrial genes.
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ADN Mitocondrial/sangre , Ovinos/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Genes Mitocondriales , Variación Genética , Haplotipos , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , ARN Mensajero/sangre , España , Secuencias Repetidas en TándemRESUMEN
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA, and in particular the cytochrome b gene (cyt b), has become an essential tool for species identification in routine forensic practice. In cases of degraded samples, where the DNA is fractionated, universal primers that are highly efficient for the amplification of the target region are necessary. Therefore, in the present study a new universal cyt b primer set with high species identification capabilities, even in samples with highly degraded DNA, has been developed. In order to achieve this objective, the primers were designed following the alignment of complete sequences of the cyt b from 751 species from the Class of Mammalia listed in GenBank. A highly variable region of 148bp flanked by highly conserved sequences was chosen for placing the primers. The effectiveness of the new pair of primers was examined in 63 animal species belonging to 38 Families from 14 Orders and 5 Classes (Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Actinopterygii, and Malacostraca). Species determination was possible in all cases, which shows that the fragment analyzed provided a high capability for species identification. Furthermore, to ensure the efficiency of the 148bp fragment, the intraspecific variability was analyzed by calculating the concordance between individuals with the BLAST tool from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnological Information). The intraspecific concordance levels were superior to 97% in all species. Likewise, the phylogenetic information from the selected fragment was confirmed by obtaining the phylogenetic tree from the sequences of the species analyzed. Evidence of the high power of phylogenetic discrimination of the analyzed fragment of the cyt b was obtained, as 93.75% of the species were grouped within their corresponding Orders. Finally, the analysis of 40 degraded samples with small-size DNA fragments showed that the new pair of primers permits identifying the species, even when the DNA is highly degraded as it is very common in forensic samples.
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Citocromos b/genética , Cartilla de ADN , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Especificidad de la Especie , Animales , Degradación Necrótica del ADN , Decápodos/genética , Humanos , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Vertebrados/genéticaRESUMEN
AIMS: We performed a morphometric study of cardiac development on human embryos to complement the scarce data on human embryonic cardiac morphometry and to attempt to establish, from these, algorithms describing cardiac growth during the second month of gestation. METHODS: Thirty human embryos from Carnegie stages 15-23 were included in the study. Shrinkage and compression effects from fixation and inclusion in paraffin were considered in our calculations. RESULTS: Growth of the cardiac (whole heart) volume and volume of ventricular myocardium through the Carnegie stages were analysed by ANOVA. Linear correlation was used to describe the relationship between the ventricular myocardium and cardiac volumes. Comparisons of models were carried out through the R2 statistic. The relationship volume of ventricular myocardium versus cardiac volume is expressed by the equation: cardiac volume = 0.6266 + 2.4778 volume of ventricular myocardium. The relationship cardiac volume versus crown-rump length is expressed by the equation: cardiac volume = 1.3 e(0.126 CR length), where e is the base of natural logarithms. CONCLUSION: At a clinical level, these results can contribute towards the establishment of a normogram for cardiac development, useful for the design of strategies for early diagnosis of congenital heart disease. They can also help in the study of embryogenesis, for example in the discussion of ventricular trabeculation.
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Pesos y Medidas Corporales/métodos , Corazón Fetal/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ventrículos Cardíacos/embriología , Corazón/embriología , Centros Médicos Académicos/clasificación , Algoritmos , Análisis de Varianza , Volumen Cardíaco , Largo Cráneo-Cadera , Corazón Fetal/anatomía & histología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica/métodos , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Miocardio , Tamaño de los Órganos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de alteración de la audición en niños con Meningitis Bacteriana Aguda(MBA) e identificar factores de riesgo asociados con disminución de la audición. Métodos: Estudio de carácter prospectivo, iniciando en abril de 1999 ajulio de 2001, realizado en el Servicio de Pediatría del Instituto de Medicina Tropical, en el que se incluyeron niños de 3 meses al 15 años, hospitalizados con el diagnóstico de MBA, y que no habían recibido antibióticos antes del ingreso. La evaluación auditiva se realizó dentro de los 10 días de concluido el tratamiento por otoemisión acústica (OEA), o potencial auditivo evocado del tallo cerebral (PAE). El grado de disminución de la audición se determinó por ausencia de la onda w, estratificándose como leve (40dB), moderada (50-60dB) o severa(>70dB) Resultados: reunieron los criterios de inclusion 41 niños. La edad media de los pacientes (pte) fue de 2.2+3.3 años y la mediana de 8 meses. En 32/41ptes (78pto) se determinó el germen causal por cultivo (n=26,63pto) o por aglutinacion del latex (6 casos adicionales): H. influenzae tipo n (Hib) en 25 ptes (61pto), S.pneumoniae en 6 ptes (15 pto) y N.meningitis en 1 pte (2pto).Fallecieron 7 ptes (17pto). De los 34 ptes sobrevivientes, en 10 ptes (29pto) se costató disminución de la audición: unilateral (n=3ptes) o bilateral (n=7 ptes. La disminución dela audición fue moderada o severa en 4 casos (12pto) del todal de ptes). No se encotró asociación entre factores como la edad<12 meses (RR..11,95ptoIC 0.59-2.07), historia previa >48hs (RR0.72,95pto IC0.25-2.08), y la presencia de secuelas neurológicas severas (RR1.20,95pto IC0.37-3.88). La presencia de secuelas auditivas fue similar en ptes con MBA por Hib (23pto) vs ptes con MBA por S.pneumoniae (25pto).Conclusiones:Los resultados indican que en muestra institución más de un niño de cada 4 sobrevivientes de MBA (29pto) presenta una alteración significativa de la audición. Esta figura triplica a la observada en países del primer mundo. El escrutinio auditivo debe ser obligatorio en todos los pacientes con MBA. La identificación precoz de la afectación de la audición podría permitir la adopción de medidas tendientes a una rehabilitación precoz y cuidadoso seguimiento.
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Paraguay , Pediatría , Meningitis Bacterianas , Meningitis , Niño , Trastornos de la AudiciónRESUMEN
There has been much controversy regarding Cardiac Embryology since the 19th Century; this has brought up contradictions over many studies on Cardiac Development, and stems mainly from semantic differences rather than from scientific observations. In 1998, FCAT published the 1st Edition of Terminologia Anatomica, which did not include Terminologia Embryologica, and to this day, we do not have a thorough compilation of Terminology related to Cardiac Development (O'Rahilly and Müller 1996). In the present study we have reviewed the literature from the 19th and 20th Centuries gathering the terms proposed by those scientists who influenced Prenatal Cardiac Terminology. Our aim is to bring to the attention of clinicians and researchers of cardiac morphogenesis the need to undertake a reform of the Developmental Cardiac Terminology. We believe an International Consensus on the terminology to be used during the developmental stages is urgent; it should be meaningful both to the experimental embryologist and to the cardiologist, without being ambiguous or controversial. We must not forget that a terminology is of value only when it is properly used.
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Corazón/anatomía & histología , Corazón/embriología , Anatomía/historia , Animales , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Modelos Anatómicos , Filogenia , Terminología como AsuntoRESUMEN
Two hundred and seventy of 1,031 patients (26%) treated for acute epididymitis between 1979 and 1989 underwent surgery for their disease. Eighty percent of these interventions were therapeutic, 20% diagnostic to exclude testicular torsion or tumor. Diagnostic procedures detected underlying diseases that required surgery in 278/1,031 patients (27%). Two hundred and sixteen of these diseases caused lower urinary tract obstruction and were potentially responsible for the acute epididymitis. There were striking differences in type and frequency of the surgery performed depending on the patients' age. Surgery of epididymitis was almost exclusively diagnostic in patients of a young age (exclusion of testicular torsion) and almost always therapeutic in patients of an old age (abscess, prolonged disease). The rate of surgery for underlying diseases was the same for the young (55%) and old (62%) age groups. Obstruction of the lower urinary tract was the predominant cause for surgical treatment of underlying diseases, being mainly due to malformation in the young age group and due to acquired obstructive diseases in the old.
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Epididimitis/cirugía , Enfermedad Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Epididimitis/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/complicaciones , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/cirugía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sistema Urinario/cirugíaRESUMEN
Five hundred and seventy-five patients with acute epididymitis were hospitalized between 1979 and 1987, and 149 of them (25.9%) underwent surgery to the epididymis or the testis. For removal of the morphological alterations responsible for the inflammation, secondary operations were required in 157 cases (27.3%). We divided the patients into four age groups (under 15 years, 15-30 years, 31-60 years and more than 60 years), because the operative treatment indicated depends partly on the patient's age. For every age group the value of different follow-up examinations was checked. Prepubertal children have to be considered separately.