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This study investigates the intricate relationship between Venezuelan migration and urban growth in Colombia from 2018 to 2021. The study employs remote sensing data and social network metrics to uncover migration patterns and their impact on urban expansion. The methodology consists of three stages. Firstly, nighttime satellite imagery is used to analyze year-over-year urban growth in Colombia. Secondly, social network data estimates Venezuelan migration, overcoming challenges of underreporting and informal border crossings. Lastly, an econometric analysis explores the quantitative link between Venezuelan migration and urban growth, integrating socioeconomic variables to address endogeneity. The findings reveal the complex interplay of Venezuelan migration, socioeconomic factors, and urban growth. The study outlines remote sensing analysis, introducing the Anthropogenic Footprint Expansion Index (AFEI) to quantify urban growth. Facebook API data estimates migration trends and explores socioeconomic impacts on urban expansion. The analysis uncovers migration, poverty, aging, and urban population proportion as key factors affecting Colombia's urban landscape. Furthermore, the research underscores how Venezuelan migration affected short-term urban expansion pre- and post-COVID-19. Migration had a notable effect before the pandemic, but this influence waned afterward. The study highlights migration's short-term nature and emphasizes age demographics' role in medium-term dynamics.

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Introducción. La evaluación de la movilidad de las cuerdas vocales en cirugía de tiroides y paratiroides hace parte de la adecuada valoración integral. Aunque la laringoscopia directa es prueba de referencia, su uso real no es rutinario por lo que se propone la ecografía translaríngea como alternativa de evaluación. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo de evaluación de una prueba diagnóstica de la movilidad de las cuerdas vocales pre y posoperatoria, comparando la ecografía translaríngea con la video laringoscopia, en pacientes con cirugía de tiroides y paratiroides, de febrero 1° a noviembre 30 de 2022. Se describieron las variables usando frecuencias absolutas y relativas. En el análisis univariado se calcularon Chi cuadrado y T de Student y en el bivariado, regresión logística binaria. La agudeza diagnóstica se determinó con sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos; se consideró la significancia estadística con p < 0,05. Resultados. Se incluyeron 267 pacientes, 219 mujeres y 48 hombres; 196 pacientes (73,4%) tenían malignidad. Se encontró en el preoperatorio, sensibilidad 100 %, especificidad 99,6 %, VPP 83,3 %, VPN 100 %, odds de probabilidad positiva 83 % y Odds de probabilidad negativa 0,004 %. En el posoperatorio, sensibilidad 82,8 %, especificidad 99,2 %, VPP 92,3 % VPN 97,9 %, odds de probabilidad positiva 92 % y odds de probabilidad negativa 0,2 %. Conclusiones. La ecografía translaríngea en nuestro medio tiene alta agudeza diagnóstica. Podría ser usada en el abordaje inicial de la evaluación de la movilidad de las cuerdas vocales y reemplazar la laringoscopia directa, dejando ésta para cuando la visualización ecográfica no sea adecuada, o en casos de afectación o sospecha de invasión, para su confirmación.

Introduction. The evaluation of the mobility of the vocal cords in thyroid and parathyroid surgery is part of the adequate comprehensive assessment. Altough, direct laryngoscopy is the gold standard, its real use is not routine, so translaryngeal ultrasound approach is proposed as an alternative. Methods. A prospective diagnostic test study was carried out to evaluate the translaryngeal ultrasound compared with video laryngoscopy in visualizing vocal mobility in patients with thyroid and parathyroid surgery from February 1 to November 30, 2022. Patients were described using absolute and relative frequencies. Univariate statistical analysis with Chi-square and Student's t tests. T. Bivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. Diagnostic acuity was calculated with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV. Statistical significance with p< 0.05, 95% confidence interval. Results. 267 patients undergoing thyroid or parathyroid surgery were included, 219 women and 48 men. Malignant: thyroid neoplasm 196 patients (73.4%). The findings were for the preoperative period, 100% sensitivity, 99.6% specificity, PPV 83.33%, NPV 100%, 83% positive probability odds, and 0.004% negative probability odds. For the postoperative period, 82.8% sensitivity, 99.2% specificity, 92.3% PPV, 97.9% NPV, 92% positive probability odds, and 0.2% negative probability odds were found.Conclusions. Translaryngeal ultrasound in our series has high diagnostic acuity. It could be used as the initial approach to evaluate vocal mobility and might replace direct laryngoscopy, leaving it when its visualization is not adequate or in cases of involvement or suspected invasion for confirmation.

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The "gold dust defect" (GDD) appears at the surface of ferritic stainless steels (FSS) and degrades their appearance. Previous research showed that this defect might be related to intergranular corrosion and that the addition of aluminium improves surface quality. However, the nature and origin of this defect are not properly understood yet. In this study, we performed detailed electron backscatter diffraction analyses and advanced monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments combined with machine-learning analyses in order to extract a wealth of information on the GDD. Our results show that the GDD leads to strong textural, chemical, and microstructural heterogeneities. In particular, the surface of affected samples presents an α-fibre texture which is characteristic of poorly recrystallised FSS. It is associated with a specific microstructure in which elongated grains are separated from the matrix by cracks. The edges of the cracks are rich in chromium oxides and MnCr2O4 spinel. In addition, the surface of the affected samples presents a heterogeneous passive layer, in contrast with the surface of unaffected samples, which shows a thicker and continuous passive layer. The quality of the passive layer is improved with the addition of aluminium, explaining the better resistance to the GDD.

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Introducción. La cirugía para extirpación de metástasis en un cuello previamente intervenido afronta un reto para lograr una resección exitosa. El presente estudio pretende demostrar la utilidad de la técnica de inyección de azul de metileno, guiada por ecografía, para la localización intraoperatoria de lesiones recurrentes en cáncer de tiroides, para facilitar su resección. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, en pacientes reintervenidos por recurrencia de carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides, durante un periodo de dos años y medio. Se utilizó la inyección intratumoral de azul de metileno guiada por ecografía para su identificación intraoperatoria de recurrencia. Se hizo análisis de variables demográficas y clínicas. Resultados. Este estudio incluyó 10 procedimientos en 9 pacientes, 77,8 % mujeres, con una media de edad de 54 años. Todos tenían un nivel de tiroglobulina detectable y elevado antes de la intervención; posteriormente, el 89 %presentó un descenso y el 33 % una adecuada respuesta bioquímica. La técnica agregó 10 minutos al tiempo quirúrgico. En el 100 % se identificaron de manera intraoperatoria los ganglios marcados; el promedio de ganglios resecados fue de 12, de los cuales, 6 fueron positivos, todos con carcinoma papilar de tiroides. Esta técnica se consideró de gran utilidad y de bajo costo en todos los casos. Discusión. Esta técnica se muestra como una estrategia efectiva para la identificación intraoperatoria de las recurrencias corregionales en carcinoma de tiroides, permitiendo una disección ganglionar exitosa, disminuyendo complicaciones, tiempo quirúrgico y, especialmente, costos frente a otras intervenciones

Introduction. The approach of a previously operated neck for metastasis resection faces a challenge to achieve a successful resection. The present study aims to demonstrate the usefulness of the ultrasound-guided injection of methylene blue technique for the intraoperative localization of recurrent lesions in thyroid cancer to facilitate their resection. Methods. An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in patients reoperated for recurrences of differentiated thyroid carcinoma over a period of two and a half years, using ultrasound-guided intratumoral injection of methylene blue for its intraoperative identification. An analysis of demographic and clinical variables was carried out and its advantages over other methods were identified. Results. This study included 10 procedures in nine patients, 77.8% women and 22.2% men, with a mean age of 54 years. All had a detectable and elevated thyroglobulin level before the intervention, 89% had a decrease in its level and 33% had an adequate biochemical response. The technique added 10 minutes to the surgical time. All marked lymph nodes were identified intraoperatively. The average number of lymph nodes resected was 12, of which six were positive, all with papillary thyroid carcinoma. It was considered of great utility and low cost in all cases. Discussion. This technique shows to be an effective strategy for the intraoperative identification of locoregional recurrences in thyroid carcinoma, allowing a successful lymph node dissection, reducing complications, surgical time and especially costs compared to other interventions

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Introducción. El carcinoma del glomus carotideo es infrecuente y se presenta en el 6 % de los paragangliomas carotideos. Suele haber dificultad en su diagnóstico preoperatorio y no se diferencia fácilmente de su contraparte benigna, lo que puede conllevar a complicaciones quirúrgicas. Este trabajo describe la experiencia en su abordaje clínico y quirúrgico en una serie de casos, además de una revisión de la literatura profundizando en su diagnóstico, abordaje terapéutico, sobrevida y mortalidad. Métodos. De los pacientes operados por glomus carotideos durante un periodo de 20 años, se identificaron aquellos llevados a cirugía por carcinoma. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica extensa en PubMed, haciendo énfasis en diagnóstico y tratamiento. Resultados. De un total de 139 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de resección de tumor del cuerpo carotideo, tres pacientes (2,2 %) presentaron carcinoma. Dos tenían metástasis cervicales y uno metástasis hepáticas. Uno presentaba glomus bilateral asociado a trastorno genético de origen familiar. Se realizó cirugía y adyuvancia en todos los casos. Discusión. El diagnóstico diferencial preoperatorio entre glomus benigno y maligno es difícil, por lo cual deben buscarse hallazgos clínicos o factores de riesgo que puedan sugerir malignidad. Las imágenes pocas veces muestran características claras de invasión vascular. Siempre que sea posible, en el tratamiento del cáncer del glomus carotideo, debe realizarse resección quirúrgica, acompañada de un vaciamiento funcional de cuello, dejando la radioterapia, la quimioterapia y la hormonoterapia como terapias adyuvantes

Introduction. Carcinoma of the carotid glomus is rare and occurs in 6% of carotid paragangliomas. There is often difficulty in its preoperative diagnosis, and it is not easily differentiated from its benign counterpart, which can lead to surgical complications. This study describes the experience in its clinical and surgical approach in a series of cases, as well as a review of the literature of its diagnosis, therapeutic approach, survival, and mortality.Methods. Of the patients operated for carotid glomus over a 20-year period, those undergoing surgery for carcinoma were identified. An extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment.Results. Out of a total of 139 patients who underwent carotid body tumor resection surgery, three patients (2.2%) had carcinoma. Two had cervical metastases and one had liver metastases. One had bilateral glomus associated with a genetic disorder of familial origin. Surgery and adjuvant surgery were performed in all cases.Discussion. The preoperative differential diagnosis between benign and malignant glomus is difficult, for which clinical findings or risk factors that may suggest malignancy should be sought. Images rarely show clear features of vascular invasion. Whenever possible in the treatment of carotid glomus cancer, surgical resection should be performed, accompanied by a functional neck dissection, leaving radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy as adjuvant therapies

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Anthropogenic change has been associated with population growth, land use change, and changing economies. However, internal migration patterns and armed conflicts are also key drivers of anthropogenic and demographic processes. To better understand the processes associated with this change, we explore the spatial relationship between forced migration due to armed conflict and changing socioeconomic factors in Colombia, a country which has a recent history of 7 million internal migrants. In addition, we use remote sensing, Google Earth Engine, as well as spatial statistical analyses of demographic data in order to measure anthropogenic change between 1984 and 2013-a socio-politically important period in Colombia's armed conflict. We also analyze spatiotemporal relationships between socioeconomic and anthropogenic changes, which are caused by forced migration. We found that forced migration is significantly and positively related to an increasing rural-urban type of migration which results from armed conflict. Results also show that it is negatively related to interregional displacement. Indeed, anthropogenic change pertaining to different regions have had different correlations with forced migration, and across different time periods. Findings are used to discuss how socioeconomic and political phenomena such as armed conflict can have complex effects on the dynamics of anthropogenic and ecological change as well as movement of humans in countries like Colombia.

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INTRODUCTION: Human papilloma virus (HPV) and oral bacteria capable of acetaldehyde production from ethanol, such as Streptococcus anginosus, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Fusobacterium naviforme are among oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) infectious risk factors. OBJECTIVE: Determine associations with HPV and S. anginosus, P. melaninogenica, and F. naviforme in patients with and without OSCC. METHODS: Presence of HPV and HPV-16 was determined in 26 patients with OSCC and 26 without OSCC by conventional PCR and simultaneous presence of S. anginosus, P. melaninogenica, and F. naviforme quantification through q-PCR. Statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson's X² and Student's-t test. RESULTS: Patients with OSCC had HPV and HPV-16 frequencies of 84% and 61.5%, respectively, in contrast for patients without OSCC frequencies were 34.6 and 30.7%. P. melaninogenica, and F. naviforme microorganisms were not present in any participant in this study. S. anginosus frequency in patients with OSC was 38.4% and in patients without OSCC was 30.7%. Patients with OSCC had S. anginosus + HPV co-infection at a 38.4% frequency and S. anginosus + HPV-16 at a 23.1% frequency. For individuals without OSCC S. anginosus + HPV co-infection was 3.8% and S. anginosus + HPV-16 3.8%. A greater frequency of S. anginosus + HPV co-infection and S. anginosus + HPV-16 was observed in patients with OSCC in comparison with individuals without OSCC, suggesting the importance of detecting HPV/HPV-16 and S. anginosus simultaneously in individuals at risk of developing OSCC.

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Abstract Introduction: Human papilloma virus (HPV) and oral bacteria capable of acetaldehyde production from ethanol, such as Streptococcus anginosus, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Fusobacterium naviforme are among oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) infectious risk factors. Objective: Determine associations with HPV and S. anginosus, P. melaninogenica, and F. naviforme in patients with and without OSCC. Methods: Presence of HPV and HPV-16 was determined in 26 patients with OSCC and 26 without OSCC by conventional PCR and simultaneous presence of S. anginosus, P. melaninogenica, and F. naviforme quantification through q-PCR. Statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson's X² and Student's-t test. Results: Patients with OSCC had HPV and HPV-16 frequencies of 84% and 61.5%, respectively, in contrast for patients without OSCC frequencies were 34.6 and 30.7%. P. melaninogenica, and F. naviforme microorganisms were not present in any participant in this study. S. anginosus frequency in patients with OSC was 38.4% and in patients without OSCC was 30.7%. Patients with OSCC had S. anginosus + HPV co-infection at a 38.4% frequency and S. anginosus + HPV-16 at a 23.1% frequency. For individuals without OSCC S. anginosus + HPV co-infection was 3.8% and S. anginosus + HPV-16 3.8%. A greater frequency of S. anginosus + HPV co-infection and S. anginosus + HPV-16 was observed in patients with OSCC in comparison with individuals without OSCC, suggesting the importance of detecting HPV/HPV-16 and S. anginosus simultaneously in individuals at risk of developing OSCC

Resumo O vírus do papiloma humano (VPH) e bactérias orais capacidade de produção acetaldeído a partir do etanol, tais como Streptococcus anginosus, Prevotella melaninogenica e Fusobacterium naviforme, estão entre os fatores de risco infecciosos do carcinoma de células escamosas de orofaringe (CCEO). Determinar associações o VPH e S. anginosus, P. melaninogenica, e F. naviforme em pacientes com e sem o CCEO. A presença de VPH e VPH-16 foi determinada em 26 pacientes com CCEO e 26 sem CCEO por PCR convencional e presença simultânea de quantificação de S. anginosus, P. melaninogenica e F. naviforme por meio de q-PCR. Uma análise estatística foi realizada por meio do t-Student e χ² de Pearson. Os pacientes com CCEO apresentaram frequências de VPH e VPH-16 de 84% e 61,5%, respectivamente, em contraste, para os pacientes sem CCEO frequências de 34,6 e 30,7%. Os microorganismos P. melaninogenica e F. naviforme não estavam presentes em nenhum dos participantes deste estudo. A freqüência de S. anginosus em pacientes com CCEO foi de 38,4% e em pacientes sem CCEO foi de 30,7%. Os pacientes com CECO apresentaram coinfecção com S. anginosus + VPH em uma freqüência de 38,4% e S. anginosus + VPH-16 com freqüência de 23,1%. Para os indivíduos sem CCEO, co-infecção com S. anginosus + VPH foi de 3,8% e S. anginosus + VPH-16 foi de 3,8%. A Maior frequência de co-infecção com S. anginosus + VPH e S. anginosus + VPH-16 foi observada em pacientes com CCEO em comparação com indivíduos sem CCEO, sugerindo a importância da detecção de VPH / VPH-16 e S. anginosus simultaneamente em indivíduos em risco de desenvolver CCEO.

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Objetivo: brindar una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia más reciente para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del reflujo gastroesofágico teniendo en cuenta la efectividad y seguridad de las intervenciones dirigidas a pacientes, personal asistencial, administrativo y entes gubernamentales de cualquier servicio de atención en Colombia

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Objetivo: brindar una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia más reciente para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del reflujo gastroesofágico teniendo en cuenta la efectividad y seguridad de las intervenciones dirigidas a pacientes, personal asistencial, administrativo y entes gubernamentales de cualquier servicio de atención en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: esta guía fue desarrollada por un equipo multidisciplinario con apoyo de la Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología, el Grupo Cochrane ITS y el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se desarrollaron preguntas clínicas relevantes y se realizó la búsqueda de guías nacionales e internacionales en bases de datos especializadas. Las guías existentes fueron evaluadas en términos de calidad y aplicabilidad; 1 guía cumplió los criterios de adaptación, por lo que se decidió adaptar 3 preguntas clínicas. El Grupo Cochrane realizó la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura. Las tablas de evidencia y recomendaciones fueron realizadas con base en la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones de la guía fueron socializadas en una reunión de expertos con entes gubernamentales y pacientes. Resultados: se desarrolló una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con reflujo gastroesofágico en Colombia. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico y manejo oportuno de los pacientes con ERGE contribuirá a disminuir la carga de la enfermedad en Colombia, así como de las enfermedades asociadas.

Objective: To provide a clinical practice guideline with the latest evidence for diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux for patients, caregivers, administrative and government bodies at all levels of care in Colombia. Materials and Methods: This guide was developed by a multidisciplinary team with the support of the Colombian Association of Gastroenterology, Cochrane STI Group and Clinical Research Institute of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Relevant clinical questions were developed and the search for national and international guidelines in databases was performed. Existing guidelines were evaluated quality and applicability. One guideline met the criteria for adaptation, so the group decided to adapt 3 clinical questions. Systematic literature searches were conducted by the Cochrane Group. The tables of evidence and recommendations were made based on the GRADE methodology. The recommendations of the guide were socialized in a meeting of experts with government agencies and patients. Results: An evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux was developed for the Colombian context. Conclusions: The opportune detection and appropriate management of gastroesophageal reflux would contribute to the burden of the disease in Colombia and its associated diseases.

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Objetivo: brindar una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia más reciente para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica teniendo en cuenta la efectividad y seguridad de las intervenciones dirigidas a pacientes, personal asistencial, administrativo y entes gubernamentales de cualquier servicio de atención en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: esta guía fue desarrollada por un equipo multidisciplinario con apoyo de la Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología, el Grupo Cochrane ITS y el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se desarrollaron preguntas clínicas relevantes y se realizó la búsqueda de guías nacionales e internacionales en bases de datos especializadas. Las guías existentes fueron evaluadas en términos de calidad y aplicabilidad; una guía cumplió los criterios de adaptación, por lo que se decidió adaptar 3 preguntas clínicas. El Grupo Cochrane realizó la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura. Las tablas de evidencia y recomendaciones fueron realizadas con base en la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones de la guía fueron socializadas en una reunión de expertos con entes gubernamentales y pacientes. Resultados: se desarrolló una guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica en Colombia. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico y manejo oportuno de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica contribuirá a disminuir la carga de la enfermedad en Colombia, así como de las enfermedades asociadas.

Objective: To provide a clinical practice guideline with the latest evidence for diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease for patients, caregivers, administrative and government bodies at all levels of care in Colombia. Materials and Methods: This guide was developed by a multidisciplinary team with the support of the Colombian Association of Gastroenterology, Cochrane STI Group and Clinical Research Institute of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Relevant clinical questions were developed and the search for national and international guidelines in databases was performed. Existing guidelines were evaluated about quality and applicability. One guideline met the criteria for adaptation, so the group decided to adapt 3 clinical questions. Systematic literature searches were conducted by the Cochrane Group. The tables of evidence and recommendations were made based on the GRADE methodology. The recommendations of the guide were socialized in a meeting of experts with government agencies and patients. Results: An evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was developed for the Colombian context. Conclusions: The opportune detection and appropriate management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease would contribute to the burden of the disease in Colombia.

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